13.3 river valleys. river valleys rain may form a small valley in soft bedrock on hill slope via...
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Chapter 1313.3 River Valleys
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River ValleysRain may form a small
valley in soft bedrock on hill slope via headwater erosion
Form in wet areasStream cuts a gully
and may disappearEach rain increases
LengthWidthDepth of River
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Headward Erosion
is demonstrated in this 1906 photo taken near Mount Tamalpais in Marin County, California. Groundwater sapping is causing this gully to lengthen up the slope.
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Permanent RiverStream cuts down
deep enough to become permanent
If tributaries become permanent, then river system is born
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Canyons and V shaped ValleysRiver Valley Canyon
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Canyons, Gorges and ChasmsVery Steep almost
Vertical sidesRegions of less rainfallForm 2 ways:
Lack of rainfallErosion resistant
rocksFormation Factors:
Type of rockAmount of waterSediment in riverClimate of region
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Gorge
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Young ValleyV-shaped ValleysYoung RiverRiver cuts down into
channelUpper valley walls
widened by erosion
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Old ValleyU-Shaped ValleyLess erosion of bedMore erosion of
channel sidesWide valley, broad
floor, gently sloping sides
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Base LevelStream cannot erode
bed lower than body of water it flows into
Sea level is ultimate base level
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Stream Piracy or stream capture
Headward erosion cuts through divide
One river captures or “pirates” the headwaters of another river
River grows largerExpands drainage basinFormation process of
great river systemsMississippi, Nile,
Ganges, etc.
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RapidsSteep riverbedWater velocity is fastForms white-water
rapids
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Rapids
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WaterfallWater flows over
hard rockErodes softer rock
belowFalls are temporary
Undermines rock above leaving overhang
Overhang breaks offWaterfall recedes
upstream
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Worlds Best WaterFalls
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