12. a modern treatise on modern sheet metal work

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H E OSBRN.



XX

v ivD f D q qlpl he er b he e 6 r m

ply h rferee b he e Eheeh es he leh e se f eqvlesqre

Hvg gv } o h s� o - b s

Mlpl he eer b he e 7071, r m

he ireree b h e ..The rs eh ls e pplie d

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eh f he hr f c f egrees q-r i he r l pl b he



2 CR S RR

707 ecase the sie f a isie sa he ch he aat

To insc1'ibe square i i,l.Da the iaees BD a AC a h a

each ther a e the eeities f the iaees y saiht lies a f t B, B Ce

T o d the rds of Q

T he sae f the si C a the sae f h

L

se sie CD a iie te esl y hese sie

T ake his plai a spese ith he eeal es a he leth f A t C a a

he sae he i C D a e



E SEE E re ice C D e oien i e e lenof rai o roce e arc BD

To nd the cetr from 'hich a given s po-dued.

ra an crd AB an C ad ec ead fr e fd draw e prpedcar e crd ad eendn ey eeTe on of ee e e ceer f crcf c e arc a pron

To scrbe cce ctt y three ots, ged ay osto other th stg Ne

Cnec e p y ra e; e dran eredca fr e cner f ee new ee a cener of e rered circe

o d the legt of M } te e of derees t contm'ns t s re kow

My e er of degree y ecia075 and a prdc y e rad.

To nd te ra o secto whe the be of de:; d rs re kon



Fn h ngh of h c pn

up hs nh b onh h dus

T h are f IL 07l r sup h o s oh nd h poc h dcm 7 nd h su h qi

h s. hn h ciumfnc nd dm

oh non mupl h cufn on

us ( on-fouh h dm , o muy onf h umn onhf h dm

d hn h m on s nown squ dm n mup h im 7.

o h reo g pc n o s of e s nd

hng comon n Squ h im o eac n u h squ o lss fom hsqu o h nd tply te dee h .74



O

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EH

To scibe a qultr tr/ cc.

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any point (as A) as cntr and radus eqalo rdus of rcl, dcrb rc u c1-ference in B and then i C. T b ct th ar B nd coc ot C

o crb hxgon cc

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cr th utrl r s f r



Y S M L O

biec e arc in , an e ac in G, anddre A , , G, an

Or i a be incribe b ain e radi iie aron e circference Ti i e ocoon eo

o icrb a 1gua ptago i a cr.ra e dimeer an a ri ane o

eac oer, an biec he radi O a E. ro

M

a cener, an A a radi eribe e arc S Joinhe oin n , an he line bein aliee ie arond e circle il or e enaon.

o qar who aa ha b poooa

t aa o gv O

i o dra a are e area of a ivenare iec one ie of e iven are and conrc a are on f i len

i 2 o dra a are he are of a ienare. ra iaonal l ine ro corner o corne



XXTH CE URY S MAL WORKR. ;

,,,

, ,

o e en quare and cnruc a are uoa l e le oe o e a

Fg. 3. To draw squa tce the ae o f a given

squae. Draw a d iagnal l ine rom cer t ce

e quare a coruc a quare u e daa

T m e reee o F F. dr a quare ee me e re o

en quae. en e e e e qure a len equal o dana A B, a



e ere of he eesio ra lie o e p

osie er of he square ( o uo hic

cosuc se.Fig. o r sure fur imes he rea of

ve sque. osruc squre o e ice e

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leg of oe side he give suareJus he everse f ig oe of efo e

area.ig. o r sure e ies e ea of a

give suare Eed oe sie f e suare iceis origia eg o B a fo e eeiof e exesio a ie o e oppoe coeof he sue B o C upo ic couc aure



l

ee ee esrie ire he size e ire or h roun

nd of he e n r w dimeter a ihngl s hown in t hen 1r\\' a riht nero eh en o one of the diames thh e eity of he othe imeter nd exenn inenite. Vith eh n o h r diatr r entern dis e o the acr. ike an a oh ooite en of th imet j t to h ionin Then with th irstion of h ion ineith he othe diame or nte, n i to u



CRY RKR.

h ous o s h s hh oms h u

To dQ an a t'Og t' pot t/zou loca-£l g

te e

e A an C poins hn wh A an s ns nd ius fom o C m cs o n C nene a Dw sig ne

o A ough B insing h a Annoh sigh in o houh neene A D



NRY S L WORKR

pace e c eee ad G a eee C aF i e me ume of eual ace, cou

e o of e c eod ad F a .ec oi maked o D i e po

ad e poi aked o D i e p ada a feead ie u e ieecio f eee

To b of conentric cr!es, th r

o ec circular ts orme b qa to t of ea o he ors ad o te circle i e ceter.

D a ai lie a pae i io e u-e f equl pace e ie i ec d a

p i a eiice d a a e pepeicula A eac f e i e cicumfeece f



J te eicircl c e a Te it a ceter raiu c decibe te ier circle Te e

it raiu &c a s i cuTo dra a tilc fom a gven po n srah Ie,

C1'pdt he en I.

Le be e ie pi a C e ie lielace e it f te iier t ad et B

d C equal t eac ter. e wit ad a

ceter, wit raiu reter ta ecrietw arc iteecti t D Draw A D a it \ill be

perpedicular t te lie C.Or hc pon e e of he ;-" nlace e ft f te iier t eale

it, a exe te ter ft e it



P as cee a aiu f P escibe seiice a pee cice wu e bee ehaps.Thugh C ee he cie cu he ine an hepi P da h ie C Then aw a ii e pepeicua he ine

o draw fo gh1en po1t t-d a v sta£

H, dIO' t th (

e A be he given in nd he ge ihen f he in s cene an wih a aiu

ee ha he iance f he ine

escib-

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14 CRY H RKR

n c cung he ne n he on nd hmk he on eul n om n

r E nd \ll eendcl B D01 f t pont narly oost o nd o t

g D he ne C o n on on he ne B D,

C Bec A C F. hen h F cene n o F A rdu dee he emccle D n

D d it wl be eencu o D

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C I Tria ng le f ' 2nd po s]-

A-=

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tion •



RY S L W RIR. To dr! a lic to a givcn .oit) ad pcrdu

i'c I si" 01 a rle d tri/ h n ne n e n onPe te on ee of e n n e u

t te oth on ege en on he ne eon e rue m e te rnge on unte ort touce e pont en Cn t w e pepencu o te ne AB

Of coe nI) -ne rnge on e e

�Vth th saJ1 ools) t dGW in to gv po

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16 XXTH C TURY L RKR

L gi poi d B gi ia ad ia m as i pr

ious amp d si iag ui topdg us rach h poi Th drw i aogt op dg om ds D ad i wi pato h i B

To drw a straight lic eql to 'cI r a 1C

q/al to ?I staiht in, n ar f dicrcnt

Ct l to givn

8

-

p h ar iur I o qua p

h trdi oit I, 2 3 Dw C at h r d wih s tr d rdiu rk D (h cord o a with D sr d rdius D B srik h ar B E d th sam g B

Or i th sraigh i b giv pc i io



Y S L WO equal spacs, and wh rs pon of dvso aseer strike ar E B, ad A B wil qual A

Als e A B be the give ar ad A F a ar oeqal raur. Spa A B, s i he rs proposi-i ad set o o the sraight lie aget t ors a , ad with D as er a radis D B rae ar B F. The A F will eqal A B

To develop, by the laer proposion, te aer

e eeop of coe e sa heg a ba be kow.

A

-

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O ay sraigt lie Fig. 2 s e rrlat heigt C D ad wih D as and rad d ar e o from C



E SEE lie B th adius the desied base C t it E as ete dsibe the omplete il

aw a ais E pepediua t B ad spate uate ile t eual spaes Eet a pepediula at C whih wil be taget t the i

to th og a at that pit ad it set the 4 ua spaes te ate ile mke With 0 as ete ad adius 0 desibe te am t the lg a at G e C G eual % the iuee o the base.

Nw sp the dIvides m C t G a ste istae m G t H two stps m C t a H a I wt Al e patte s mplee

he

cg1 c c 0 U te stel suae a at wi l

egth desid fo oe side th tago plae sue o th ie at 2 a 12 ad o vt umes, uig th same gu thebad a o th togu ad with e f th um

es jst at th ed o th lie d t xt idelg the lade the suae. Cotiue thi ss, <ul t m he sde atl th m lgthd t le the suae s that th li ast dawsse it just t th gues slted.

T aompai ut ll show t a fusig e ua He A B s t st ie w 4 is l t su is the ae A as show wth 8 ad 8 o th i ad the dof th lae (lo ide) at the o th lie. Te



H NRY H L ORKR 9aw B C 4 ih log, hh wo j o 2 oh ld Sg he qae ao oo B a

how he o oli a a h x i

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h wo oe aaly he eig g a e oao

h h a how a lil o o h B C i oe o ho ha l i h a

a lae o h he ih ma oii wh B o he li A B he B C wol ah he2 h a o h la

o ay iz o oao may b a



CR S ORR

a b usig ma m o qa a o o d

A A

2 92 6 26 9 2 1

226.93 096 2 9 6 96 2 6 26 t 26 6 2 9 2 969

2 t 29f6 626!

0

_ 6 62 22 2 t 6 6 9 2 66 69 1.6 2 t 6 6 2 22 69 2 9 t 96 068 26 9 2 22 2 62 · t :96 6 2 29 0 99 69

99 69 2 9 54 92 26 0 9 6· 29� 2 2 6 82t 962 099 2 6 9 29 6602 9 66 6 0 7066 92t 9 7> 99 96 042 6 22 9092 06t L 202 35 962' 99 99 6 09 ,

9 2 6 37

02 62 " 26 2 9t 6 260 39 96 29 66 22 2 66 6

2 29 22 6 - 2 9t 69 9 43 22 9 44- 2 2' 6 90 0 6 66 9 t 222 92 47 9 6

2 ( 096 t 2 49 9 9 9 96 6 22 62] 6 2 52 22 6

169 69 226 6



H CE TURY L WORKR. 2tr and Crrn o Crl.

o n the crcmfeence of an crcle reater than

an n n the e ultl 3 4 10 o annuer f te For ntance:

he crcuference f 8 te tht of 4 nthe c rcference of 140 0 te th of 14 hecrcference of 43.98 and to nd the crcuferenc of 140 ltl 43.98 10 whch done reon the ecal ont one ce to the rht,n 43.8A Sh ho o ng Crcmrc Who gr

raw a ne nche ln n F Snr 3 3/6 nche an th one ont at

\ \

tre an rc C . S o th arc fr C theen eter E or

. hn dr fro hrouh E or F nher lne nche on and the



CR S ORR

disane ro o G wi e e iruerene o daeer E or ro A o H wil e e i r

erene e daeer C FTis rue i ood or re up

ines diaeer ein us ies /

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t

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2

ake e ar C D a olee seiire ane l ne B G uld be swung around o orm a on-

inaion o A B us kng e disane r A G 24 ines i is j us a i le r an ru

rerene o 35

A er enien ping s ed



H RY SEE RR co oh le f twofo oldin le3 13/6 iche fm he cente f he ive in the id

dle join hich wold e t 8 3 6 on oe le n t15 13/ 6 on he ohe Then opein he enoin of he le nd pedi he le o th hed po he inide ee will jt he dince pt of e iven diee he inide coewil e he dince p eql o the eqied ci

cfeenceFi 2 ho the ppiio of he e o he epiciple B i he hined join nd he lie foB o 2 e he iide ede of he e f he e i hee hwn ped o inche diee nee inche cieece

Sme Remrkbe c Abou Cr

e e gh om o oh ht he dieeo f cicl iplied 3.16 l he cicfeence d ht the q of he dimee tiplied 7854 eql he e oe o f he fol lwin fchwee he ot een o ene h

Th he diee diided 383 eql he cicfeence

Th he cicmeece iie 3183 eqhe diee

Tht onehlf he cicfeece liplied hl he diee el he e And he qf the icfeence tiplied 07958 el he

Th he e c ce ee hn h f nohe in e nded n oline f eqlenth

Th i n cicl whoe iee i e hn 4



24 T T T T he area e ha he rueree h ner of sqre us of area les hn eal us o he iueree.

Ta he er is he rufere ndarea are represee he se uer ea eng566 he al rle whoe aeers ar oha 4 he ara eee he ruferees and proporons of oe he oher aae y rglar

rao or progreson a wl e see y follna e

Diamete T area equls circum. dvided by area equas crcum diide by 10. area equs circum died by 8

I rea equas crcum de by

2 re equs crum iie by 2 rea equs circum iide by IY area equs circu5 rea equas crcum6 area equls cicum.7 area equls circu area equas circum

rea equals circum

2 rea equls crcum rea equals crcum6 area equls circum8 re equals circum.20 rea equas ll2 area eus circum.28 rea equl CCUll32 area

36 area0 rea

area8 rea

equs circum

equs c rcumequas crcum.equas crcum.equls crcum

utipied by I Kmultipied by multplied by � mutipie by 2multiied by 2

muipied by ultplied by 3multped by .mulipie by mutiied by muiled by 6muipie by 7ultipied by 8

muipled by multiie by mutpie by I multed by 2



XH NRY SH MAL ORKR 25

T use e tbe Fnd t c rcum rence b refrenc t t tabe damters an crcumerenen n anter ctr r by any rue nd dvde rutp b t numbr gven n ts tabe ppstt csn dar r am: Dm 2 tcrcum f c s 6.22 c vd b 2 and trea s fd t 16 gan m 2 c rcum f c s 7699 wc ts tab ss s t b

utp b 7.6991=11.097 t reurear

T rt ncras e mupers cntnust sm ndnte ncrasng r ec unt fncrase f dater s tt ts tbl may b sr ndn t re crcs r ametrs tan

ts gvn I f te meer s 9 utp crcumb 2 9 mut b 12 I 0 b 2 I f5 b 12 and 52 b) . Te mut er cn·tnn nra n unt r c uns f damt Hnc t nd t r f a c rc m. s mtp te c rcuernce 1. uam rc. 256.6 256

n rds ut te crcumernc by n-fur damer n te ara ny crc.

Sc o Hrh

t frunt pn n mng rtcuarl ccur-ate surment t t s desr t masure a certn nuber un res n nc n m

tmes t requre nuer s uc at cnsrbme an uc urn u be necssar ruc t t cmn rctn

A sca f unrets s grt cnennc



6 CR S RR

suc cass and t shp sur nt ctaon t a b a vr accuatl b ann w

w nuts carl wo

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BNa n nd a strp n la a sa nc

an pac rznta nto tn ua spacs by parall ls and t s a god plan t cnn s lnssral ncs ang t n

pac t th tr way nt al spacs an awparall l ns havng a slant o n spac hat sdaw t rs n r on cr o t s t rst spac n ppst sd thus ng trang t n nch prpncular and ntnth

nc bas Da th and t l ns xact lypaalll th rst and y wl av a sla tngl t th ppost s nly sd

o us h scal xtnd ddrs t ud nb ns ad plac bt pnts on rd n 2 tc accdng to h nb o

nrdts t b addd wt n pnt xactlyn ln B hn ld t t pn ry and xtndt n ng n ln A B t th ntscton dagonal ln wt t n n wc t dds s



R WRR empe t nd .0 ten e dvde twnce and pace one pot on te neecton f tene w e A and odn e te pnt e etend te pnt n A to te nteec e dgna ne

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W ae ny nbe of ndedt y eeay fnd. d 99 eend vde O 9 f v v



8 XXTH CENURY SHET MEAL WOK.

Mg Dgr o h qr

It smetmes ens tt t s esrabe t nd certan nuber f egree en tee s n prtractrat and In suc cases te stee suare and te f-ng tbe \Y b fun t n\r te pupse ta reasnbe eree f accurc.

No. I

nches e1 . . . . . . . / 6 0 . . . 6 6 " 305 93 . . . 5

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I S . r o I/6 . . . . . 5 . . . . . . . 0

EXP E

NO. 2

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556567 �70

758 5

ne rn frm n te ae t 1 " n tngue s t eter ee f te suare d ne rn frm 1 " n eter ee t an nuber te cun nce n te ter edge w be, tte " te umber f degrees ind cated n te cumf degres red N I . " And were t ntersectte uter dge f te ter arm f te suare t w te number f degrees incted in te cu

ared s te cut sws t anges gven n cu N

egrees re tse at C n te nes gve um re tse betee and B



Chimney Tops.

An arte of vey geel use thhot

r nd e wh sms o be q l m inr o ick ra paern o is aanize io e t se Ra is a rston pee, be a a e ha a r r ra bse a ou to

The tte o s at le ma s kl w

s bter o a o o he see to b sen mae o e e ol ne rawn er

e ose o ex pr ke et esos sa I3XI7 4 rna a an ere a p e

j us a l ro 0-n r

o t narw

stae o 17 ns rm n ce a g ales aoss i i A B n t eel t A r ra the e o en c � l tte Set o r

r B � E a am sa e e sar se 4 E C an oet C a

Fm a e o a l es rere p a a G or a 5 es ea a akn n

r H o oer es to se a propor or 5 I % 6 p an a r



MTAL OR

xt pac bad o e a G an 63� ncn h ogu a C, a hon n rawn, an

o G I an o I en sl h sqn 40 cs kpn b t h n ma f J 6 hs n o

C Connu n J G A whr nrsch e cn n. Ma h oh s sm H arun t D c ntn l fromH o A



XXTH CENURY a r an ra G tr th a

hn ra n f D H an fr a from C to G an C t La o h aar o aon ach a

shown ott i n t

h p ho b ct on th ar G K H h a th mor ai a n th n C a D K oth i fro F t D an ro E C

ain a aoanc t rit rk th othr ha hi i arf to prck th nt C an to inch or at an thtri o t ak a o a ot



32 C R R

N the ege ne a the the he ae o ve pe n e ae or sk

r the a hve , th€ ne G C K C D nd D ormng o u t C ad D nn a e G Lok e tgee a ge n the eam afteh en n e I C C D e ng the -e r t eena an et e ne

Cney Saddles

Te cm saddl s a r mor te an mh r pl sh g d hme, eue g slopd o s a ow s thete t al r o q, h e the hg salean et or e te ad soo rss thro

A

B

C

Fg 1 hw the ade n

a 13 th hnge rooa e o

a ehn a he

A C D n E eg

To dvlop he patern, draw X X Fig 2, the ptc

f f, A E the pepenua ine chney, B C



NRY L ORKR e wd dd o po of ddle a E d o e a lo po.

Sppo o mp oof /3 pc a ey 6 ce w d e o e ce de po aleo ad 6 ce o d , c lo palll o

c pce of vd o 628 ce

ly o a o 3 o ce o 6 c d o D 6 ce o o ad fo D o e ed a l o l d o ao /3 pc o le C ad . ed l e l a

- - _.

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ig ove e d a a e dace F 2

e o e c poo d olde a oe

ov p ope wde d D do a o c o oe ove op D o ol o be vd ev e ol d ey old o



C E N T U Y

pu o h a he ' o la e badl ca l"e oldr com broe

[

i 4 how opd ac w rv

e

Ger er er -Ogo Hl Ro

ure I ad 2 ow uare mer paer

or ocago ad alf roud guer de ad ou r of c a ac g h m of oc i h ce < ce

i h dimsion are a folow hh hs



XX TH CE NT UR Y MAL W KE S

ay b rid t i : 0 o , 0 i I t 2 . }� . :

2 t 3 : 3 I to 5 1 1 ; 5 t 6 2;

in ; 6 7, I ; 7 t 8 , 1 n .h ks j <) cs ih of sck n S

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T dvp t dr pro s s hndr rtc- 9 ins frm 0 o 8 nd n -i I� p tct 0 2 3. tc m masrs as 0 I 2 3 ec. n r Drw



36 XTH CNUY SHET METAL WOKR.

l nes fom e os f bend i oe o :e

e spae ie i e-ot as sown a

ee nerecion y aigt l ineC on e ier ie, and prik o e of ea

pee o e spae l i n s ,

a e 1\0 pae aompee y 'i a nmber of piece ma be

I

I

I

� �� - - -

I,Inside •

I

I

. -

I

marked and pked fo ending I n cig o y

ee paern oe piece of eac pair ol e cu a

a nc longe a noed n a eac poin of eno or a lap as a mc onge jo i me soon, an in e ogher.

Fo aking he ong piece c are o av no



S L W ters cut on tem, a narrow stri o iron ay b

k ked I 3, et d ut ne ong k

ec end of the pce y th ptte, nd t then edy to om u n te e

n ong ut te 0 I 3 ede o ee ntote ke to te td dot ( dot 3 ) end que ueee nd ut te e edge n, te ote de to dot nd end qe u k to dot

nd o end que t ne te ed Tn ound nd ut n to dot 4 nd end to 4S k to S nd end to S 0 ten 6 nd e 4S o

t good n to u ty te ext e ooe nd om te gtte to te e o te y ney oe

n Fg own ey deeoent te ond gutte te Te ed tten oete twoee eow tten nd te ot jut o n eow tten nd e r e d out y ny etod o eow wt wte wokn m

e ed n Fg own oewt ot of roton ut te ne o deeoment te egd o te e

G ed to ded j o o ox gtte t eemed to e

d mtte e to ut t n oey nd notend too tme on te jo

Fo te enet o ote wo y e toued ne e nne, w ee y ent metodnd, y te w I te ke te wok

e w uoe e ve ox gutte jo w



CNUR S RR.

o h oe e ee o o mou eh s om se o e pese e

Mke up he e 28- es (o 2-h ou e o 2- ee e op) oue o oe e o s ope ue eee he ue oue ee o oe h oe o u up k he ee oue o Fo e e ek sp s 2 es ou he h ee h us 0he u e - sps u h heps o eep e e o eh pee 2hes oe ee s so A Noh

B

F

�

D

I

"B

- - - - .' - - - - -

x

8

U

-

_

__

_

_

_

_

�

e oe o oe e eu o ke o oeeou o o o o oss e e o he se o

x oh es he se s v

'pse eos oe up oe o ue o so s o ok e oehe o heee D up ue o oe The seu 2 s e os s peous u



XTH RY SHE T ORK. shwn y te lne A t e en f t g ae these ens wn etty he

lle s the wll sl n the eae ely hene the ee tnng the ea n the se ste t te en f ege C D

An en sen f te nshe ee s shwn n g whh lealy shws he ea tne he se ee ne an the fl f ne en

es n shw the wn fl f he he enGet t enoh f these ees e he est n enoh valley ( -nh s e eng f

P 2s ny tes eng aefl h s welslee

Pt n he ea st y ttng ne n lae tesl the e f the next ve that an shng eethe f en t let the fl A C ah e fl A D n then ll ng k t ll tey l tgehe

Nl lse t the fl C D s he hes wll e ee when t s aee wn an n asnsl nal thh the ea nt the e f l as shwn a A n Fg 3

hen the ea s all le ease f tf gte a a nt ao % nh e he e ege a C g 3 Take ths ese a he

n f ge n gan at the hgh n n fe tese eseents t the ege f he s oflle an en wh tons saht ee llet Then ese the wh f tte D



oth end the wdth otn v we deth nd bend qe p

N et et the tn nto te gtte nd get nto wone knee o one oot to hod t down nd t edge C ove wt tong o e nd hmme t dowto n ne nd te n t tgh wt etng tgs

e d nh dow t wt te e

Ten t keeng the weght n te gtte ethe k t E down onto te oo bod nd oon n the oo to be hnged bt

to be tnned tn te bk edge t F nd n th evng t ed to ok the oog

Th me mt o bed n m o be ewtot gtte, o de ed I h ten o oo t t kd o nh Ung howee eet nted o te no t

S e nd o te et nd te dg ttwo end nd one de ten o the now po the nd od t deed nd t th ehe me on on the ow t



e L

I coeco with e o gutr i be wel l mion ay mak n . e er

n he er o o thins, nd I o o clao hve the ol h way But I etn tee er hoping o hlp so orkan o has m

he se iculties ha have hinere e es

I usu l l cu the t n eouh loer tn the u

equ th rets dph of both en a a lle pe Ten lah ah i n a he e eend D a E abou a far a he e h o D e C a D E oar ech te nd eboo D � o he p tn nd dehe ed el l

A e a be c o t n l re bu

cae h no vne an es uch oend ee a of copet on e s que bjec nd he orka ho ca o h ucklnd we a a beer n e oe w dese eve we bt ok s ow ly

Ep o

perc true ell i can 10t n ith e vrs an to ri i u t hr are seral ehoof rai e n this an r hch o nrappoa te the tr el l i s to nser th pu rposefor os tin shop or

er accae eho oeer he trin

a al oc F. i s d ran n h manner .Dra t lenth of th a jor xis a becn t riht nles C D the lngh of ther is \ith C or a cntr a on-hf he



X T H C E N U R Y S M T A L RKR

ao a m o F o ajo a Drive na i ls at C i e

e thee a mo aa C a w a pc o c a kp

E

I

O

II

the gt poo d

stg o ao o p u o o o a doesot c o o o a o teu a pfc p. I ac c c o of a p



T l R .

e 1 Old b : e ev oint of hich

is eq ly istant from two ponts within, ae o"

11

x

ig 3 .. ' y · -

.

A

B

F 2.

I tis ge n F re th oc te �tancefrom ny point in te ce t ps te distance om



CENRY S E lI WORK R.

the sae ont o s he same a the coined distanes o th · ns ay ohr pnt n th

v a s j al he leh o the raXIS

n . s a v near aproxmae t anel ise, omosed o as o iles havn thee dif-

ferent adii and eiht centers hence t s called he"eght entered oa!.

To ra an oa ths etod dra A thelength of aor axis, an set t at right anges C ndenitely. Mark ponts 0 on C D the lengto f inor as

o to deerine the rad to e use dra an X Z Fg. 3, forin any conenent ane Xth as center and radius equal to alf he shrtax s stke he ac \Vth same enter and raiu sal the lon axs dra the arc S T. onnect andS and aralel to \V S da U and T ThenX U wll e the raus t use or he arcs at he extreites of te ar axis and ll e he ausfor the side r at the extrmtes f t nor a

or te radius of he as t connect e se asth the end as take te ent o t sminoras lus ha the ieence eteen te semaxeich is ( in i 3) the sance V lus ha theistanc V hene X �

On of i set o and F each equal

to X An and each equa to X Q Lao fo 0 to and ro to C eac equal to X Rand from 0 to J and P to I eac eqal t X .

Wth as center an ra C I a te ar



I'R S M RR d D a r d a rd dra ar ad F r ad F H

r ar r G ad tst ar 2 ad at ts I a 2 ra a l

/

�D

"

"

r 5 qa X Q ar 6 am lew, a am r

rm 2 7 ad r 4 8r C r I ad 2 dr en

X a r D rg ad 4 am l, 9 0 I ad 12.



XXH CENURY S AL WORK.

C a ceer d ra C P ( X R ) dahe ar 9 a h a ceer n e

r 12 an F cee ad E X 6 ad 7 8 Ten , 2 3 ad 4

ig ee enes ad a 5 ( Qra te f nnetng ar 5 7 o 10 8

ad 6 T complee he eg ceered elpe,c a e ea apoach e hae a nF corced e r ad a

Fre ad 5 are he fo nee n ng



ol o radii . Eithr of th wi l anser vry

r mal articl fg i , hw ight ne�r

o e prct ip than ig 5.o dra mak th nh of ao ax

and c i t ith th indnit in C D a hanle t n which ma nh f minr aFrm e th nth f rquir minr ai

rkd and divid int 4 ual ac Wth

3 of th� pac h th dirnc f tho ax) a raiu an a cntr mak G and

and dscrib cicl ith rdiu r G Tak

th ditanc frm t th nart g f n f th

circl and frm markin th pint I andJ r I n J dra in thrugh and G r-

pct a t I and 2 and I t 3 an 4W I an a cntr and I t oppoe

ra h arc An ith a cnt and amradiu trik h arc 2 cpn th ur

r i 5 ra B an C D he ln andh d ir r st he idth t Ethn th irnc f th ax i . e hal

irnc hich i E fr raiu and G acntr trik th ac a th hr I adec a J ith I a cntr an adiu J dahe a K i th a cntr an radiu G ak an N Dra lin frm L an t aho K an : an ue K L an epec

tl r th cntr fr hch o ra e foa o fo e oal

h fu r ar al l an o th ae den e e ae ln of axe an e deen



8 CNRY RKR

ee f aran r are erc for are ra ece

Fri Hag ee eeral eod o ag el

ca a oal re and nng a a oken ae er on rle for ang e al llo a ar ere and e an ea or rle foraern fo e o f arn a an

ond e ornr e quae dra nenelA B C. F r B ak D e erendclae o a dered o D da E aalel B and ake e ane D o E e ae e rau x f e arc f e a 4 On B ak a fa fr B a e e rau l e

eqre ae of one e o an e ake B F oe e are lone an D E en ra ro Fa l ne ou E onned nerec B a edane C o e rau o cuare of eoo f e pn f e o o a e a a e oa

N e on E ar e e len of en ra o

al ( H o 4 and fro B ar f e aedane lu e ae an a f e c c l epaalel o F E and e e rad or end oono od

No da a ene lne G J F and H aee ad adu C E o F I ere e a I

eqal le x o e al eae en r o e d e W aeeer a rad da e a K le e ran o H ro I a J en K



X TH CE TURY S EET MET AL WORK. 49

t att or on se of an. Na '.v we up-po t boy i s to b ade in two pce, ith the

fA - -B

c

F i g 1 .

am at th ends. To oplte t att mutadd af te n pattrn to ac nd of K I J L St



NR S M OR

fr K and L tards he dstane g

I here arked h h and th these pns as eerand rads dra te ars and J ea eqa engh eha the end ar f a a I r f Fg Fr h and h dra nes hrg a

-

t k and Wt sae eers ad a a

ars K and L dd aan r re br ando and he patern pete o one-h hebd

he boy e n or pee ae all



CNR S A WRK 5

n at and L ] and dra te t en aesn ne pee and add s t bt ends t

gs I and are dran t a saer sae tan tea n te ter apter and te easreents dnt exat rrespnd t te Fr ts reasnF 4 s ere reprded a se and sape st sae Fs I ad ts ae

-

3Fi

e a tns n se and D r ad as s ten dne se te are n terret ra ben n e perpenua tetranes te ptenu e are te tre rad

Oe r sera as o tng a p nr s

dd rner e te nde t re nd tere are any ren n es and ae a pr rner n cnsequene.

ts apter entn tree ts y



ne h h the oer ay e s q a a it d no e prtabe t se gess rk an

y are al arate etds

c

ig

e rs s ne n se ag kn ta s an better r qker an etef e ters

a peet sqare ner he shee sed a te a wane r e C ig 1 .

Parae t ese lnes nd ar eng n r er e san dep he pan ake D E . e pins G and se ards e desired arenea l e derene beeen te se e tp and

Dra nes r he pins ts nd a Hnd N ex p le te hane a beel aains e edge

ee an at e bae n i e i



RY OR R.

te ne H . e e beve arnd t tand H 2 te nnerae bade and ande at H and be an tbade r H t te enter ne B eese e

2

beve pan te ande n ne and srbe

t te ae pnt n eer ne as beeCt ar e re aane a an desed aner sqare t H and ten tr n te nesra e ae t t arate en te peeay be ed a atern by t t e tetree er en ave e ated o dts eare r an ne B te dsane e

re r p de re nd r Ian e C te ent t nde re Tene te te er pattern n t ne trat edes ndn te ede e rn



54 XTH CENTURY SHEET METAL WORKER.

ad he po H or I at the po od b easrMark he e ad alog e arher edge o pa

ter wh wll ve the po a whh o sqare o he shee. Sqare ro bot the orers hs odw w loate e or orer

W:

The seod etho eas of re or qua,d dders

La o A B C D E ad F G ad oae ad Ithe sae as desrbed the rst ethod The w dvders set at , F. 3, stre a lo are, or se-rle. Spa dv ders fro terseo ar

e B to terseto th le H ad swgarod o po . r le fro o X ad o here hs le irsects the le of wre allow-ae s the rh het fro J or the eter le B

•



XXTH CNTURY SHET :ITAL WORKR. S5

becse the lne J X s n the postn B J l ccu

hen flded rond gnst end o nSn ers fr J to nd sng rund ndrk B J t

'.

Scrbe fro H t 0' nd fro I t

', nd cut

Fig .

cttng re llone t n esred ng ths colen the coer

The thrd etho� s on nerly the sme rncas the rst, except tht the ngles re fond by means the dvders nsted of bevel

ter lng C D E nd F G nd n H n I s befor sn vders fro H t pint

nerl bt not qte to B, on line A B , n stre rc downrd s shwn n g. 4 Wth dviders u-



56 CR had o foo d r a ar ad a K ad L.

h o o rg a Msp o c ha o o Dra h ah ro o o I o o of ro w B a c o a bfre

e r hod we obad a f y as of h b ad by appy hs a aa

e prodd h N or h orrpod N a e a ae h he e B, ad hs ase y pp e h da K oa eqa ar e pod a js e e a

As efore saed h orr a be o sed as a par for ohr r orrs, pae I prfr a o a h orr rs exe s of , ad h op o ad e ee for par h ohrs. ase e l B ad ar edd a ds for ak eds h o p.

A eed p oo

ap boo a o e d o sa aresof ar sad of a dob ad boo ad a do h do ahCp, dppr ba d ohr sa ssay b ad h r qy ad a

r h boo o o o ar as h as for

a do s, ad rhps js h wd Nooo d, hor.C ad br h oo o o o pre sg

ad r h do ach, hodg h



XH C NU Y S E MEAL WO K . 57

tle up enu t ben t just strt deet n the

tt nd ntnuet se du untl te

se

s t n nle f bt 45 dees s shwn in the se-in f btt underneh the u drwn

Wth ey ittle prte nd d settn d

Se c t i n f B om

�

�

�

ine ths be dne er quk n nakes

net b.A duble seed btt n s be eeted in

he settn dwn hne t s er sl send pett th nshe, nd nt t tht te

•



CR S t RR.

eam i mall enough to a of tartn it eteehe heel o f he mahine and are i ued haling

e or qite a neat looing dee ma e aden" by n

riaglaion i a ore ipe and auaeeod o otaining pater for oe o he morirreglar ad ompliated hape th eond ater i give or the benet o f thoe unam iar ith h

proe And eieve i the reader i ll are ultd hi and he apter on the ranito Pieee il e ale o develo the patte or aot adeired arile thi er ueul and pe proe

Fgure I a perete ve of a mmn hae

D

C=

e

. o oo for rnae pipe and i ri ie orore tril peaig the d etee e raightolar i a tranitio pie nd i rion ori i ll evep he pae

hi oot to t a round pipe at one end 1 ihei diamet and to t rie all pie t theoter 2x 1 4 inhe

pratie i i unneear o dra he perpeie Ad eve he eevation a e otted i oa h the idea or the ptue o the arie i id ad he or doe enirel e a



C E NT R Y S E E ; ET A L W O R K R 59

hown t the bottom o Fi. 2 th cce nd t

pralelogra

Sac the crce in any eir umer of equl

prts . here IO re ued. ntruct d igrm f t -

nge hown t the rght o "se ao " Mke

I

\

f

J

t

•

I

,I

1_.,

1 = -

-

,

: i B�10n

1

�d v�in 0

,

•

,

I

- - .

X

D

P·ig.

2

/

t erenicr eu to h tc heght ot o o the artcle, nd he e exy t right

agle to t nd o f ine ite egth \ith e vir meu ach o the dstnc frm he ce D



C TRY SE ·RKR

t E et ch oe foun oto the rht fr o the e l ne o th irm of

trl eh oe fr fture reecehen te the te om to 6 7 an e crf t nur ech oe

o t eveo the te r the rht nge E eu to he vetcl heht B o f the rm of tngle D e to D o

the l onehlf the lth of one ie the rllelorm) th oe o ver te thene from to o the of nd c ot t on tte nd th nothr r of v ieret to one of the ce o rcle ce one oo othee t on tte cr ht rc to ntrec

rc e the othe ed rom D thu oct the ont of the er crve of tteKee the oe r of r et the leh of onef the ce nd contnue i roto ett the otherair rom B to 2 on the D of nd

n from tomeet the ce ve t 2, cotue the e

rement h ntil locted on the ce line opttr he te the

tnce from X fom Bn te f T nd ord from on the t and met it th mreent from eualt D X o he pln he h of the reormhe roceed ih th m nce the m

th the t rter of the ccle ecet V nfrom X inted f D to locte 7 nd

I t ws ncesr f us to tk th meuemt

om 5 t X as wel fo1 5 to D 01 pln nd tr-



S iIL e it t the D n rder t late the in X e pattern.

Nw t lcate the pin G atte tae the diane 1 0 G hn in en eeatn and n itdnard rm 10 n pattern and meet it ith the

1

tt n

3

dtane G pan ha the h aralleam) anned ut r X. Cnnet the nt thuund traight lne m D t X, rm t G andm G t 10 and drawing a ree hnd urehuh I 2, 3 4 6 7 8 9 and 10, whh mlet nehl the atte he ther ha ma dran in the ame manner r ting ut tha and ring aun i

he end eeatn a reerred t e n te aederitin and a meaurement rm that eleatina e in atin G n the attern ut we dave ated i ithut the end eeatin meur

ig ar rm 1 0 G n the plan and raerringe itane t he ae lie the D them that in t i equa 0 G he elen ad the pattern a ell



cor a aoanc m e mad a ro

ti patt o o ed o pae oee and

t loc colar onTe a Td •

Fo co ece i ecri e l e s sz a ppe m o aoe e damee a ae, 3 e to 8 ce re cr e aot 8 Y c

e ee a a p pe 2 ic dam, ae o 0 eee o e a o ape pp

eo te or aoe esc earce :

a e t o in

ce

cotrct of t ere pp

e

cs si of a crc o 3 ic diamtr roe cocntric circ 8 nce i diamtr. dra 8ic ameer o C rt a o d rom o amter ee doted ipard an convt dtance to t ot D oect D ad a rt i ara t

ditr r1 i a ad at ng

orm th ae o a of teartic

t cr e 8 ich abov t oit er i e e e ae le D mark ao L dra G F 3 ic on in crf to

mak it ice ch id of ad par toD onnct ad D n oti the nti th meet o th enter a

t r te 2inc ie roect fom t d



l of eleation and at an angle of 30 degree t eter ne B repreeted the traiht line I . hi omplete the eeato

o r dtted ne fro and own to the

•

I

trae e ameter of an ad ing for enr apot ma eteen thee le on thi diameterderie inh irle and pace it ito any nmbe

of eal pae here 1 rom enter C dra ralie throuh thee pae int t to the oterircle (ba e of tapere i e an f

ho e ieretion aove and nlun the diamter lie dra



C R M R R

arale oed lie upard o and radia i

rm o mee ee on ind e cener o e ine J repreening he upr e o e ich pipe an dra a emi-circlepon i a o an pace i io ix eual paceand ro ee poin ra paralel line o ierecteach i u o e raial lie ad ra a ree had

curve hroug he pi o irecio hic giveu he rue eevaion vi o e hae o he ae o ma ppe hon e heav crve lne H

deveop e pa or i pie dra herechou eual o 1 o e pace o hei-c irc e I and ace i io 1 eual pace a

o ad paced eacl parael i e pipe enra li ne a rig ange o he pipe and rechou rom he poin o inerecion on crve H inrec ih e pace ie n reco and hroughee oin o inerecion ra e r ama in aing an elo paern

o evelop he pae or he apered pip e hedivier a an ih radi A ra he arc and ih radiu G he arc ep o onequarer o he large crcle in plan io an deired nuero equal pace and i onl ha he paern i deiredin a pece a here hon ep ice e nueround in he quarer circle n he arc Q R and con

nec R and Q dran radial line oard h i en e e paern or al e apre pipe hoever t s red a e rn n oepiece ep o our ie e nuer o pace o



CR M RR 6 the uter rle of pl oto the ote O R.

o t the opeg th ptte fo the mll peto t the l le A U herever eredhere ho the mddle of the hlf ptterfrom t e o eh te pce ote l

/ 1

I

\

t

\

I . ,

\

B

I

X

-

-

�

--

- -

l

v

' \ l \

I

I

p

I \ I "

\

t' \ 1 \

1 <

R

I

�

1 4

2

:

�

.

rg the l le throuh the pe ot mll rle to th umece of the e. l ie A U of patte the ame lie a U i

ee e spae o Q R eah y fm U he sadiste a

s how i l eh s of U Th

rw ril l i n

from A to ll these it o Q R.

Next daw parallel l ies across the elevatn fm the



CR S M ntersect t curve at ht ae A

and ersect he de D ad \th the dvders dra curve frm the nt here the hrnal es mee D us A as center tersecthe radal l nes dran fr A Q R ad thruhhe ns f erect dra he rreular eshaed val hch l e he hae the en

A c ad la ust e alled utde f he

ate es ee atte fr he ame artce tr

uatn

ra lan and eevatn he ae ut a frrect ad the emcrce J ed f alle and ace he same a n he revu eae

r dted l e frm the nt and t theransverse dameter f la a ce he rt eee them nt eua aces ad h a cetedra shr cncetrc arcs hruh thee sace ar.Dra a dted ulne f the small e rectn afar as he n n eeva and n s daeter

Y da a ecrcle ac t he ame a the en eevan

ra nes frm he semcrce Y nerec thearcs and hrugh he t f terectn dra therrear curve a h hch rereen the tv f he smal e eecng he aern e

hruh the terectns ave he daeerdra 3 rada nes t the lare crcuference f lanan rect lnes fr hese ns u ase lnD f elevat ad ra rada e frm A eet the Dra arallel le fr he em-crcl



XXT RY SHEE EL RR I J to intersect the adial l ines an mrk the curve

Space one qrt of the le ir o o eual sce, an mae lne. \v1 te ente C jut to th cicmfeence th acng hma ce nto t ae nube of ea pace he lare one ume the ont on te nnr ccl to 7 an tho on the te t Daw a

aona lne fom to an et t en one lne of eeato a ho from q to 13 then thetance from t cnte o te ne F an to thent me 1 on te ae lne y e te treenth of he aon ne to An the e o F te tue lent of to 1 to 13 etc

ow

aw one e of ate te lenh ofD G n rk on end an te other 14 Wth of e panne to the len of th ne 1 to n eaton et one oint 'at 1 t the to end ofhe n R n ith a scond r of eanne one of the ac of the la circ le of pln eaue out fo 4 at te lowe en of th ne R

n mar a hot arc aco one ae the ean fom thu locatn Jext te the -ne D of eeton and wth on oot of et the new foun ont 1 3 ear anloat st the tnce of one of

the

ace of macrcl ot from It ret conenenc to hae t a of

ivider

an ee tem

t to t . Ad s 1 to 1 3, and D to G hppn, i ths

nsn to be th sam length they can b u s wth-

out chang for bot measemnts. o

w

k fom

2 to 2 esin out fro 1 3 with the divirs which



8 CR M RR.are set to the arge e space Then fro 1 2 to m easurn out th those set to the short spaces, aIso on nt oneha or f o ese the hoe atte s competed.

To et the onn r sma ppe ark o\\n oncenter ne of patte tL tance from F to K (eevaon an p rom 8 the stace rom to andocate the center * where the sde nes of patte

od cross, and sn center * dra short arcshrouh the ponts marke. ( y the a f the workas een corecty done the stance fom 0 or Rto w e the same as rom D o E to eevaon N ext measue rom pont F to each n turf the ntesecon ponts n curve eteen K an an transfer them to the center ne o pattern, measrn on fro 7 each tme an a an arc throuheac ng as ceter. No take th e dstance romthe centr ne or ather the transvere ameter opan to the ntesecton pont on each of the arcs andranse each measuement to the corresonn arcn pattern, an throuh thee onts raw the curve

or the opennFor attern for sma ppe a the enth

reure for crcumfeence of ppe n ths case aout 5/ 1 6 nches, and P and N O each eqa to J o eevaton Space N no 1 2 eqa spaces and rathe center ne V eqa to I then ra nesrom the space ponts parae to V W o ndenteenth t no onger tan V W an mease the�tance rom each of the pons on the sraht ne J to each crrepondn pont n the crve ne n trans e each n t to each sd of the pater



X T H CE N T URY S M E A L W ORKR. 9These ea eents may b vied by a iagonal

asrent o1 each point as foun,back o te

la t precedng po in t a ShO\\" by the iagonal doeis bth ptt lt

Fri r rA r i ad rad sli ri ar llr

nd dippr bid is hr sh

h ar s ad i pis hih a s

F.

Fs I ad 2 F is dppr pr ashu d b rasd sliht ih th ha d F s b dbl-sad h d

i. 2

B

F 2 bt h pints arkd and h dsC ad ar kd tr ri h p sd



X X C R � th funn ptin And ths ds mkd

simp hmmd nd ttnd dwn in th uinghn i mks th t thk t dp intth fit

i. shws t nishd tl ith th ptinf th hndl, whih m dipp hndl sddnd ssd l spn hndl itdnd sd t th pint mkd

Fi

This dpp nd whn n tid m

it th th dis f th hs nd wil sldi hn its mn uss m knn in nihd

EboC gs ts oo e chy thmbtc t t 7r

W il st nsi q tw-pi

n nni thd tting itsqu l I mn n f d

w

B

ut th nk f suint lngth t mk pip f th dsid si 8 inhs f inh pip inhs f 7inh Thn llw s mu h n sid s wil f lks p f t it

W will n sups w t ut 7inh 9d lw n t pis W will tk pi st n ut inh !d mk ls n Z nhs pt nd plll This w



XXH EN

R � H ET fEL WRR 7

eave a c lc e e ha

u u ch .n h bu 3 ch a: c m m c m

me m ae nce c n e

pe lne a . e rc e beau e bac

t

7c 7 nch u qual e peT he ae n an h e , e n ze f 90-ee ec w u he

de 0 f he eN pn e ie 3 nc e au e

ppe and e f a C ecb e ei-cce d ih ne a F dcbe oe m



CR M R

D to t th t fom o Fnd ith th diid unhng pl on foot t 3 th nt lin th mi-il hot t n om m nk 2 nd fom B k 4 Pod th a eoth d of pttn thu diiding h i-linto 6 qul p

pl i f XY Q ruh thes

ll d

point iiding t ptt nto 6 unqul p on n Fig 1 of El

n on of th pll in o tto f ht int 2 qu p n dw lin

fom th pont ppndiul oing th hoizot n hown, d dw fhd linthouh th ltnt point of itio o B t 8 to 7 to 0 to n nding t E This



XXTH CENTURY SHEET MTAL WORKR. 73

e i clarl shown by th hav cuvd n in

Cu o i li a o ece aB i Fig 2 od up a lockdil ak a o-pc 0dee elo oe a oa ad o o op

\

w

7

o ak a oo addle o e d o a al-picoo cu o ae li

u i o co oo cu o o 8 doo 9 up o 10 a o ad ue e lo pco o 3 The oe piec euli o u i a a u iou lloac o a



CNR S A RR

b a a b dd< f F. 3 I v, u c

t e f A 3 a f a m

B mt h f cm.

u fa hav l b al 90 T a a a

l qud m ada h dvd qua h af h c h a. Th l f a da a qud .

Find the Rise o f Lne for Dgee Ebow ofAny Nube of

A ey e h f l f0 lbw f a ub f c a s:

a ua a ac qua a

b a D f

I , a f . Da aa f

A d h v f d f h qua a f a a quaa D d vd af f qala a ub f w., . h f c b, F a fu S v Ad F 2 a ad d

l ca h pig quada b tel d i dd



C TRY S ORK h pnt t th f h qu, n th tu h mt n th dtn fm B t th pn

h th mt lin ut th d f qu, kdE n I

T v tht th thd t th tu , t n n to f F hh h h ut

A

D

Pig. 1 Pig 2

A

r

Fg g

Fig. 5 Fg. 6

l�

in h n, ut f th p lwdn hn th u, n n t a l

h n l 0 l l h th n f pn h h ut tn th n p th h w ln A fu p th t



76 X C N Y H EE ET WKER

h foroing hos so pp to tutting of rns for ns of n s90 dgrs is on nssr to nd t ris of th

\

tr i n r th pttrn s dsri singiirs hos ditr is h ris rqird

Elbow of L Than Degree, Cale Angle.

As for std ths pttrns ay otn

s nnr s thos hv n stdng ae otin th ris of t itr lin

W il no sppos hv ond t rqpit n ng to t a rn p etn , or ith to pis of iron rvtd togthr orith to pis of lt or shing s nd f

ig. r A B n BC ng th to lds o nst th ng t ord ay on paning t vdr n q dae ea ay fr



H CN RY S L ORKR. B d kng pnts s A nd C t tt d d gt t

t

Bt

,

,. � ."

_

h nttng t B indthh t nd t ln lt



8 Y S M OK

on F js th dimt o th pp dstnt o nt pont on B hih m don spnnn

th did to th dt of pp nd stkng A hn d t igt ngls o AB mns of on of th lnt s fo dwng ln fom gin pont to gin n ppnl o th gin n

Wn t lotd B l t mt

P l n n th dstn E o B is id re anhn s th dmt of th s-ils fom whw dlop th tt n th wods, spn th dis on-h th d E o B o t dind pod in th dn of los fogn

h ng shown n g I th oplt eleao hi s own in Fg 2 s 5 B i i s o n

s th w shold know t n of dgsf how th gs known n

potto th poss s n mo splw AD g. 3, ql in lngt o e

.



CR L ORR 7f nd th t d B

th qud ng nstn; 3° w d B ng f ° t A hn nhf th s s th ds f s s

h t f h nshd 3° g F 4

Draw Pten Rgul Tpring o Fl A c

h th h dsd dftgtts f n th und n nd td t

s d tn sh hth sns, s ts S sts d th t nd , an t ss gu t.

a tn f th t, fu s , B



8 CR R

C D f i nd nd t id lin ntil tyt t E. n i E nt nd E D

rdi di n utin D nd C nd if tpttrn i in n pi ninu indnitl t And wit t nt nd E t A

,

\

\ '\

'\

i.

trk n r t A nd nd td nily t G

Nt dw i t iz t l nd f tnid ril i t 2 nd diid t intqu n ( O i f m nnin dnl qurt il S t rt irl it



CNR S R , , r 6 r n nnn nm h a

n h n h n F

a hn in i 1 hn n vdr n h m m 2 3 Fhu n h n nd n h D m n nh h mfrn n i

r n r u f n pr C n n r urr r r rin hhr

r n i h r m f h n hd

p

D

· 2

nd nhr nid nd r B G

A f r p pr ndG F hn dd n n i f d r m h p n w p u

n h n D X hn 2 n And if i i n hr p nhd hir ig 2 ping h u 0 Pnd dvi h n nur f p hr 7 ) ,

hih p n r D f g I , m Y i m m nnr p i h riu f h ri n a hi wi h a hr hi



R M K

ie the radius j us t eaures round insde i t oiruferene e it w no easue the ae engtf line when appied to the r of a rle of a dieen ize h s il ustre in g were he irlehown is he sae sze as at in ig 2 and he radi

own tepped aound it in ix te Ao D ade te ae as D F in Fig I an te si steon onl reahing to f showing ho uh tohot the ptte old be f easued in ts anne

en the ethod have desribed i a litte hf te true ength but il be found nea enoug o

ot ae f greate ary i desired oleoend utng a nro trp of lig eet eaust the reqired length nd bending i to the popeurve ere fro D to oate F



H CN SH RR Sm Conveniet Dimslo o Tinware.

In the olon dmensns the ocs bs w

lc etc he been llwed ht s o smlnet ses on't put pnt cu togethe wth ppe l.

hee e to egu szes o No. 8 wsh lehe o 8 8 n the sm No. 8

o the o. 8- 1 8 cut 3 peces 1 4 x 19 o 1 ic

56 x 4 ·Fo the o. 8 smll ut 3 pees 3 x 18 o pic 53 x 1 3 .

o o. 9 boe cut 3 eces 1 x 20, p

59 x 1 4·

eed uk2 qut . ' . . 2 ices 10 3 qut 2 p es 0% x 4 qut . . . 2 peces 1 x qut . . . . pees 2% x 88 qut . . . . . 2 pees 13 x 9

g Pa (N

z qut 6 n . o m bt. 4 dee4 qt 7 n dm. t 5 m t S .� ep

qut 9 n . m t 5 dm bot., 6 deep8 ut 10 . . top dm. bt. 7 dee

0 qut . m. t 7 . bt. 8 deep4 qut 13 1 t 9 dm bot dee

Ne 2 qut 9 1 1 top qut 12� n top

1 1 bt 39 n. bot 4

d

1 1 ee



84

0

1 6

20

H C M OR

qat 4 . t 1 4 1 1 qat 5

0 1 t.

) 8·

.t.

. l top l

1

0

t 8.

quat 1 p, 3 . l

C (C ) H t eet.I a 7 ices

2 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 ces3 a . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 iches4 a . . . . . . . . . . . X 3 ices5 a . . . . . . . . 1 3 ices a . . . . . . . . 1 40 ice8 a . . . 4 X 4 ice

0 a . . . . . . . . . . 4 iches 5 a . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 8 chs20 a . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 7 ces25 as . . . . . . . X 0 ches40 a s . . . . . . . . . . 70 ice50 a . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 ces75 as . . . . . 30 8 iches

' a . . . . ices

To d th ot o c· s

deepdeep

deepee

Mutip te square f he diaete i iches y teih i iches ad tis pduct y te decia 34

he esut wi e the a ad decia facti oa ga

This is a ste ethd ha di the cches and d ividing by 23 I , ad the result i exactlye sae.



CR RR P ugg8�io.

t Bks TVlzen Flld Up vVith m All

u e c uac c) ac.

T mu be e cel l b v aa e e ac ue cae e

e e lme bee eme a a ece

) T Vitl te Stk Sars.

e e e be u b a l le be u ea e u ea we u a l ece c e e ecea e u ma leveea e e e eecua ema ca a lm eec, a e a a eae e .

o Lok t Edgs f Pitced Co�'er} Ca op

e e cve ca c i

ee c em

cu 0 e e. eac ee e l e u e ju eu be u e me uae e e em a e ve e cel.

Tmpy Hndls f Slc Cpps

e e m b ucl a b a aue eel ce a u " " b u e ve l



86 CR M RR

To Tn Black R£7:ets) o Small Artils.

Put hem i a b f a ai (hohloi) uti

the bak ae \\'e eae o. Rise ih atea pae i "k ai ; . e ai hih has ha he zi i i eat a he wihout isig oo a pot o ele olde Reoe h a sai.

<



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Subribr r ly t ibry ubmit tn hNbe h uz z the I n hn y thtn ubiin n tm rr inreting rub drtn r h h et rkr ek h ruh If yu nt h nw h ehtn th mt intruti iurd rtie by th btuhrii n She M Wrk Crni V Ti

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LB RRY O ONGRSS

1 •

12. a modern treatise on modern sheet metal work

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