131, t5, ch8 appendicular skeleton _14

8/12/2019 131, T5, Ch8 Appendicular Skeleton _14

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Appendicular SkeletonChapter 8

IB 131

Lecturer: Tom Carlson

Department of Integrative Biology

University of California, Berkeley

1

The Appendicular Skeleton

Pectoral girdle

Attaches the upper limbs to the upper

trunk

Pelvic girdle

Attaches the lower limbs to the lower

trunk

Upper and lower limbs differ in function

but share a similar structural plan

2

ClavicleAcromio-clavicular

joint

Scapula

(a) Articulated pectoral girdle

Articulated Pectoral Girdle

Figure 8.1a

PLAY Shoulder3

The Pectoral Girdle Consists of the clavicleand the scapula

Pectoral girdles do not quite encircle the bodycompletely

Scapulae are positioned on superior posterior thoraxand do not join each other or articulate with the axialskeleton

Clavicles extend horizontally across superior anteriorthorax

Medially--- sternal endof each clavicle articulateswith the manubrium and first rib of the axial skeleton

Tuberosity for costoclavicular ligament is nearsternal end of clavicle

Laterallythe acromium end of the clavicle joins the

scapula at the acromioclavicular joint4

Clavicles

Figure 8.1b, c

Acromial (lateral)end

(b) Right clavicle, superior view

Posterior

Sternal (medial)end

Anterior

Acromial end

Trapezoid line

Conoid tubercle

Anterior

Posterior

Sternal end

(c) Right clavicle, inferior view

Tuberosity forcostoclavicularligament

5

The Pectoral Girdle

Provides attachment for many musclesthat move the upper limb

Girdle is very light and upper limbs aremobile

Socket of the shoulder joint (glenoidcavity of scapula) is shallow andprovides for good flexibility, but relativelypoor stability

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Structures of the Scapula

Figure 8.2c

Coracoidprocess

Glenoidcavity

(c) Right scapula, lateral aspect

Infraglenoidtubercle

Supraglenoidtubercle

Supraspinous fossa

Subscapularfossa

Inferior angle

Acromion

Infraspinousfossa

Spine

Supraspinousfossa

Infraspinousfossa

Subscapularfossa

Posterior Anterior

Structures of Scapula

7


joint

Scapula



Figure 8.1a

PLAY Shoulder

8

PLAYShoulder

Clavicles

Provide attachment for muscles

Articulate with the scapulae laterally

Transmit compression forces from the

upper limbs to the axial skeleton

9


joint

Scapula



Figure 8.1a

PLAYShoulder

10

Scapulae

Lie on the superior dorsal surface of rib cage

Located between ribs 27

Have three borders

Superior

Medial (vertebral)

Lateral (axillary)

Have three angles

Lateral (location of glenoid cavity)

Superior

Inferior

11

Scapula, anterior aspect

Figure 8.2a

Acromion

Coracoidprocess

Suprascapular notch Superior border

Superiorangle

Subscapularfossa

Medial border

Inferior angle

Glenoidcavity

Lateral border

(a) Right scapula, anterior aspect 12


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Scapula

Subscapular fossa (anterior surface)

Supraspinous fossa (posterior surface)

Spine (posterior surface)

Infraspinous fossa (posterior surface)

Acromium attaches to clavicle

Glenoid cavity attaches to humerus head

Coracoid process

13

Superior

angle

Medial border

Coracoid processSuprascapular notch

Acromion

Glenoid

cavityat lateral

angle

Lateral border

Infraspinous

fossa

Spine

(b) Right scapula, posterior aspect

Supraspinous

fossa

Scapula, posterior aspect

Figure 8.2b

14

Structures of the Scapula

Figure 8.2c

Coracoidprocess

Glenoid

cavity

(c) Right scapula, lateral aspect

Infraglenoidtubercle

Supraglenoidtubercle

Supraspinous fossa

Subscapularfossa

Inferior angle

Acromion

Infraspinousfossa

Spine

Supraspinousfossa

Infraspinous

fossaSubscapular

fossa

Posterior Anterior

Structures of Scapula

15


joint

Scapula



Figure 8.1a

PLAYShoulder

16

The Upper Limb

30 bones form each upper limb

Grouped into bones of the:

Arm: 1 bone (humerus)

Forearm: 2 bones (radius and ulnar)

Hand/wrist: 27 bones

17

Arm = region between shoulder & elbow

Humerus is only bone in arm

Humerus

The only bone of the arm

Longest and strongest bone of the upper l imb

Articulates with the scapula at the shoulderArticulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow

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Structures of the Humerus of the Right Arm

Figure 8.3a, b

Greater tubercle

Lesser tubercle

Intertubercularsulcus

Lateral supracondylarridge

Radial fossa

Capitulum

Head of humerus

Anatomical neck

Deltoid tuberosity

Coronoid fossa

Medial epicondyle

Trochlea(a) Anterior view

Head of humerus

Anatomical neck

Radial groove

Olecranon fossa

Medial epicondyle

Trochlea

Surgical neck

Deltoid tuberosity

Greater tubercle

Lateral epicondyle

Medial supracondylarridge

(b) Posterior view

19

Proximal humerus structures

Humerus head

Greater tubercle

Lesser tubercle

Intertubercular sulcus: in between lesser a

greater tubercles on anterior side of bone

Anatomical neck: slight constriction inferior

to the head

Surgical neck: inferior to the tubercles and is

the most frequent site of humerus fracture

20

Mid-humerus structures

Deltoid tuberosity: on lateral surface of

shaft

Radial groove: on posterior surface of

shaft marks course of radial nerve

21

Arm: Humerus

Many structures of the humerus provide

sites for muscle attachment

Other structures of the humerus provide

articulation sites for other bones

Condyle: knuckleor rounded

projection at the distal end of a bone that

articulates with another bone

Epicondyle: A rounded projection at the

distal end of a bone, located on or above

a condyle and usually serving as a place

of attachment of ligaments and tendons 22

Distal Humerus structures

Medial epicondyle

Lateral epicondyle

Medial supracondylar ridge

Lateral supracondylar ridge

Trochlea

Capitulum (anterior)

Radial fossa (anterior)

Coronoid fossa (anterior)

Olecranon fossa (posterior)23

Structures of the Humerus of the Right Arm

Figure 8.3a, b

Greater tubercle

Lesser tubercle

Intertubercularsulcus

Lateral supracondylarridge

Radial fossa

Capitulum

Head of humerus

Anatomical neck

Deltoid tuberosity

Coronoid fossa

Medial epicondyle

Trochlea(a) Anterior view

Head of humerus

Anatomical neck

Radial groove

Olecranon fossa

Medial epicondyle

Trochlea

Surgical neck

Deltoid tuberosity

Greater tubercle

Lateral epicondyle

Medial supracondylarridge

(b) Posterior view

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Forearm =

region between elbow & wrist

Formed from the radius and ulna bones

Proximal ends articulate with the

humerus

Distal ends articulate with carpal bones

PLAY Elbow

25

Proximal radius boneinterface with distal humerus

Head of proximal radius bone interfaces

with capitulumof distal humerus

Radial tuberosity below head of radius

With elbow flexion, radial head moves

into radial fossa of distal humerus

26

Structures of Right Elbow

Figure 8.3c, d

Coronoidfossa

Radius

Radialtuberosity

Head ofradius

Capitulum

Trochlea

(c) Anterior view at the elbow region

Humerus

Medialepicondyle

Coronoidprocess ofulna

Ulna

Radial notch

Olecranonfossa

Ulna

Olecranonprocess

Medialepicondyle

(d) Posterior view of extended elbow

Humerus

Lateralepicondyle

Head

Radius

Neck

27

Proximal ulna boneinterface with distal humerus

Main bone responsible for forming the elbow

hinge joint with the humerus

Anterior coronoid process andposterior

olecranon process of ulna interfaces with

trochleaof distal humerus

With elbow flexion, coronoid process of ulna

moves into coronoid fossa of distal humerus

With elbow extension, olecranon process of ulna

moves into olecranon fossa of distal humerus28

Radius and Ulna

Figure 8.4c, d

(c) Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view

Olecranon process

Trochlear notch

Coronoid process

Radial notch

View

(d) Distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist

Ulnar notch of radius

Head ofulna

Styloidprocess

Articulationfor scaphoid

Articulationfor lunate

Styloidprocess

View

Radius & Ulna

29

Forearm

Radius and ulna articulate with each other

At the proximal & distal radioulnar joints

Proximal ulna has radial notch

Distal radius has ulnar notch

The interosseous membrane

Interconnects radius and ulna

In anatomical position (palms facing

forward) the radius is lateral and the ulna is

medial30


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Forearm

Figure 8.4a, b

Radial notchof the ulna

Olecranon process

Trochlear notch

Coronoid process

Proximal radioulnarjoint

Distal radioulnar joint

Ulnar notch ofthe radiusHead of ulna

Styloid process of ulna

Interosseousmembrane

Ulna

HeadNeck

Radialtuberosity

Radius

Styloid processof radius

(a) Anterior view

Olecranonprocess

Styloid processof radius

Radius

Neck of radius

Head of radius

Ulnar notchof the radius

Head of ulna

Styloid processof ulna

Interosseousmembrane

Ulna

(b) Posterior view

31

Distal Ulna

with head of ulna & styloid process

Distal ulna is separated from carpals byfibrocartilage

Plays little to no role in hand movement

32

Radius and Ulna

Figure 8.4c, d

(c) Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view

Olecranon process

Trochlear notch

Coronoid process

Radial notch

View

(d) Distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist

Ulnar notch of radius

Head ofulna Styloidprocess

Articulationfor scaphoid

Articulationfor lunate

Styloidprocess

View

Radius & Ulna

33

Distal radius

Distal radius articulates with carpal bones of

the wrist

Articulation with scaphoid bone of hand

Articulation with lunate bone of hand

When radius moves, the hand moves with it

Ulnar notch of distal radius articulates with

ulnar bone

Styloid process

34

Bones of the Wrist & Hand

Figure 8.6a, b

TrapezoidTrapezium

ScaphoidTriquetrum Lunate

CapitateHamate

5 4 3 2 154321

Phalanges

Metacarpals

CarpalsCarpals

(a) Anterior view of right hand (b) Posterior view of right hand

Radius Ulna

Sesamoidbones Base

Shaft

ProximalMiddleDistal

Head

Ulna

Triquetrum Lunate

CapitateHamate

Pisiform

Carpals

35

Wrist & Hand bones

Carpalswrist: 8 bones

Metacarpalspalm: 5 bones

Phalangesfingers: 14 bones

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Carpals

Form the true wrist made of the

proximal region of the hand

Composed of eight marble-sized bones

37

Bones of the Wrist & Hand

Figure 8.6a, b

TrapezoidTrapezium


CapitateHamate

5 4 3 2 154321

Phalanges

Metacarpals

CarpalsCarpals


Radius Ulna

Sesamoidbones Base

Shaft


Head

Ulna

Triquetrum Lunate

CapitateHamate

Pisiform

Carpals

38

Carpal bones Forms the true wristthe proximal region of

hand

Arranged in two irregular rows

Proximal row, radial (lateral) to ulnar (medial):

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum & pisiform

Distal row, radial (lateral) to ulnar (medial):

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate & hamate

A mnemonic to help remember carpals:

Sally left the party to take Carmen home

39

Metacarpus

Five metacarpals radiate distally fromthe wrist and form the palm

Numbered 15, beginning with thepollex (thumb)

Each with base, shaft, and head

Articulate proximally with the distal rowof carpals

Articulate distally with the proximalphalanges

40

Bones of the Hand

Figure 8.6a, b

TrapezoidTrapezium


CapitateHamate

5 4 3 2 154321

Phalanges

Metacarpals

CarpalsCarpals


Radius Ulna

Sesamoidbones Base

Shaft


Head

Ulna

Triquetrum Lunate

CapitateHamate

Pisiform

Carpals

41

Phalanges

Numbered 15, beginning with the pollex

(thumb)

Except for the thumb (which has two

phalanges), each finger has threephalanges

Proximal

Middle

Distal

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Pectoral Girdle & Arm

Table 8.1 (1 of 2)

43

Forearm

44

Wrist & Hand

45

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

Figure 8.8a

PLAY Pelvis

Coxalbone

(os coxaeor hip

bone)

llium

Sacroiliacjoint

Iliac fossa

Pubis

Ischium

Sacrum

Base of sacrum

Sacralpromontory

Pelvic brimAcetabulum

Pubic crestPubicsymphysis

Iliac crest

Coccyx

Pubic arch

Anteriorinferior iliac

spine

Anteriorsuperior

iliac spine

Pubictubercle

(a) Pelvic girdle

46

Pelvis

The deep basin-like structure

formed by the coxal bones, sacrum

and coccyx.

47

Pelvic Girdle

Consists of paired coxal bones (hip

bones)

Coxal (hip) bones unite anteriorly with

each other at pubic symphysis

Coxal (hip) bones articulate posteriorly with

the sacrum to form sacroiliac joints

PLAY Hip

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Pelvic Girdle

Attaches to lower limbs

Supports visceral organs

Attaches to axial skeleton by strong

ligaments

Acetabulumis deep socket on lateral coxal

(hip) bone where femur head attaches

Femur bones in hip joint have less range of

movement and are more stable than

humerus bones in shoulder joints

49


Figure 8.8a

PLAY Pelvis

Coxalbone

(os coxae

or hip

bone)

llium

Sacroiliacjoint

Iliac fossa

Pubis

Ischium

Sacrum

Base of sacrum

Sacralpromontory



Iliac crest

Coccyx

Pubic arch


spine

Anteriorsuperior

iliac spine

Pubictubercle

(a) Pelvic girdle

50

Lateral and Medial Views of the Hip Bone

Figure 8.8b, c

Ilium

Ischium

Pubis

Ilium

Ala

Tubercle ofthe iliac crest

Anterior glutealline

Posteriorgluteal line

PosteriorsuperioriIiac spine

Greater sciaticnotch

Posterior inferioriliac spine

Ischial body

Ischial spine

Lesser sciaticnotch

Ischialtuberosity

Ischium

Ischial ramus

Inferiorgluteal line

Acetabulum

Pubic body

Iliac crest

Anteriorsuperior

iliac spine

Anterior inferioriliac spine

Pubis

Inferior ramusof pubis

(b) Lateral view, right hip bone

Iliac fossa

Ilium

Iliac crest

Anteriorsuperior

iliac spine


Arcuateline

Pubic tubercle

Superior ramusof pubis


Posteriorsuperioriliac spine

Obturatorforamen

Body ofthe ilium

Ischium

Ischial ramus

(c) Medial view, right hip bone

Auricularsurface

Ischial spine

Posteriorinferior

iliac spine

Articular surface ofpubis (at pubicsymphysis)

51

Three regions of Coxal Bones

Ilium

Ischium

Pubis

52

Bones of Pelvic Girdle

Figure 8.8a

PLAY Pelvis

Coxalbone(os coxae

or hip

bone)

llium

Sacroiliacjoint

Iliac fossa

Pubis

Ischium

Sacrum

Base of sacrum

Sacralpromontory



Iliac crest

Coccyx

Pubic arch

Anterior

inferior iliacspine

Anteriorsuperioriliac spine

Pubictubercle

(a) Pelvic girdle

53

Ilium Large, flaring superior region of coxal bone

Consists of inferior body and superior wing-like ala

Iliac crest: thickened superior margin of the ala

Iliac fossa: the internal concave surface of the ala

Anterior superior iliac spine

Anterior inferior iliac spine

Posterior superior iliac spine

Posterior inferior iliac spine

Articulation with the sacrum forms sacroiliac joint

Illium is preferred site for bone marrow biopsy

Site of attachment for many muscles54


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Lateral and Medial Views of the Hip Bone

Figure 8.8b, c

Ilium

Ischium

Pubis

Ilium

Ala

Tubercle ofthe iliac crest

Anterior glutealline

Posteriorgluteal line

Posteriorsuperior

iIiac spine

Greater sciaticnotch

Posterior inferioriliac spine

Ischial body

Ischial spine

Lesser sciaticnotch

Ischialtuberosity

Ischium

Ischial ramus

Inferiorgluteal line

Acetabulum

Pubic body

Iliac crest

Anteriorsuperior

iliac spine


Pubis


(b) Lateral view, right hip bone

Iliac fossa

Ilium

Iliac crest

Anteriorsuperior

iliac spine


Arcuateline

Pubic tubercle

Superior ramusof pubis


Posteriorsuperior

iliac spine

Obturatorforamen

Body ofthe ilium

Ischium

Ischial ramus

(c) Medial view, right hip bone

Auricularsurface

Ischial spine

Posteriorinferioriliac spine

Articular surface ofpubis (at pubic

symphysis)

55

Ischium

Forms inferior region of the coxal bone

Anteriorlyjoins the pubis

Ischial tuberositiesare a very strong

part of the hip bone

56


Figure 8.8a

PLAY Pelvis

Coxalbone

(os coxaeor hip

bone)

llium

Sacroiliacjoint

Iliac fossa

Pubis

Ischium

Sacrum

Base of sacrum

Sacralpromontory



Iliac crest

Coccyx

Pubic arch


spine

Anteriorsuperior

iliac spine

Pubictubercle

(a) Pelvic girdle

57

Pubis

Forms anterior region of the coxal bone

Lies horizontally in anatomical position

Pubic symphysis: the two pubic bones are

joined by fibrocarti lage at the midline

Pubic arch: inferior to the pubic symphysis

Pubic crest: thickened anterior superior

border of the body of the pubis

Pubic tubercle

58

Pelvis

Pelvic brim:continuous oval ridge that runs

from the pubic crest around to the sacral

promontory

False pelvis:superior to the pelvic brim and

is actually part of the abdomen and contains

abdominal organs

True pelvis: extends inferior from the pelvic

brim and forms a deep bowl containing the

pelvic organs

Pelvic inlet: delineated by the pelvic brim

Pelvic outlet: inferior margins of true pelvis59

Pelvic Outlet

Anteriorly: pubic arch

Laterally: ischial tuberosities

Posteriorly: tip of coccyx

60


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Figure 8.8a

PLAY Pelvis

Coxalbone

(os coxae

or hip

bone)

llium

Sacroiliacjoint

Iliac fossa

Pubis

Ischium

Sacrum

Base of sacrum

Sacralpromontory



Iliac crest

Coccyx

Pubic arch


spine

Anteriorsuperior

iliac spine

Pubictubercle

(a) Pelvic girdle

61

Differences between

male and female pelves

Female pelvis is adapted for childbearing

Female pelvis wider, with a wider pelvic inlet

and outlet compared to males

Pubic angle of pubic arch is > 80 in females

and < 60 in males

62

Comparison of female & male pelves

63

Female and Male Pelves

Table 8.2 (2 of 2)

64

The Lower Limb

Carries the entire weight of the erect body

Bones of lower limb are thicker and stronger

than those of upper limb

Divided into three segments

Thigh: 1 bone (femur) between hip & knee

Leg: 2 bones (tibia & fibula) between knee

& foot

Foot/ankle: 26 bones65

Thigh = region of lower limb

between hip and knee

Femurthe single bone of the thigh

longest and strongest bone of body

ball-shaped femoral head articulates

with the acetabulum

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Proximal femur

Femur head

Fovea capitis

Femur neck

Greater trochanter

Intertrochanteric crest (posterior view)

Intertrochanteric line (anterior view)

Lesser trochanter

Gluteal tuberosity (posterior view)

67

Neck Foveacapitis

Greatertrochanter

Inter-trochantericcrest

LateralcondyleLateralepicondyle

Head

Intertrochantericline

Lesser trochanter

Gluteal tuberosity

Linea aspera

Intercondylar fossa

Medial andlateral supra-condylar lines

Medial condyle

Medialepicondyle

Adductor tubercle

Anterior view Posterior view(b) Femur (thigh bone)

Lateralepicondyle

Patellarsurface

Structures of the Femur

Figure 8.10b

68

Distal femur

Medial epicondyle

Lateral epicondyle

Medial condyle

Lateral condyle

Intercondylar fossa (posterior view)

Adductor tubercle

69

Patella

Triangular sesamoid bone

Imbedded in the tendon that secures

the quadriceps muscles

Protects the knee anteriorly

Improves leverage of the thighmuscles across the knee

70

Patella

71

PLAY

Leg = region of the lower limbbetween the knee and the ankle

Composed of the tibia and fibula bones

Tibiamore massive medial bone of the leg

Receives weight of the body from the

femur

Fibulastick-like lateral bone of the leg

Interosseous membrane connects the tibia

and fibula

Knee

72


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Structures of the Tibia and Fibula

Figure 8.11a, b73

Proximal tibia

Proximal tibia articulates with distal femur

to form the knee joint

Interchondylar eminance

Articular surface of medial chondyle

Articular surface of lateral chondyle

Articular surfaces articulate with distal

femur

Tibial tuberosity (anterior)

74

Leg

Figure 8.11ce

Lateralcondyle

Tibialtuberosity

(c)Anterior view, proximal tibia

Lateralcondyle

Fibulaarticulateshere

Line forsoleusmuscle

(d)Posterior view, proximal tibia

(e) Fracture of both malleoli

Fracturesites

75

Proximal fibula

Proximal fibula does not contribute tothe knee joint but medial part of tibular

head articulates in proximal tibiofibular

joint

76

Structures of the Tibia and Fibula

Figure 8.11a, b77

Distal tibia and fibula Distal tibiofibular joint articulates distal lateral tibia

and distal medial fibula

Distal tibia articulates with trochlea of talus bone

in foot to form the ankle joint

Distal medial tibia forms medial malleolus which

articulates with the talus bone and is felt as the

hard medial bulge in ankle

Distal lateral fibula forms lateral malleolus which

articulates with the talus bone and is felt as the

hard lateral bulge in ankle; contributes to

stabilization of ankle joint

78


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Medial

cuneiform

Phalanges

Metatarsals

Tarsals

Navicular

Intermediate

cuneiform

Talus

Calcaneus

(a) Superior view

Cuboid

Lateral

cuneiform

Proximal

MiddleDistal

Trochlea

of talus

543

21

Bones of the Foot

Figure 8.12a

79

Bones of the Foot

Figure 8.12b

Facet for

medial

malleolus

Calcaneal

tuberosity(b) Medial view

Intermediate

cuneiform

Sustentaculum

tali (talar shelf)Talus

Navicular

First metatarsal

Medial

cuneiform

Calcaneus

80

Bones of the Foot

Figure 8.12c

PLAY Bones of the Foot

(c) Lateral view

Intermediate cuneiform

Lateral cuneiform

Fifth metatarsal

Facet for

lateral malleolus

Talus

Navicular

CuboidCalcaneus

81

The Foot

Foot is composed of

Tarsal bones: 7 bones

Metatarsal bones: 5 bones

Phalange bones: 14 bones

Important functions

Supports body weight

Acts as a lever to propel body forward

when walking

Segmentation makes foot pliable and

adapted to uneven ground 82

Medial

cuneiform

Phalanges

Metatarsals

Tarsals

Navicular

Intermediate

cuneiform

Talus

Calcaneus

(a) Superior view

Cuboid

Lateralcuneiform

Proximal

MiddleDistal

Trochlea

of talus

543

21

Bones of the Foot

Figure 8.12a

83

Tarsal bones

Makes up the posterior half of the foot

Contains seven bones called tarsals

Body weight is primarily borne by the talusand calcaneus

Calcaneous is the heelbone

Trochlea of the talus

Site of articulation with the tibia

Other tarsals are:

Cuboid (lateral) and navicular (medial)

Medial, intermediate & lateral cuneiforms

84


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Metatarsal bones

Consists of five small long bones called

metatarsals

Numbered 15 beginning with the

hallux (great toe)

First metatarsal supports a lot of body

weight

85

Phalanges of the Toes

14 phalanges of the toes

Smaller and less nimble than those of thefingers

Structure and arrangement are similar to

phalanges of fingers

Except for the great toe (which has two

phalanges), each toe has three phalanges

Proximal

Middle

Distal86

Lower Limb and Pelvis

Table 8.3

87

131, t5, ch8 appendicular skeleton _14

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