13 genetic engineering bw
TRANSCRIPT
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Genetic Engineering
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- Archeological evidence shows that humans began cultivating plants and animals for food about 10,000 years ago
- Specific organisms were bred to improve future generations
- Simple form of applied genetics
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CONTROLLED BREEDING
Manipulates the characteristics of the off spring by selecting parents
with specific phenotypic traits
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Types of Controlled Breeding
1. Selective BreedingProcess of choosing a few individuals to serve
as parents for next generation
- Luther Burbank: Californian plant breeder (early 1900s)
- responsible for 800 new plant varietiesEx: seedless grape
Spineless cactusBurbank potatoDaisies
- Corn: bred for 7000 years- Small horses, dogs, cats: bred for different
breeds
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Types of Controlled Breeding
2. Inbreeding
Process of crossing individuals with similar characteristics so those characteristics appear in offspring
- purpose: to maintain or intensify desireable traits
- individuals closely related (same species)
- more risk of passing recessive genetic defects
ex: poodles: joint deformities maine coon cats: heart murmurs
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Types of Controlled Breeding3. Hybridization
Process of crossing individuals of different but related species
- produces hybrids
- hybrid vigor: offspring are hardier than parents
(grow faster, larger, and are healthier)
Ex: cattle - disease resistant corn – yield 10 times more than old
varieties
broccoflower liger zonkey leopon tangelo
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Types of Controlled Breeding4. Induced Mutations (1927)
Polyploidy: common in plants, deadly in animals
- plants treated with chemicals to prevents cell plates
- resulting cells have multiple sets of chromosomes
- results in larger fruit and vegetables
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• Techniques were forerunners modern genetic engineering
• Today geneticists engineer changes directly into an organismsDNA
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GENETIC ENGINEERING (GENE SPLICING/GENE
CLONING)
• Process of direct gene manipulation
• Goal: to introduce new characteristics into organisms to increase its usefulness
• Basic steps of genetic engineering involve:1. isolation of gene2. manipulation of gene/cloning gene -PCR3. reintroduction of DNA into model organisms
animation: steps in cloning a gene
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Genetic Engineering TechniquesI. Making Recombinant DNA
1. Restriction enzymes cut DNA into fragments that can be isolated and separated
- very specific proteins, recognizes and cuts DNA at specific sequence into pieces
Ex: EcoRI – cuts DNA whenever C-T-T-A-A-G sequence occurs
2. Production of recombinant DNA
- DNA composed of fragments of DNA segments from at least two different organisms
- restriction enzymes cut bacterial plasmids (extra circular DNA molecules in bacteria)
- plasmids have “sticky ends” (unpaired bases)
- original DNA is attached to plasmid sticky ends
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Genetic Engineering Techniques
3. reintroduction of DNA into bacterial vector
- recombinant DNA taken up with bacterial
DNA and now produced by bacterial cell
- recombinant DNA is isolated and CLONED
- PCR (polymerase chain reaction) induced
- purpose: to make 1000s of recombinant plasmids
PCR animation
4.DNA sequencing
- Process of reading exact order of bases in fragment of DNA
- makes it possible for scientists to make sure gene of interest has been cloned
rDNA: animation
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Genetic Engineering Techniques
II. Microinjection - Process of injecting genetic material containing the new gene into the recipient cell
- direct gene transfer, no use of vectors
- in large cells done with fine tipped glass needle
- somehow injected genes find the host cell genes and incorporate themselves among them
Ex: most common method of making genetically altered mice
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Genetic Engineering Techniques
III. Bioballistics
- projectile methods that use metal slivers to deliver the genetic material to the interior of the cell.
- small slivers coated with genetic material
- once in the cell, genetic material is transported to nucleus where it is incorporated among the host genes
IV. Electro and Chemical Poration
- process that creates pores or holes in the cell membrane to allow direct entry of new genes
- done by bathing cells in solutions of special chemicals or weak electric current
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TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS /GENETICALLY MODIFIED
ORGANISMS (GMO’s)
• organisms that contain foreign genes
TransgenesisThe use of recombinant DNA techniques to introduce new characters (ie. genes) into organisms (including humans) that were not present previously.
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Types GMO’sI. Bacteria
-human DNA inserted in bacterial plasmid
-recombinant produces large volumes of proteins
Ex: human growth hormone (HGH), insulin
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Types GMO’sII. Plants
- 1986: Howell - inserted gene to producer enzyme luciferase (fireflies)into tobacco plant
- enzyme in fireflies
- only produces enzyme in conditions without light
(gene expression)
- cloned cells reproduced tobacco plant that
glowed in the dark
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Making Transgenic Crops
Steps
1. extracting DNA
2. cloning a gene of interest
3. designing the gene for plant infiltration
4. transformation
5. plant breeding
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Other Transgenic PlantsBT corn (bacillus thuringiensis)
Soil bacterium that resists insecticidal toxins: makes corn resistant to pests and less need for pesticides
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Other Transgenic Plants
Calgene tomato “Flavr Savr”
stays fresh longer because enzyme to break down pectin are reduced by genetic alteration
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Types GMO’sIII. Animals
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Transgenic sheep:
human gene for milk production inserted into sheep and now produces proteins of human milk
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Oncomice (cancer mice)
Used in medical research to find cures for cancer
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Other examples of transgenic animals:
Transgenic chickens: - grow faster and larger in close quarters - produce more protein in their egg whites- produce human protein drugs in their eggs
Transgenic pigs: - produced by fertilizing normal eggs with sperm cells that have incorporated foreign DNA
- may someday be able to produce transgenic pigs that can serve as a source of transplanted
organs for humans
video
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Cloning Animals 1997 Wilmut (Scottish)
- cloned sheep “Dolly”
- process: nucleus of egg is replaced with nucleus of adult , resultant organism identical to adult
- now companies are making
cloning available to pet owners for
their beloved pets who die
- is this ethical?
Genetic Savings and Clone
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Ethics of GMOs and Cloning
• Imagine cloning humans to make armies.
• Could clones and GMOs be patented?
• Are genetically modified livestock and agriculture harmful?
• Would only perfect genetically engineered infants be desirable.
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APPLICATIONS OF G.E. The first genetic fingerprint 1984
Electrophoresis Animation Detail
1. DNA Fingerprinting (used in forensics)
Process of identifying and distinguishing DNA of individuals
- each person has unique repeat sequences and numbers of
non coding introns
- sample is taken and DNA is extracted
- fragments of repeats of introns are labeled and put into a gel electrophoresis where they separate
- create banding patterns which are unique for every human
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APPLICATIONS OF G.E.- Once banding patterns are apparent they are transferred
to a Southern Blot for identification
Southern blot animation
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Applications of Genetic EngineeringDNA Fingerprinting
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Applications of Genetic EngineeringDNA Fingerprinting
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms
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Applications of Genetic EngineeringDNA Fingerprinting
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APPLICATIONS OF G.E.Microarray
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APPLICATIONS OF G.E.2. Gene therapy
Creating transgenic humans to erase genetic diseases
- recombinant DNA put directly into human cells or through virus vectors
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APPLICATIONS OF G.E. 3. Pollution control
- genetically altered bacteria used to decompose garbage
sewage, and petroleum products
Unlike the left tower, which uses chemicals, the tower on the right at this wastewater-treatment plant now uses bacteria-covered foam blocks (inset) to eliminate the hydrogen sulfide bubbling from treated sewage.
Deshusses/PNAS
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APPLICATIONS OF G.E.
4. Medicines and Vaccines produced by bacteria and viruses
- E coli: used to make human insulin
- hamster cell cultures: used to make TPA (tissue plasminogen activator)- dissolves blood clots in heart attacks
- EPO (erythropoiten): increases red blood cell production
- interferon: fights viral infections, increases immunity
- vaccines
vaccine animation
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APPLICATIONS OF G.E.
5. Agriculture and livestock
- hardier, disease and environmentally resistant fruits and vegetables
- larger sturdier animals
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HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
• begun in 1990: coordinated by US Dept of Energy and NIH
• purpose: - to identify the 20-25,000 genes in human DNA
- to determine sequences of 3 billion DNA base pairs
- to license info to biotech companies to foster new medical applications
• international: US, England, China, France, Germany, Japan
• used combined genomes of anonymous small number of people
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Study for the test !