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Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
Dr. Eric Hsiaokuag Wu
[email protected] http://wmlab.csie.ncu.edu.tw/course/wms
2012 Fall
無線網路多媒體系統 Wireless Multimedia System
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
First Week Agenda
Course Preview
Wireless Multimedia/Mobile Computing / Pervasive Computing
Wireless Mobile Communications
System Review and Fundamental Problems
Next Week
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
Course Contents
Fundamental Wireless Technology
• Propagation Model
• Wireless Medium Access
• Transport Solutions
• Ad hoc/Mesh Wireless System
• Cellular System
• Middleware Systems
• Multimedia System
Advanced Wireless Technology
• Multicasting
• Beyond 3G
• Routing Algorithms/Mesh Network/VANET
• QoS/ Reliable Mutlimedia Transmissions
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
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1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Su
bsc
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(10K
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台灣行動電話發展趨勢圖
Predicted in 1997
Actual Figure
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
Roaming Across a variety of heterogeneous network and
service environments Application
RTP, TCP, UDP
RSVP
Wireless Network Layer
IP, Mobile IP
Clustering(optional)
Data Link
MAC
Radio
OS, MiddleWare
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
WiMAX Nomadic and Portable
INTERNET
BACKBONE
Telco Core
Network or
Private (Fiber)
Network
Non Line of Sight
Point to Multi-point
802.16
802.16
SEEKS BEST CONNECTION
Laptop Connected
Through 802.16
2 to 3 Kilometers Away
Line of Sight
BACKHAUL
802.16e PC
Card
Ref: Margaret LaBrecque , “Enabling Deployments through Standards and Certification,”
WiMax, 2003 19
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WiMAX 802.16
0.8551.289
1.7042.395
3.339
4.5494.076
3.438
0
1
2
3
4
5
BPSK_1_2
BPSK3/4
QPSK1/2
QPSK3/4
QAM16
1/2
QAM16
3/4
QAM64
2/3
QAM64
3/4
Mbp
s
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WiMAX
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Femtocell
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Growth in traffic in different access system and voice and data services
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25Gb/s(km2)
IEEE Communications Magazine • February 2011
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Context Aware Services
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Mobile Sensing
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Recent Wireless Technologies
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Forecast number of subscribers
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Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
Transmitted signal is spread over a
wide range of frequencies. (i.e. 2.400-
2.485 GHz)
Transmission usually hop 35 times
per second.
Time
f3
f2
f1
f4
f5
f6
f7
Fre
q.
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Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
To transmit a 0 the station use a unique “chip
sequence”:
To transmit a 1 the station use the one’s complement
of its chip sequence:
Therefore if data is 1010 it will transmit:
1 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
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DS-CDMA
Processing Gain:
SF=2 cases:
( 1, 1) ( 1, 1) = 1+1=2 (Processing Gain)
( 1, 1) ( 1,-1) = 1-1=0 (orthogonal)
SF=4 cases:
( 1, 1, 1, 1) ( 1, 1, 1, 1) = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4 (Processing
Gain)
( 1, 1, 1, 1) ( 1, 1,-1,-1) = 1+ 1 – 1 -1 =0 (Orthogonal)
SIR = Pr * Processing Gain / Interference
= Pr * (Total_Radio_Frequencyband / Bitrate) / Interference
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Narrowband vs. Wideband
1 1
1
1 1 1
1
1
Bandwidth Bandwidth
energy
Bandwidth
energy
Spread Spread
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Ultra-Wideband Radio
1.6 1.9 2.4
Bluetooth,
802.11b
Cordless Phones
Microwave Ovens
GP
S
PC
S
5
802.11a
-41 dBm/Mhz “Part 15 Limit”
UWB
Spectrum
Frequency (Ghz)
Emitted
Signal
Power
10.6 3.1
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CR (Cognitive Radio)
The CR idea was initially introduced by Joseph Mitola. On average, only
2% of allocated spectrum in the U.S. is actually in use
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Wi-Fi 2.0
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A 60 GHz Wireless Network
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Multi-channel, Multi-Radio, MIMO
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Wireless Mesh Network.
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Mesh Network Scenario
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Aeronautical Communications
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Wireless Applications Scenario
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Multimedia over IP
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3GPP - Release 5 IMS & HSDPA
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IMS Service Scenario
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Wireless sensor network: data gathering
S
Sensor node Sensing Range
Sink
Communication link
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Video Transmission in VANET
GPS gets instant video streams from
the surveillance cameras at an intersection.
The driver can get a better view of the
traffic.
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Context Aware Communication
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Business Finder
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Adaptive Applications
Video Audio Text Graph
Varied type
of service
Adaptive
application
coding
Quality High Low
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Situation-Aware Wireless Networks
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Network Mobility Management
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IEEE 802.11 WLAN
RTS
CTS Ack
Data
NAV Next MPDU
Src
Dest
Other
CW
Defer Access Backoff after Defer
NAV
(RTS)
(CTS)
DIFS
SIFS SIFS
SIFS
Ad hoc
mode Infrastructu
re mode
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802.11 family
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Quiz 0: WLAN Performance Anomaly Problem
nominal rate (Mbps) throughput (Mbps)
A B A B
11 11 3.09 3.36
B
802.11b
11 Mbps data rate
1 Mbps data rate
A
1 11 0.73 0.76
Mesh
Node
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Fairness for upstream and downstream
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Expectation of the Class
Basic Understanding of PCS world
Being able to do the wireless research
Developing the capability to invent the key wireless applications
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Course Process
Paper reading and your presentations
Wireless Multimedia Applications Exercises
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Mobile Computing
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Mobile phone today =
multipurpose terminal for ...
Information
Client
Internet Browser
E-mail Client
Authentication
Device
E-purse
Share dealing, etc.
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Reading list for This Lecture
Required Reading:
(S.2001) M. Satyanaraynan, “Pervasive Computing: Vision and Challenges”, IEEE Personal Communication Magazine, (August 2001), pp.10-17
(Bi2001) Qi Bi, George I. Zysman, and Hank Menkes, “Wireless Mobile Communications at the Start of the 21 Century”, IEEE Communication Magazine (January 2001), pp. 110-116
Reference Papers:
(Heusse 2003) M Heusse, F Rousseau, G Berger-Sabbatel, A Duda –“Performance anomaly of 802.11” IEEE INFOCOM, 2003
(Guido 2010) Guido R. Hiertz, Dee Denteneer, Lothar Stibor, Yunpeng Zang, Xavier Perez Costa, Bernhard Walke, “The IEEE 802.11 Universe”. IEEE Communication Magazine January 2010, pp 62-70.
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Mobile Computing
WANs LANs
Notebooks PDAs Phones PIM
Mobile Operating Systems
Verticals Horizontals
Wireless Networks
Devices
Operating Systems
Applications
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Mobile Computing
information processing in general
• not just communication or just computing, but both
Any medium or combination of medium
• process not just telephone voice or just data, but multimedia
Mobility
• components of the systems may be
moving, tether-less (wireless), portable
• uses of the system may be moving
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
Why should we care ?
Reason # 1 : $$$ & jobs
Explosive growth of wireless voice, paging, and data services
• 35-60 percent annual growth in the past decade
• mobile phones in US will be 42 % of fixed -line phones by 2000
• 700 million mobile users at the end of 2000
• One billion expected by 2003
Big demand for portable communicators and computers
• 2 M portable computer in 1988 to 74.1 M units in 1998
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
Is there a more “academic” reason ?
Reason # 2: a next step in the evolution of information system
Evolution from personal computing to networked computing to mobile
computing
Evolution from wired telephony to cordless telephony to mobile
cellular telephony
At the same time, unification of computing and communication
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
Mobile Multimedia Systems
Ubiquitous information access (everybody else)
• e.g. wireless computing, mobile computing, nomadic computing
• information distributed everywhere by “the net”
• users carry (wireless) terminals to access the information services
• terminal is the universal service access device
• terminals adapt to location and services
• Knowledge-based society
Flexible Users Choices
• In terms of access, service, content
• Any where, anytime, any terminal equipments
Wearable Computing terminal / Mobile Broadband services
(MBS)
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Pervasive Computing
Technology that disappears
• The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it”.
Ubiquitous (Invisible) Computing (Xerox PARC)
• Cheap computers of different scale and types embedded everywhere
• Potentially 100s of computers per room that disappear into background (e.g. active badge, tabs, pads, live boards..)
• User centric, not terminal centric
• Computers swapped and shared among users
Effective Use of Smart Spaces
Invisibility
Localized Scalability
Masking Uneven Conditioning
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
Support for Pervasive Computing
User Intent
Cyber Foraging
Adaptation Strategy
High-Level Energy Management
Balancing Pro-activity and Transparency
Privacy and Trust
Impact on Layering
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Pervasive Computing
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Aura Client
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Wireless Communications
Mobile Communications
Fixed Broadband Wireless Communications
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Evolution of Mobile Wireless Systems
First Generation : Analog – Voice (Early 1980s) • Analog modulation
• Cellular phone (AMPS) with manual roaming
• Cordless phones
• Packet radio networks
Second Generation : Digital - Voice & Data (Early 1990s) • WAP (wireless application protocol)
• 2.5 G GPRS
• TDMA and narrowband CDMA: EX-GSM, IS-95(cdmaOne)
Third Generation: Digital – Multimedia (Late 1990s) • Unified digital wireless access anytime, anywhere
• Voice, data, images, video, music, sensor etc.
4G~ Life after Third-Generation Mobile Communications
• LTE (Long Term Evolution), Wimax
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
Wireless Personal Communications
What is it?
• Cellular telephone
• Cordless telephone
• Paging systems
• Wide area data networks
• Local area data networks
Many ways to segment PCS
• Applications
• Extent of coverage
• Degree of mobility (speed, area)
• Circuit switched voice vs. packet-switched data
• Mode of communication (messaging, two-way real time, paging, agents)
• User location (indoor vs. outdoor, train, airplane)
Common ingredients in all PCS activity
• Desire for mobility in communications
• Desire to be free from tethers
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2000 Market Share
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Mobile Terminal Growth
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GPRS Architecture
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RS Spectrum Allocation
GSM 1800
IMT-2000 FDD
MSS TDD I J G H I J K L MSS
2110 2170
IMT 2000
2200 2025 2010
1980
1985 1975 1920
1915
1905
1900
1895
1880
1850 1805
MHz G : Reserved I : PACS K : PHS
H : DECT J : PACS (To Be Licensed) L : Reserved
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Wireless Mobile Interface
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Elements of UMTS Architecture
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第三代行動電話之技術標準
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
Location-Based Applications
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3G-Network integration
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3GPP-Release 5 IMS & HSDPA
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Mobile Broadband System
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Mobile System Evolution
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TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
WiMAX Nomadic and Portable
INTERNET
BACKBONE
Telco Core
Network or
Private (Fiber)
Network
Non Line of Sight
Point to Multi-point
802.16
802.16
SEEKS BEST CONNECTION
Laptop Connected
Through 802.16
2 to 3 Kilometers Away
Line of Sight
BACKHAUL
802.16e PC
Card
Ref: Margaret LaBrecque , “Enabling Deployments through Standards and Certification,”
WiMax, 2003 19
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
National Central University &
Hughes Network Systems LMDS Demo Briefing
November 1999
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Campus Network
A c c e s sP o i n t
A c c e s sP o i n t
A c c e s sP o i n t
A c c e s sP o i n t
ATME t h e r S w i t c hE t h e r S w i t c h
Campus Network
E t h e r n e t
WWWServer
WWWServer
OC3interface
Figure 1: Wireless Network Infrastructure
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
LMDS NCU Test-bench
G-17635P
7/28/99
E1
E3
HUB
HUB
CENTRAL OFFICE PSTN
INTERNET
ADD-DROPMUX
BACKBONE
SYSTEM
REMOTE
CLASS V SWITCH
DATA SWITCH
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
Architecture of the Demo
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
National Central University Demo Layout
G-17833P 8/19/99
VIDEO
DATA
(INTERNET)VOICE
DS3
MUX38 GHz RADIO
HUB
EMS
RT#1
RT#2
HT#1
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Step.1 LMDS Architecture
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WiMAX Consumer Last Mile
INTERNET
BACKBONE
Telco Core
Network or
Private (Fiber)
Network
Non Line of Sight
Point to Multi-point OUTDOOR CPE
INDOOR CPE
802.11
Point to Point
BACKHAUL
802.11
and
802.16
Ref: Margaret LaBrecque , “Enabling Deployments through Standards and Certification,”
WiMax, 2003 18
xDSL
15
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IEEE 802.11 Configurations - Independent
Independent
• one Basic Service Set - BSS
• Ad Hoc network
• direct communication
• limited coverage area
AH3
Station
Station
AH1
AH2
Ad Hoc Network
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
Topology of a Wireless LAN 進接(Access)應用: 使用者與網路的連接
中繼(Trunk)或骨幹(Backbone)應用: 網路與網路之間的連接. 例如,大樓與大樓之間的通訊, 或是遠方網路的連接.
AP
Wireless
Bridge
1~10公里
Wireless
Bridge
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
• Duration field in RTS and CTS frames distribute Medium Reservation information which is stored in a Network Allocation Vector (NAV).
• Defer on either NAV or "CCA" indicating Medium Busy.
• Use of RTS / CTS is optional but must be implemented.
RTS
CTS Ack
Data
NAV Next MPDU
Src
Dest
Other
CW
Defer Access Backoff after Defer
NAV
(RTS)
(CTS)
DIFS
SIFS SIFS
SIFS
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
Node Contention & Rate Adaptation
without RTS/CTS
[Choi, ACM SIGMETRICS’05]
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IP integration
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WiMedia Solutions – Simple Usage
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Capacity and Mobility
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
地球村的建立 衛星本體
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衛星本體 衛星本體
衛星本體
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
衛星本體
衛星本體
衛星本體
衛星本體
衛星本體
衛星本體
衛星本體
衛星本體
衛星本體
衛星本體
衛星本體
Sky of Satellites
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
台北陽明山
網路控管中心
中壢
國立中央大學
研究二館
DirecPC Satellite Experiments
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WLAN
Cellular System
WLAN
DirecPC
Ubiquitous Access
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“Anytime Anywhere ” Information System
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Fundamental Issues
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Three System Components
End-Point
Terminal Architecture
Infrastructure
Network architecture
Services
OS & Middleware
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Personal area network
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
Connect devices to internet on the mobile infrastructure world wide
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
Mobility
Unpredictable
channel
by QoS
Information
Adaptive
Algorithm
by QoS
Requirement
QoS and Multimedia Traffic Support
Application
RTP, TCP, UDP
RSVP
Wireless Network Layer
IP, Mobile IP
Clustering(optional)
Data Link
MAC
Radio
OS, MiddleWare
18
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
Mobility
Unpredictable
channel
by QoS
Information
Adaptive
Algorithm
by QoS
Requirement
QoS and Multimedia Traffic Support
Application
RTP, TCP, UDP
RSVP
Wireless Network Layer
IP, Mobile IP
Clustering(optional)
Data Link
MAC
Radio
OS, MiddleWare
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
Channel Propagation and Fading
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Intra-Domain Handoff
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Resource Sharing
Reservation Approaches
• Centralized Control
• token (round robin)
Collision Approaches
• fight for resource
• distributed control
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Through A Centralized Control
TDMA, FDMA, CDMA
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MACA/PR
S D Pkt (t1)
Pkt (t2)
Pkt (t3)
Pkt (t1)
Res (t2)
Res (t2)
Res (t2)
Res (t2)
Cycle
RTS
CTS Pkt
Res
Pkt Res
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Mobility
Unpredictable
channel
by QoS
Information
Adaptive
Algorithm
by QoS
Requirement
QoS and Multimedia Traffic Support
Application
RTP, TCP, UDP
RSVP
Wireless Network Layer
IP, Mobile IP
Clustering(optional)
Data Link
MAC
Radio
OS, MiddleWare
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
Mobility
Unpredictable
channel
by QoS
Information
Adaptive
Algorithm
by QoS
Requirement
QoS and Multimedia Traffic Support
Application
RTP, TCP, UDP
RSVP
Wireless Network Layer
IP, Mobile IP
Clustering(optional)
Data Link
MAC
Radio
OS, MiddleWare
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
Internetworking, IP, Mobile
Internetworking
• roaming through different networks
• supporting IP format
• supporting IP portability
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
Mobility
Unpredictable
channel
by QoS
Information
Adaptive
Algorithm
by QoS
Requirement
QoS and Multimedia Traffic Support
Application
RTP, TCP, UDP
RSVP
Wireless Network Layer
IP, Mobile IP
Clustering(optional)
Data Link
MAC
Radio
OS, MiddleWare
Wireless & Multimedia Network Laboratory
What problem does Multimedia Bring?
5
Integrated Service
Packet Network
Telephone Circuit
network
Emerging technologies:
1. “Datagrams” + “Flows” IPv6
2. “Virtual Circuits” (ATM)
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Ad Hoc Wireless Network
20
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Tight and Loose Internetworking
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Limited & Variable Bandwidth
Low bandwidth compared to wired
Highly variable bandwidth
High latency
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Wireless Communication
More difficult than wired communication
Dis-connections
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Mobility
Address migration
Location-dependent information
Migration locality
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Portability
Light weight power
Risks to data
Small user interface
Small storage capacity
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Challenges in Mobile Multimedia Infor-System
Portable end-points
End-to-end Quality of Services
Seamless operation under context (location) changes
Context-aware operation
Secure operation
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Channel Propagation and Fading