12th annual cmas, chapel hill, nc, 2013 litao wang, zhe wei, jing yang, pu zhang, xiujuan zhao, yang...
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12th Annual CMAS, Chapel Hill, NC, 2013
The 2013 Severe Haze over the Southern Hebei, China:
Source Apportionment and Policy Implications
Litao Wang, Zhe Wei, Jing Yang, Pu Zhang, Xiujuan Zhao, Yang
Zhang, Fenfen Zhang, Jie Su, Chenchen Meng, and Qiang Zhang
Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, ChinaState Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and
Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, ChinaNorth Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
Tsinghua University, Beijing , China
12th Annual CMAS, Chapel Hill, NC, 2013
Where is Hebei
Domain 2
BBeeiijjiinngg
SShhiijjiiaazzhhuuaanngg
TTaaiiyyuuaann
ZZhheennggzzhhoouu
TTiiaannjjiinn
XXiinnggttaaii JJiinnaann HHaannddaann
12th Annual CMAS, Chapel Hill, NC, 2013
January 27, 2013, Shijiazhuang
Why the southern Hebei cities
Source: http://news.xinhuanet.com/city/2013-01/10/c_124213096.htm
12th Annual CMAS, Chapel Hill, NC, 2013
Top 10 polluted cities in
China (MEP) in Jan.
2013: Xingtai (Southern Hebei)
Shijiazhuang (Southern Hebei)
Baoding (Hebei)
Handan (Southern Hebei)
Langfang (Hebei)
Hengshui (Hebei)
Jinan
Tangshan (Hebei)
Beijing
Zhengzhou
Why the southern Hebei cities
12th Annual CMAS, Chapel Hill, NC, 2013
Jul.-Sep, 2013
◦ Xingtai
◦ Shijiazhuang
◦ Tangshan
◦ Handan
◦ Jinan
Top 5 polluted cities in China
Jan.-Jun., 2013
◦ Xingtai
◦ Shijiazhuang
◦ Handan
◦ Baoding
◦ Tangshan
12th Annual CMAS, Chapel Hill, NC, 2013
Emissions
1 1
2 2
5 5
7 7
1
3
6
8
8
1
4
5
1
2
4
10
1
4
6
15 1
2
4
5
8
2
3
4
4 Province total: 28% 25% 28% 24% 29% 28%
30% 24%
INTEX-B, 2006. (Zhang et al., 2009., ACP)
12th Annual CMAS, Chapel Hill, NC, 2013
Monthly total number of hazy days occurred in the seven cities:
Shijiazhuang, Xingtai, Beijing, Tianjin, Taiyuan, Zhengzhou and Jinan,
from 2001 to February 2013.
Haze frequencies
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10020
01-0
220
01-0
620
01-1
020
02-0
220
02-0
620
02-1
020
03-0
220
03-0
620
03-1
020
04-0
220
04-0
620
04-1
020
05-0
220
05-0
620
05-1
020
06-0
220
06-0
620
06-1
020
07-0
220
07-0
620
07-1
020
08-0
220
08-0
620
08-1
020
09-0
220
09-0
620
09-1
020
10-0
220
10-0
620
10-1
020
11-0
220
11-0
620
11-1
020
12-0
220
12-0
620
12-1
020
13-0
2
No.
of h
azy
days
Wang et al., 2012. Atmos. Environ.
12th Annual CMAS, Chapel Hill, NC, 2013
Comparison of Dec 2007, Jan and Feb, 2013
No.
of d
ays
Dec.2007, fog
Dec.2007, haze
Feb.2013, fog
Feb.2013, haze
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Shijiazhuang Xingtai Beijing Tianjin Taiyuan Zhengzhou Jinan Average
Jan.2013, fog
Jan.2013, haze
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
Shijiazhuang Xingtai Beijing Tianjin Taiyuan Zhengzhou Jinan Average
Visi
bilit
y (m
)
Dec. 2007 Jan. 2013 Feb. 2013
12th Annual CMAS, Chapel Hill, NC, 2013
CMAQ 4.7.1 MM5 3.7 Period: Jan. and Feb., 2013 Horizontal:
◦ Domain 1: 36*36 km
◦ Domain 2: 12*12 km Vertical: 14 layers Gas phase: SAPRC-99 Aerosol: AERO4 Emission: MEIC (http://www.meicmodel.org/)
Model Configuration
12th Annual CMAS, Chapel Hill, NC, 2013
Emission Scenarios Sectors
Regions
All
sectors
(AL)
Powerplants
(PO)
Industrial
(IN)
Domestic
(DO)
Transportation
(TR)
Agriculture
(AG)
Southern Hebei
(SHB)√ √ √ √ √ √
Northern Hebei
(NHB)√ √ √ √ √ √
Beijing & Tianjin
(BJTJ)√ √ √ √ √ √
Shanxi
(SX)√ √ √ √ √ √
Shandong
(SD)√ √ √ √ √ √
Henan
(HN)√ √ √ √ √ √
Brute Force Method
12th Annual CMAS, Chapel Hill, NC, 2013
Dataset Data type Variable Data frequency Site
number
Time period
NCDC Meteorology T2, RH2, WD10,
WS10,
Every 1 or 3-hour 371 Jan. 1 – Feb.
28, 2013
Precipitation Daily
CNEMC Air quality PM2.5, PM10Hourly 496 Jan. 13 –
Feb. 28, 2013
HEBEU Air quality PM2.5, PM10Hourly 1 Jan. 1 – Feb.
28, 2013
Evaluation database
CNEMC- China National Environmental Monitoring Center
12th Annual CMAS, Chapel Hill, NC, 2013
Model Performance Evaluation- 36km
1
1
January
February
12th Annual CMAS, Chapel Hill, NC, 2013
Model Performance Evaluation- 12km
(a)
(b)
1
January
FebruaryConcentratio
ns
NMBs
12th Annual CMAS, Chapel Hill, NC, 2013
Model Performance Evaluation
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
(g) (h) (i)
1
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
PM
2.5
con
cen
trat
ion
(μg/
m3 )
Date
Urban (Century Park) Obs. Sim.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
PM
2.5
con
cen
trat
ion
(μg/
m3 )
Date
Urban (Central Hospital) Obs. Sim.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
PM
2.5 co
nce
ntr
atio
n (μ
g/m
3 )
Date
Rural (Fenglong Mountain) Obs. Sim.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
PM
2.5 co
nce
ntr
atio
n (μ
g/m
3 )
Date
Rural (Northwest Headwater) Obs. Sim.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
PM
2.5
con
cen
trat
ion
(μg/
m3 )
Date
Urban (Normal Senior High School) Obs. Sim.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
PM
2.5 co
nce
ntr
atio
n (μ
g/m
3 )
Date
Rural (Dahuoquan) Obs. Sim.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
PM
2.5 co
nce
ntr
atio
n (μ
g/m
3 )
Date
Urban (Handan EPB) Obs. Sim.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
PM
2.5
con
cen
trat
ion
(μg/
m3 )
Date
Rural (East Wastewater Treatment Plant) Obs. Sim.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
PM
2.5
con
cen
trat
ion
(μg/
m3 )
Date
Urban (HEBEU) Obs. Sim.
Time series of PM2.5 concentrations. (a-d) are for Shijiazhuang, (e-f) are for Xingtai, (g-i) are for Handan.
Urban RuralUrban
UrbanUrban
UrbanRural Rural
Rural
(i)
1
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
PM
2.5
con
cen
trat
ion
(μg/
m3 )
Date
Urban (HEBEU) Obs. Sim.
12th Annual CMAS, Chapel Hill, NC, 2013
Even with the same emission, the southern Hebei cities may experience heavier
air pollution than the other cities.
The convergence and confrontation of the stable air blowing from the Taihang
Mountain and the air blowing from the south or east over southern Hebei, result
in a very stable atmosphere.
Comparison of PBL height 1
Dec, 2007 Jan 1-13, 2013 Jan 14-31, 2013
Feb, 2013
1
12th Annual CMAS, Chapel Hill, NC, 2013
Contributions by Region
(a)
(b)
(c)
1
Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 20130
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
SHB
Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
NHB
Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
BJTJ
Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
SX
Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
SD
Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
HN
Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
SHB
Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
NHB
Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
BJTJ
Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
SX
Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
SD
Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
HN
Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
SHB
Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
NHB
Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
BJTJ
Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
SX
Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
SD
Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
HN
25%
75%50%
90%
10%
25%
75%
50%
90%
10%25%
75%
50%
90%
10%
25%
75%
50%
90%
10%
Dec. 2012 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 20130
20
40
60
80
100 SHB
1
Dec.2007 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 2013-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
HN25%
75%50%
90%
10%
25%
75%
50%
90%
10%25%
75%
50%
90%
10%
25%
75%
50%
90%
10%
Dec. 2012 Jan.1-13,2013 Jan.14-31,2013 Feb. 20130
20
40
60
80
100 SHBSouthern Hebei
Northern Hebei
Beijing &Tianjin
Shanxi Shandong Henan
Shijiazhuang
Xingtai
Handan
12th Annual CMAS, Chapel Hill, NC, 2013
Contributions by Region and Sector
(a)
(b)
(c)
1
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60SHB
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60NHB
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30BJTJ
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30SX
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30SD
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30HN
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60SHB
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60NHB
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30BJTJ
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30SX
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30SD
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30HN
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60SHB
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60NHB
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30BJTJ
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30SX
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30SD
C
ontr
ibut
ion
Ran
ge (%
)-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30HN
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
25%75%50%90%10% 25%75%50%90%10%
25%
75%
50%
90%
10%
25%
75%
50%
90%
10%
25%
75%50%
90%
10%25%
75%50%
90%
10%
25%75%50%
90%
10% 25%75%50%
90%
10%25%
75%
50%
90%
10% 25%
75%
50%
90%
10%
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Contribut
ion Range
(%)
PO,J an PO,Feb IN,J an IN,Feb DO,J an DO,Feb TR,J an TR,Feb AG,J an AG,Feb
25%75%50%90%10%
25%75%50%90%10%25%75%50%90%
10%25%75%50%90%10%25%
75%50%
90%
10%25%
75%50%
90%
10%25%75%50%90%10%25%75%50%90%10%25%75%50%
90%
10%25%75%50%
90%
10%
-10
0
10
20
30
Contributio
n Range (%
)
PO,Jan PO,Feb IN,Jan IN,Feb DO,Jan DO,Feb TR,Jan TR,Feb AG,Jan AG,Feb
1
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30HN
Con
trib
utio
n R
ange
(%)
25%75%50%90%10% 25%75%50%90%10%
25%
75%
50%
90%
10%
25%
75%
50%
90%
10%
25%
75%50%
90%
10%25%
75%50%
90%
10%
25%75%50%
90%
10% 25%75%50%
90%
10%25%
75%
50%
90%
10% 25%
75%
50%
90%
10%
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Contribut
ion Range
(%)
PO,J an PO,Feb IN,J an IN,Feb DO,J an DO,Feb TR,J an TR,Feb AG,J an AG,Feb
25%75%50%90%10%
25%75%50%90%10%25%75%50%90%
10%25%75%50%90%10%25%
75%50%
90%
10%25%
75%50%
90%
10%25%75%50%90%10%25%75%50%90%10%25%75%50%
90%
10%25%75%50%
90%
10%
-10
0
10
20
30
Contributio
n Range (%
)
PO,Jan PO,Feb IN,Jan IN,Feb DO,Jan DO,Feb TR,Jan TR,Feb AG,Jan AG,Feb
Southern Hebei
Northern Hebei
Beijing &Tianjin
Shanxi Shandong Henan
Shijiazhuang
Xingtai
Handan
12th Annual CMAS, Chapel Hill, NC, 2013
Even in the top two most polluted months, i.e., Jan 2013 and Dec 2007, a
large faction of PM2.5 may originate from quite different regional sources.
Domestic and industrial sources in northern Hebei, Beijing & Tianjin, and
Shanxi are the two most important contributors. But the top two largest
contributors in Shandong and Henan to Xingtai and Handan are domestic
and agricultural emissions.
The special locations, huge amounts of emissions, and highly complex
emission environment, pose a significant challenge to mitigate air
pollution in southern Hebei to meet the national standards for PM
concentrations.
Conclusions
12th Annual CMAS, Chapel Hill, NC, 2013
This study was co-sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation
of China, the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, the State
Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air
Pollution Complex, the Excellent Young Scientist Foundation of Hebei
Education, and the China Scholarship Council at HEBEU, China and the
U.S. DOE climate modeling programs at NCSU, U.S.A.
This study used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific
Computing Center (NERSC), which is supported by the Office of Science
of the U.S. Department of Energy.
Acknowledgement
12th Annual CMAS, Chapel Hill, NC, 2013
Thank you for your attention!