13 formation evaluation

Formation Evaluation

Formation Evaluation• Logging

–Types of measurements–Formation analysis–Sensor Deployment

• Mudlogging / Datalogging• Coring

–Rotary – Conventional / Wireline retrievable–Sidewall – Conventional / Rotary

• Testing

Logging Measurements• Resistivity – active induction of electrical current in

rock with measurement of conductivity

• Gamma Ray – passive detection of natural GR radiation

• Neutron – measurement of neutron capture from active neutron emission

• Sonic / Seismic – measurement of travel time of sound through rock

• Caliper – mechanical / sonic measurement

• Temperature – passive detection

Calculated Values from Log DataCharacteristics Identified:• Lithology• Fluid Types and Saturations• Density• Porosity• Other physical characteristics

–Dip–Fracturing–Rock strength

Logging MeasurementsDeployment:• Wireline

–Conventional or pipe-conveyed• MWD / LWD

–Real-time telemetry–Memory

• Telemetry Drill Pipe

Emerging Technologies - Electric Pipe• Drill string with bi-directional electronic connection

between surface and down hole tools• Two scenarios envisioned:

– High data rate telemetry (1 MBPS) from down hole sensors and to down hole tools (MWD ~8-10 BPS / EM ~100 BPS)

• Seismic While Drilling• Drilling Dynamics• Early kick detection• Enhanced formation evaluation

– Provide power from surface• Energy for drilling process – rotation, hydraulics, thrust, laser?

• Telemetry pipe successfully field tested / Commercial ‘05

• Power pipe in prototype development

Emerging Technologies - Electric PipeTelemetry Version

• Double Shoulder TJ• High speed data cable along DP

tube• Transmit raw data and process

on surface - ↑ reliability• Inductive signal bridge across

tool joint shoulder• Powered ‘amplifier’ joints

required at 1000-2000 ft intervals

Emerging Technologies - Electric PipePower Version

• Modified double shoulder TJ• Also includes high speed

data cable along DP tube• Uses for down hole power:

– Bit rotation with electric motor– MWD / LWD sensors– Tractor / thruster / vibration– Flow control / reverse

circulation

• Substantial history of drilling with down hole electric power in former Soviet Union

Mud Logging / Data Logging

• Monitoring of returns–Cuttings volume / timing–Lithology–Gas / oil

• Monitoring of surface sensors–Drilling / tripping parameters–Circulating volume / rate

Coring• Rotary –

– Conventional – core barrel run as part of the drill string, retrieved on trips.

– Wireline retrievable – special drill string that allows core barrel to be run and retrieved on wireline through the bore of the pipe without a trip. Sometimes called ‘mining’ style coring.

• Sidewall –– Conventional percussion – fired explosively into

the formation from wireline deployed tool– Rotary – mechanically drilled

Coring• Rotary –

– Conventional – core barrel run as part of the drill string, retrieved on trips. Max. OD core

– Wireline retrievable – may require special drill string that allows core barrel to be run and retrieved on wireline through the bore of the pipe without a trip. Sometimes called ‘mining’style coring. Smaller OD core

• Sidewall –– Conventional percussion – fired explosively into

the formation from wireline deployed tool. Damaged core samples

– Rotary – mechanically drilled. Undamaged, but very small core

Rotary Coring Systems

Wireline RetrievableLongyear, Parker

Hycalog,

ConventionalBaker, Halliburton,

Schlumberger

Core BitsH-C, Security DBS,

Smith

Sidewall Coring Systems

Rotary SidewallBaker, Halliburton,

Precision, Schlumberger

Percussion SidewallBaker, Halliburton,

Schlumberger

Flow Testing• Confirm data required

– Timing of flow and shut-in periods

– Test termination definition

• Environmental considerations

• Safety Issues• Plan logistics issues

– Deck Space– POB

Flow Testing – Downhole Tools

• Packer for annulus isolation• Surface controlled tools

– Annular pressure• Perforating guns• Valves to circulate and spot fluids

for underbalance, reverse out produced fluids, kill the well

• Valves to control flow and shut in periods

• Instrument package for surface readout of real time pressure, temperature

Flow Testing – Surface Equipment

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13 formation evaluation

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