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MASTER AIMI - 2012 - 2013 - Knowledge Assessment Methodology

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The Knowledge Assessment Methodology

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The KAM Knowledge Index (KI) measures a country's ability to generate, adopt anddiffuse knowledge. This is an indication of overall potential of knowledge development ina given country. Methodologically, the KI is the simple average ofthe normalized performance scores of a country or region on the key variables in threeKnowledge Economy pillars education and human resources, the innovation system and

information and communication technology (ICT).The Knowledge Economy Index (KEI) takes into account whether the environment isconducive for knowledge to be used effectively for economic development. It is anaggregate index that represents the overall level of development of a country or regiontowards the Knowledge Economy. The KEI is calculated based on the average of thenormalized performance scores of a country or region on all 4 pillars related to theknowledge economy - economic incentive and institutional regime, education and humanresources, the innovation system and ICT.

The KAM consists of148 structural and qualitative variables for 146 countries to

measure their performance on the 4 Knowledge Economy (KE) pillars: Economic

Incentive and Institutional Regime, Education, Innovation, and Information and

Communications Technologies.

Variables are normalized on a scale of 0 to 10 relative to other countries in the

comparison group1.

1 formula used to normalize the scores for every country on every variable according to their ranking and in relation to

the total number of countries in the sample (Nc) with available data :Normalized (u) = 10*(Nw/Nc) where:Nw no. of

countries doing worse than one specific country under study.

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Knowledge Economy Index (KEI) and Knowledge Index (KI) The KEI is calculated based on the average of the performance scores of a country orregion in all four pillars related to the knowledge economy (economic incentive regime, education,innovation and information and communications technology).

The KI is the simple average of the performance of a country or region in three KE pillars(education, innovation and information and communications technology).

Knowledge Economy Index (KEI) 2012 Rankings KAM 2012 (www.worldbank.org/kam).

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The scorecards demonstrate comparative performance - the variables are normalized on a scale from 0 to 10 relevant to

four possible Comparison groups all countries, region, income.

Income Categories Income groups are classified according to World Bank estimates of 2010 Gross National

Income (GNI) per capita.

High Income($12,,276 or more)

Upper MiddleIncome

($3,976-$12,275)

Lower MiddleIncome

($1,006-$3,975)

Low Income($1,005 or less)

ArubaAustraliaAustriaBahrain

BarbadosBelgiumCanadaCroatiaCyprus

Czech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFrance

GermanyGreece

Hong Kong, ChinaHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItaly

JapanKorea, Rep.

KuwaitLuxembourg

MaltaNetherlandsNew Zealand

NorwayOman

PolandPortugal

QatarSaudi Arabia

SingaporeSlovak Republic

SloveniaSpain

SwedenSwitzerland

Taiwan, ChinaTrinidad and TobagoUnited Arab Emirates

AlgeriaAlbania

ArgentinaAzerbaijan

BelarusBosnia &

HezergovinaBotswana

BrazilBulgaria

ChileChina

ColombiaCosta Rica

CubaDominica

Dominican RepublicEcuador

Iran, Islamic Rep.JamaicaJordan

Kazakhstan

LatviaLebanonLithuania

Macedonia, FYRMalaysiaMauritiusMexicoNamibiaPanama

PeruRomania

Russian FederationSerbia

South AfricaThailandTunisiaTurkeyUruguay

Venezuela, RB

AngolaArmeniaBolivia

CameroonCape VerdeCote d'Ivoire

DjiboutiEgypt, Arab Rep.

El SalvadorFiji

GeorgiaGhana

GuatemalaGuyana

HondurasIndia

IndonesiaLao PDRLesotho

MauritaniaMoldovaMongolia

MoroccoNicaragua

NigeriaPakistanParaguay

PhilippinesSenegalSri Lanka

SudanSwaziland

Syrian Arab RepublicUkraine

Uzbekistan

VietnamYemen, Rep.

Zambia

BangladeshBenin

Burkina FasoCambodia

EritreaEthiopiaGuinea

HaitiKenya

Kyrgyz RepublicMadagascar

MalawiMali

MozambiqueMyanmar

NepalRwanda

Sierra LeoneTajikistanTanzaniaUganda

Zimbabwe

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United KingdomUnited States

46 40 38 22

Regions

G7CanadaFranceGermanyItalyJapanUKUSA

Western EuropeAustria, BelgiumCyprus, DenmarkFinland, GreeceIceland, Ireland,Luxemburg,NetherlandsNorway, PortugalSpain , SwedenSwitzerland

DevelopedOceaniaAustraliaNew Zealand

East AsiaChina, Hong Kong,IndonesiaKorea, MalaysiaMongolia,PhilippinesSingaporeTaiwan, ThailandVietnam

South AsiaBangladeshIndiaNepalPakistanSri Lanka

Europe and Central

AsiaAlbania, ArmeniaBelarus, BulgariaCzech RepublicEstonia, GeorgiaHungaryKazakhstanKyrgyz RepublicLatvia, LithuaniaMoldova, PolandRomaniaRussia, SlovakiaSlovenia, TajikistanTurkey, UkraineUzbekistan

Latin America and

CarribeanArgentinaBarbadosBolivia, BrazilChile, ColombiaCosta RicaDominicanRepublicEcuadorEl SalvadorGuatemalaHaiti, HondurasJamaicaMexicoNicaraguaParaguayPeru, UruguayVenezuela

Middle East and

North AfricaAlgeriaBahrainDjiboutiEgyptIran, IsraelJordan, KuwaitLebanonMoroccoOman, QatarSaudi ArabiaSyria, TunisiaUAEYemen

Sub-Saharan

AfricaAngola, BeninBotswanaCameroonCote D'IvoireEritrea, EthiopiaGhana, KenyaMadagascarMalawi, MauritaniaMauritiusMozambiqueNamibia, NigeriaSenegalSouth AfricaTanzaniaUganda, ZambiaZimbabwe

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sursa: K4D Knowledge for Development; the World Banks Institute program on

building knowledge economy2

This simple benchmarking tool is a first step in helping to identify the problems and opportunities

that a particular country faces in the four pillars of the knowledge economy, and where it may need

to focus policy attention or future investments.

DEVELOPMENT OF A KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY (KE):

An economic and institutional regimethat provides incentives for the efficient use of existing and new knowledge

and the flourishing of entrepreneurship

An educated and skilled populationthat can create, share, and use knowledge well

Adynamic information infrastructure that can facilitate the effective communication, dissemination, and

processing of information

An efficient innovation systemof firms, research centers, universities, consultants

and other organizations that can tap into the growing stock of global knowledge,

assimilate and adapt it to local needs, and create new technology.

2http://siteresources.worldbank.org/KFDLP/Resources/461197-1199907090464/k4d_bookletjune2008.pdf

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PERFORMANCE INDICATORSECONOMIC INCENTIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL REGIME

Tariff and non-tariff barriers (Heritage Foundation)Regulatory Quality (WBI)Rule of Law (WBI)

EDUCATION AND HUMAN RESOURCESAdult literacy rate (% age 15 and above) (Human Development Report, UNDP)Secondary enrolment (World Development Indicators)Tertiary enrolment (World Development Indicators)

INNOVATION SYSTEM9. Researchers in R&D, per million population (UNESCO)Patent applications granted by the USPTO, per million population (USPTO)Scientific and technical journal articles, per million population (SIMA)

INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURETelephones per 1,000 persons, (telephone mainlines + mobile phones)(International Telecommunication Union)Computers per 1,000 persons, (International Telecommunication Union)Internet users per 10,000 persons (International Telecommunication Union)

i. Economic Incentive and Institutional RegimeThe first variable, tariff and non-tariffbarriers provides a measure of the degree of competition, and is acomposite of the rating on the average tariff rate, non-tariff barriers, and corruption in the customs service.Regulatory quality measures the incidence of market-unfriendly policies such as price controls orinadequate bank supervision, as well as perceptions of the burdens imposed by excessive regulation inareas such as foreign trade and business development.Rule of lawmeasures the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society.These include perceptions of the incidence of both violent and non-violent crime, the effectiveness andpredictability of the judiciary, and the enforceability of contracts

ii. Education and Human Resources- the adult literacy rate (percentage of population aged 15 and above) gives a very broad stock measure ofeducated population, while secondary and tertiary enrolment ratesprovide a flow rateAdult literacy raterefers to the percentage of people aged 15 and above who can, with understanding, readand write a short, simple statement on their everyday life. Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of totalenrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of

education indicated.Secondary educationcompletes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aimsat laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.Tertiary education, whether or not to an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimumcondition of admission, the successful completion of education at the secondary level

iii. Innovation systemAs an input into the innovation system, we use researchers in R&D per million population.For output, there are patent applications granted by the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) permillion population, and scientific and technical journal articles per million population. Patents granted by theUSPTOincludes utility patents and other types of U.S. documents, such as design patents, plant patents,reissues, defensive publications, and statutory inventions and registrations. The origin of the patent isdetermined by the residence of the first-named inventor.Scientific and technical journal articlesrefer to the number of scientific and engineering articles published inthe following fields: physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics, clinical medicine, biomedical research,

engineering and technology, and earth and space sciencesiv. Information Infrastructure

Telephones per 1,000 population is the sum of telephone mainlines and mobile phones and provides abetter indicator of connectivity than either in isolation.Computers per 1,000 populationrefers to the number of self-contained computers designed to be used bya single individual and is an indicator of personal computer penetration and use of relatively newtechnology for information processing.Internet users per 10,000 population refers to the number of computers with active Internet Protocol (IP)addresses connected to the Internet and is used as an indication of how well a population has advanced tothe level of adapting and using advanced communication channels (Internet) to serve its priorities.

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Evaluari clasamente pe 146 tari

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R oman i a(Group: All)Var iab le

actual normalized

Tariff & Nontariff Barriers, 2011 87,60 9,30

Regulatory Quality, 2009 0,62 6,92

Rule of Law, 2009 0,10 5,96

Royalty Payments and receipts(US$/pop.) 2009 24,76 6,40

S&E Journal Articles / Mil. People, 2007 58,12 6,41

Patents Granted by USPTO / Mil. People, avg 2005-2009 0,45 5,62

Average Years of Schooling, 2010 10,37 7,72

Gross Secondary Enrollment rate, 2009 93,50 6,55

Gross Tertiary Enrollment rate, 2009 67,07 8,37

Total Telephones per 1000 People, 2009 1,430,00 6,62

Computers per 1000 People, 2008 190,00 6,10

Internet Users per 1000 People, 2009 360,00 5,86

6,92

5,96

6,4

6,41

5,62

7,72

6,55

6,62

6,1

5,86

8,37

9,3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Tariff & Nontariff Barriers, 2011

Regulatory Quality, 2009

Rule of Law , 2009

Royalty Payments and receip

S&E Journal Articles / Mil. People, 2

Patents Granted by USPTO / Mil. People, av g 2005-

2009

Av erage Years of Sc hooling, 2010

Gross Secondary Enrollment rate, 2009

Gross Tertiary Enrollment rate, 2009

Total Telephones per 1000 People, 2009

Computers per 1000 People, 2008

Internet Users per 1000 People, 2009

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R oman i a(Group: All)

Sweden (Group: All)

actual normalized actual normalized

Tariff & Nontariff Barriers, 2011 87.60 9.30 87,60 9,30

Regulatory Quality, 2009 0.62 6.92 1,66 9,52

Rule of Law, 2009 0.10 5.96 1,93 9,93

Royalty Payments and receipts(US$/pop.) 2009 24.76 6.40 703,18 9,76

S&E Journal Articles / Mil. People, 2007 58.12 6.41 1,084,10 9,93

Patents Granted by USPTO / Mil. People, avg 2005-2009 0.45 5.62 138,05 9,52

Average Years of Schooling, 2010 10.37 7.72 11,57 9,13

Gross Secondary Enrollment rate, 2009 93.50 6.55 102,61 8,90

Gross Tertiary Enrollment rate, 2009 67.07 8.37 71,54 8,72

Total Telephones per 1000 People, 2009 1.430.00 6.62 1,780,00 8,83

Computers per 1000 People, 2008 190.00 6.10 880,00 9,79

Internet Users per 1000 People, 2009 360.00 5.86 900,00 9,86

6,92

5,96

6,4

6,41

5,62

7,72

6,55

6,62

6,1

5,86

9,52

9,93

9,76

9,93

9,52

9,13

8,90

8,83

9,79

9,869,3

8,37

9,30

8,72

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10



Rule of Law, 2009

Roy alty Payments and receipt

S&E Journal Articles / Mil. People, 2

Patents Granted by USPTO / M il. People, av g 2005-

2009

Av erage Years of Sc hooling, 2010



Total Telephones per 1000 People, 2009



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R oman i a

( m o s t r e ce n t ) (Group: All)

R oman i a

( 1 9 9 5 ) (Group: All)

W o r l d

( m o s t r e c en t )(Group: All)

W o r l d

( 1 9 9 5 ) (Group: All)

actual normalized actual normalized actual normalized actual normalized

Tariff & Nontariff Barriers, 2011 87.60 9.30 79,00 9,38 n/a n/a n/a n/a

Regulatory Quality, 2009 0.62 6.92 -0,23 2,94 0.14 5.10 0.12 4.41

Rule of Law, 2009 0.10 5.96 0,01 5,56 0.03 5.79 0.06 5.59

Royalty Payments and receipts(US$/pop.)2009

24.76 6.40 0,48 3,56 54.68 7.40 18.43 7.55

S&E Journal Articles / Mil. People, 2007 58.12 6.41 29,89 6,00 114.81 7.41 99.35 7.62

Patents Granted by USPTO / Mil. People,avg 2005-2009

0.45 5.62 0,10 5,10 27.58 8.33 20.50 8.57

Average Years of Schooling, 2010 10.37 7.72 9,61 8,35 7.76 3.74 n/a n/a

Gross Secondary Enrollment rate, 2009 93.50 6.55 77,90 6,25 68.00 3.07 n/a n/a

Gross Tertiary Enrollment rate, 2009 67.07 8.37 18,29 5,31 27.00 4.35 n/a n/a

Total Telephones per 1000 People, 2009 1.430.00 6.62 130,00 5,72 260.00 0.76 140.00 5.93

Computers per 1000 People, 2008 190.00 6.10 10,00 5,32 150.00 5.58 40.00 6.98

Internet Users per 1000 People, 2009 360.00 5.86 0,00 7,45 270.00 4.41 10.00 8.55

9,3

6,92

6,4

6,41

5,62

7,72

6,55

8,37

6,62

6,1

5,86

2,94

3,56

6

5,1

8,35

5,31

5,72

5,32

7,45

5,96

6,25

9,38

5,56

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10



Rule of Law, 2009

Royalty Payments and

S&E Journal Articles / Mil. Pe

Patents Granted by USPTO / Mil. People, avg

2005-2009

Average Years of Schooling, 2010



al Telephones per 1000 People, 2009



most recent 1995

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The over time comparison mode of the KAM allows users to compare countries and regions interms of their relative performance on the KEI for two points in time: 1995 and the most recent year

covered by the data.

K n o w l e d g e Ec o n o m y I n d e x

Coun t rymos t recen t 1995 Change

A lban ia 4 ,53 4 ,33 + 0 . 2 0

Armen ia 5 ,08 5 ,25 -0 .17

Uzbek i s tan 3 ,14 4 ,78 -1 .64

Aus t ra l i a 8 ,88 9 ,27 -0 .39

Ba rbados 7 ,18 6 ,87 + 0 . 3 1

Ben in 1 ,88 2 ,83 -0 .95

Bu lga r i a 6 ,80 6 ,81 -0 .01

Ch ina 4 ,37 3 ,99 + 0 . 3 8

E l Sa l vado r 4 ,17 4 ,26 -0 .09

Eston ia 8 ,40 7 ,94 + 0 . 4 6

France 8 ,21 8 ,67 -0 .46

Ghana 2 ,72 3 ,12 -0 .40

K u w a i t 5 , 3 3 5 , 7 1 -0 .38

Lao PDR 1,75 1,92 -0 .17

Lesotho 1 ,95 3 ,11 -1 .16

Un i ted S ta tes 8 ,77 9 ,53 -0 .76

Mongo l i a 4 ,42 4 ,08 + 0 . 3 4

M y a n m a r 0 , 9 6 2 , 2 3 -1 .27

Roman ia 6 ,82 5 ,91 + 0 . 9 1

Russian Federa t i on 5 ,78 5 ,67 + 0 . 1 1

S lovak Repub l i c 7 ,64 7 ,22 + 0 . 4 2

Sr i Lanka 3 ,63 4 ,25 -0 .62

Sweden 9 ,43 9 ,45 -0 .02

Ta j i k i s tan 3 ,13 4 ,13 -1 .00

M i d d le Ea s t a n d N . A f r i c a 4 , 7 4 n / a n / a

A r u ba 5 , 89 n / a n / a

Estonia

7,94; 8,4

Uzbekistan

4,78; 3,14

RO 5,91; 6,82 y = 1,0781x - 0,6923

R2 = 0,9438

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

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KEI values for 1995 are plotted on the horizontal axis; values for the most recent year are onthe vertical axis. KEI values for 1995 and most recent year are equal along the diagonal line. Thus,

countries and regions that appear above the diagonal line have made an improvement in the KEI

since 1995, and countries that appear below the line have experienced a relative regression.Countries may have invested significantly in education, research, ICTs, and better institutions. But

unless they are investing more than others, or unless their investments are paying off faster thanthose of others, they may lose ground on the KEI.The most-developed countries score highest on the KEI; they are clustered at the upper right

in the following figure. Low-income countries are concentrated at the lower left. Their low

positions on the KEI suggest that they could do more to harness knowledge for development.

Significantly, however, some countries that were low-income in 1995, including China and SriLanka, have most recently improved their relative position, reflecting a catch-up trend.

KEIEconomic Incentive and Institutional

RegimeInnovation Education ICT

Country

2009 1995 recent 1995 2009 1995 2009 1995 2009 1995

Denmark 9.52 9.54 9.61 9.30 9.49 9.55 9.78 9.63 9.21 9.69United

States9.02 9.53 9.04 9.29 9.47 9.55 8.74 9.44 8.83 9.84

Bulgaria 6.99 6.84 7.14 5.84 6.43 7.17 7.65 7.30 6.74 7.04

Romania 6.43 5.79 6.98 5.83 5.74 4.89 6.47 6.26 6.55 6.16

All

Countries5.95 6.35 5.21 4.84 8.11 8.20 4.24 4.85 6.22 7.52

Knowledge economy index

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Innovation


actual normalized

FDI Outflows as % of GDP, 2004-08 0.08 2.42

FDI Inflows as % of GDP, 2004-08 7.14 7.64

Royalty and License Fees Payments (US$ mil.), 2009 339.00 6.72

Royalty and License Fees Payments (US$/pop.), 2009 15.78 6.40

Royalty and License Fees Receipts (US$ mil.), 2009 193.00 7.78

Royalty and License Fees Receipts (US$/pop.), 2009 8.98 7.30

Royalty Payments and receipts(US$mil.), 2009 532.00 6.96

Royalty Payments and receipts(US$/pop.) 2009 24.76 6.40

Science and Engineering Enrolment Ratio (%), 2009 21.87 5.06

Science Enrolment Ratio (%), 2009 4.90 0.89

Researchers in R&D, 2009 28.398.00 5.48

Researchers in R&D / Mil. People, 2009 1.321.92 4.38

Total Expenditure for R&D as % of GDP, 2008 0.59 5.25

Manuf. Trade as % of GDP, 2009 45.18 7.39

University-Company Research Collaboration (1-7), 2010 3.10 2.90

S&E Journal Articles, 2007 1.252.29 7.10

S&E Journal Articles / Mil. People, 2007 58.12 6.41

Availability of Venture Capital (1-7), 2010 2.40 4.58

Patents Granted by USPTO, avg 2005-2009 9.60 6.51

Patents Granted by USPTO / Mil. People, avg 2005-2009 0.45 5.62

High-Tech Exports as % of Manuf. Exports, 2009 10.00 6.87

Private Sector Spending on R&D (1-7), 2010 2.70 3.66

Firm-Level Technology Absorption (1-7), 2010 4.20 2.29

Value Chain Presence (1-7), 2010 3.00 2.37

Capital goods gross imports(% of GDP), avg 2005-09 11.32 7.39

Capital goods gross exports (% of GDP), 2005-09 6.09 7.54

S&E articles with foreign coauthorship (%), 2008 55.98 3.33

avg number of citations per S&E article, 2008 1.08 2.29

Intellectual Property Protection (1-7), 2010 3.20 4.43

In anul 2012R oman i a

(Group: All)Var iab le

Actual normalized

Annual GDP Growth (%), 2005-2009 3.60 4.44

GDP per Capita (in/nal current $ PPP), 2009 14.278.00 6.52

GDP (current US$ bill), 2009 161.11 6.67

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Human Development Index, 2010 0.78 7.08

Multidimensional Poverty Index, 2008 0.00 10.00

Gender Inequality Index, 2008 0.48 6.12

Seats in Parliament Held by Women (as % of total), 2009 10.00 2.23

Composite Risk Rating, 07/2010-06/2011 65.83 2.82

Gr. Capital Formation as % of GDP, 2005-2009 27.60 7.68

Trade as % of GDP, 2009 74.00 4.68

Tariff & Nontariff Barriers, 2011 87.60 9.30

Soundness of Banks (1-7), 2010 4.70 3.28

Exports of Goods and Services as % of GDP, 2009 33.00 4.51

Interest Rate Spread, 2009 5.00 7.29

Intensity of Local Competition (1-7), 2010 4.70 4.35

Domestic Credit to Private Sector as % of GDP, 2009 47.00 5.15

Cost to Register a Business as % of GNI Per Capita, 2011 3.00 7.52

Days to Start a Business, 2011 14.00 5.39

Cost to Enforce a Contract (% of Debt), 2011 28.90 4.04

Regulatory Quality, 2009 0.62 6.92

Rule of Law, 2009 0.10 5.96

Government Effectiveness, 2009 -0.13 4.86

Voice and Accountability, 2009 0.46 6.30

Political Stability, 2009 0.40 6.37

Control of Corruption, 2009 -0.13 5.34

Press Freedom (1-100), 2010 43.00 5.76

FDI Outflows as % of GDP, 2004-08 0.08 2.42











Researchers in R&D / Mil. People, 2009 1.321.92 4.38




S&E Journal Articles, 2007 1.252.29 7.10


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Adult Literacy Rate (% age 15 and above), 2007 97.65 6.37

Average Years of Schooling, 2010 10.37 7.72

Average Years of Schooling, female, 2010 10.13 7.64

Gross Secondary Enrollment rate, 2009 93.50 6.55

Gross Tertiary Enrollment rate, 2009 67.07 8.37

Life Expectancy at Birth, 2009 73.00 5.66

Internet Access in Schools (1-7), 2010 4.30 5.95

Public Spending on Education as % of GDP, 2009 4.00 4.59

4th Grade Achievement in Math(TIMSS), 2007 n/a n/a

4th Grade Achievement in Science(TIMSS), 2007 n/a n/a

8th Grade Achievement in Math(TIMSS), 2007 461.00 4.78

8th Grade Achievement in Science(TIMSS), 2007 462.00 4.35

Quality of Science and Math Education (1-7), 2010 4.60 7.18

Quality of Management Schools (1-7), 2010 3.70 3.28

15-year-olds' math literacy (PISA), 2009 427.00 2.95

15-year-olds' science literacy (PISA), 2009 428.00 2.95

School Enrollment, Secondary, Female (% gross), 2009 93.17 6.02

School Enrollment, Tertiary, Female (% gross), 2009 77.00 7.89

No Schooling, total, 2010 1.60 7.64

No Schooling, female, 2010 2.10 7.56

Secondary School completion ,total (% of pop 15+), 2010 38.70 8.19

Secondary School completion ,female (% of pop 15+), 2010 37.30 8.19

Tertiary School completion ,total (% of pop 15+), 2010 7.20 5.83

Tertiary School completion ,female (% of pop 15+), 2010 6.70 5.75

Unemployment Rate,Total (% of labor force), 2005-2009 6.72 5.36

Unemployment Rate, Male (% of male labor force), 2005-2009 7.52 3.30

Unemployment Rate,Female (% of female labor force), 2005-2009 5.68 6.97

Employment in Industry (%), 2008 31.00 8.72

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Employment in Services (%), 2008 40.00 1.07

Prof. and Tech. Workers as % of Labor Force, 2008 19.32 4.20

Extent of Staff Training (1-7), 2010 3.90 5.04

Brain Drain (1-7), 2010 2.40 1.68

Cooperation in labor-employer relations(1-7), 2010 3.60 0.99

Flexibility of wage determination(1-7), 2010 5.00 4.73

Pay and productivity(1-7), 2010 4.40 7.86

Reliance on professional management(1-7), 2010 4.40 5.50

Local availability of specialized research and training services(1-7), 2010 3.50 3.05

Difficulty of Hiring Index, 2010 67.00 1.56

Rigidity of Hours Index,2010 40.00 3.55

Difficulty of Redundancy Index,2010 30.00 5.53

Redundancy costs (weeks of wages), 2010 8.00 9.14

Labor tax and contributions (%), 2011 31.80 1.28

Employment to population ratio, Total, 15+ (%), 2005-2009 50.52 2.11

Employment to population ratio, Male, 15+ (%), 2005-2009 57.22 0.92

Employment to population ratio, Female, 15+ (%), 2005-2009 44.26 3.87

Employment to population ratio, Total, ages 15-24(%), 2005-2009 24.32 1.13

Employment to population ratio, Male, ages 15-24(%), 2005-2009 28.08 0.85

Employment to population ratio, Female, ages 15-24(%), 2005-2009 20.44 1.83




Share of unemployment with tertiary education , 2007 6.00 8.65

Share of unemployment with secondary education, 2007 66.00 1.08

Labor force participation rate, total, 15+, 2005-2009 54.16 1.62

Labor force participation rate, male, 15+, 2005-2009 61.92 0.49

Labor force participation rate, female, 15+, 2005-2009 46.95 3.17

Labor force participation rate, total, 15-24, 2005-2009 30.58 0.77

Labor force participation rate, male, 15-24, 2005-2009 35.63 0.63

Labor force participation rate, female, 15-24, 2005-2009 25.33 1.62







Youth unemployment rate, total, 2005-2009 20.24 3.23

Youth unemployment rate, male, 2005-2009 20.99 2.06

Youth unemployment rate, female, 2005-2009 19.15 4.23

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Adult unemployment rate, total, 2005-2009 5.22 4.85

Adult unemployment rate, male, 2005-2009 5.92 3.30

Adult unemployment rate, female, 2005-2009 4.36 7.01

Share of youth unemployment in total unemployment, total, 2005-2009 29.91 6.36

Share of youth unemployment in total unemployment, male, 2005-2009 29.60 6.60

Share of youth unemployment in total unemployment, female, 2005-2009 30.48 5.98

Long-term unemployment, total, 25+, 2005-2009 n/a n/a

Long-term unemployment, male, 25+, 2005-2009 n/a n/a

Long-term unemployment, female, 25+, 2005-2009 n/a n/a

Labor force with tertiary education (% of total), 2007 13.00 1.74

Labor force with secondary education (% of total), 2007 62.00 8.90

Firms offering formal training (% of firms), 2009 25.00 3.91

Females in Labor Force (% of total labor force), 2009 45.00 6.06

Total Telephones per 1000 People, 2009 1.430.00 6.62

Main Telephone Lines per 1000 People, 2009 250.00 6.51

Mobile Phones per 1000 People, 2009 1.180.00 7.45

Computers per 1000 People, 2008 190.00 6.10

Households with Television (%), 2008 97.00 7.04

Daily Newspapers per 1,000 People, 2004 70.00 4.40

International Internet Bandwidth (bits per person), 2009 18.271.00 8.94

Internet Users per 1000 People, 2009 360.00 5.86

Fixed broadband internet access tariff (US$ per month), 2009 7.00 9.79

Availability of e-Government Services (1-7), 2008 3.16 3.36

Government Online Service Index (1-7), 2010 0.42 6.85

ICT Expenditure as % of GDP, 2008" 5.00 5.63

In anul 2000


actual Normalized

Annual GDP Growth (%), 2005-2009 1.40 1.64

GDP per Capita (in/nal current $ PPP), 2009 5.660.00 5.18

GDP (current US$ bill), 2009 37.05 6.28

Human Development Index, 2010 0.78 5.99

Multidimensional Poverty Index, 2008 n/a n/a

Gender Inequality Index, 2008 n/a n/a

Seats in Parliament Held by Women (as % of total), 2009 9.30 3.76

Composite Risk Rating, 07/2010-06/2011 n/a n/a

Gr. Capital Formation as % of GDP, 2005-2009 19.80 3.85

Trade as % of GDP, 2009 71.00 4.48

Tariff & Nontariff Barriers, 2011 74.00 6.71

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Soundness of Banks (1-7), 2010 5.20 5.33

Exports of Goods and Services as % of GDP, 2009 33.00 4.41

Interest Rate Spread, 2009 21.00 0.81

Intensity of Local Competition (1-7), 2010 3.30 0.13

Domestic Credit to Private Sector as % of GDP, 2009 7.00 0.98

Cost to Register a Business as % of GNI Per Capita, 2011 n/a n/a

Days to Start a Business, 2011 n/a n/a

Cost to Enforce a Contract (% of Debt), 2011 n/a n/a

Regulatory Quality, 2009 -0.10 4.62

Rule of Law, 2009 -0.14 5.03

Government Effectiveness, 2009 -0.39 4.00

Voice and Accountability, 2009 0.40 6.41

Political Stability, 2009 0.02 5.17

Control of Corruption, 2009 -0.25 4.62

Press Freedom (1-100), 2010 n/a n/a

FDI Outflows as % of GDP, 2004-08 -0.00 0.72











Researchers in R&D / Mil. People, 2009 924.94 4.57




S&E Journal Articles, 2007 970.86 7.26










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Adult Literacy Rate (% age 15 and above), 2007 97.30 6.69

Average Years of Schooling, 2010 9.90 8.11

Average Years of Schooling, female, 2010 9.58 8.11

Gross Secondary Enrollment rate, 2009 80.58 5.28

Gross Tertiary Enrollment rate, 2009 24.04 5.72

Life Expectancy at Birth, 2009 71.00 5.68

Internet Access in Schools (1-7), 2010 1.70 0.27

Public Spending on Education as % of GDP, 2009 3.00 3.18

4th Grade Achievement in Math(TIMSS), 2007 n/a n/a

4th Grade Achievement in Science(TIMSS), 2007 n/a n/a

8th Grade Achievement in Math(TIMSS), 2007 472.00 3.68

8th Grade Achievement in Science(TIMSS), 2007 472.00 3.68

Quality of Science and Math Education (1-7), 2010 n/a n/a

Quality of Management Schools (1-7), 2010 3.10 0.93

15-year-olds' math literacy (PISA), 2009 n/a n/a

15-year-olds' science literacy (PISA), 2009 n/a n/a

School Enrollment, Secondary, Female (% gross), 2009 81.00 5.47

School Enrollment, Tertiary, Female (% gross), 2009 25.00 5.33

No Schooling, total, 2010 2.70 7.87

No Schooling, female, 2010 3.60 7.72

Secondary School completion ,total (% of pop 15+), 2010 35.90 8.58

Secondary School completion ,female (% of pop 15+), 2010 33.80 8.82

Tertiary School completion ,total (% of pop 15+), 2010 4.50 4.49

Tertiary School completion ,female (% of pop 15+), 2010 4.00 4.49

Unemployment Rate,Total (% of labor force), 2005-2009 6.70 6.25

Unemployment Rate, Male (% of male labor force), 2005-2009 7.14 5.17

Unemployment Rate,Female (% of female labor force), 2005-2009 6.20 6.98

Employment in Industry (%), 2008 26.00 7.36

Employment in Services (%), 2008 31.00 1.36

Prof. and Tech. Workers as % of Labor Force, 2008 14.50 3.21

Extent of Staff Training (1-7), 2010 3.80 4.67

Brain Drain (1-7), 2010 3.30 3.20

Cooperation in labor-employer relations(1-7), 2010 4.80 6.40

Flexibility of wage determination(1-7), 2010 n/a n/a

Pay and productivity(1-7), 2010 4.20 6.53

Reliance on professional management(1-7), 2010 5.40 7.60

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Local availability of specialized research and training services(1-7), 2010 3.40 1.20

Difficulty of Hiring Index, 2010 n/a n/a

Rigidity of Hours Index,2010 n/a n/a

Difficulty of Redundancy Index,2010 n/a n/a

Redundancy costs (weeks of wages), 2010 n/a n/a

Labor tax and contributions (%), 2011 n/a n/a




Employment to population ratio, Total, ages 15-24(%), 2005-2009 34.96 3.73

Employment to population ratio, Male, ages 15-24(%), 2005-2009 38.70 3.10

Employment to population ratio, Female, ages 15-24(%), 2005-2009 31.04 4.86




Share of unemployment with tertiary education , 2007 4.00 9.35

Share of unemployment with secondary education, 2007 74.00 0.68













Youth unemployment rate, total, 2005-2009 18.65 4.65

Youth unemployment rate, male, 2005-2009 19.18 3.65

Youth unemployment rate, female, 2005-2009 18.04 5.31

Adult unemployment rate, total, 2005-2009 5.08 5.76

Adult unemployment rate, male, 2005-2009 5.45 5.10

Adult unemployment rate, female, 2005-2009 4.67 7.08

Share of youth unemployment in total unemployment, total, 2005-2009 35.38 5.65

Share of youth unemployment in total unemployment, male, 2005-2009 35.47 5.66

Share of youth unemployment in total unemployment, female, 2005-2009 35.25 5.38

Long-term unemployment, total, 25+, 2005-2009 n/a n/a

Long-term unemployment, male, 25+, 2005-2009 n/a n/a

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Long-term unemployment, female, 25+, 2005-2009 n/a n/a

Labor force with tertiary education (% of total), 2007 13.00 2.97

Labor force with secondary education (% of total), 2007 52.00 8.00

Firms offering formal training (% of firms), 2009 79.00 8.00

Females in Labor Force (% of total labor force), 2009 47.00 8.31

Total Telephones per 1000 People, 2009 280.00 5.79

Main Telephone Lines per 1000 People, 2009 170.00 5.66

Mobile Phones per 1000 People, 2009 110.00 5.79

Computers per 1000 People, 2008 30.00 4.89

Households with Television (%), 2008 n/a n/a

Daily Newspapers per 1,000 People, 2004 38.00 4.00

International Internet Bandwidth (bits per person), 2009 4.00 4.90

Internet Users per 1000 People, 2009 40.00 6.00

Fixed broadband internet access tariff (US$ per month), 2009 n/a n/a

Availability of e-Government Services (1-7), 2008 1.20 0.27

Government Online Service Index (1-7), 2010 n/a n/a

ICT Expenditure as % of GDP, 2008" n/a n/a

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