11,500 year old stone monuments in turkey (march 2, 2010)
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al Warming: 11,500 Year Old Stone Monuments in Turkey
//globalwarming-arclein.blogspot.com/2010/03/11500-year-old-stone-monuments-in.html[4/30/2010 5:05:08 AM]
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Tuesday, March 2, 2010
11,500 Year Old Stone Monument s in Turkey
This is the earliest known example of stone based monumentalism
and appears to predate formal settlement and the related agriculture.
Our own example of Pacific Northwest wood based monumentalism
informs us that any economy that encouraged assembly also
encouraged this form of building.
This looks rather like a series of clan temples to clan gods or
ancestral spirits at a favored gathering locale used to mine flint.
One imagines hunting groups coming here to restock flint and trade
with other clans. It fits nicely into the expected life way that had itsorigins in the Pleistocene. I think the clan god idea is a bit
ambitious when ancestor worship was common among nomads
It surely was a focus for clans a couple hundred miles in all
directions. The stone structures were likely preceded by cairns and
even wood. The presence of flint suggests that this locale had been
in use for thousands of years during the heyday of big game
hunting.
I am pleased to see such stone work is readily present this early.
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8/2/2019 11,500 Year Old Stone Monuments in Turkey (March 2, 2010)
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al Warming: 11,500 Year Old Stone Monuments in Turkey
//globalwarming-arclein.blogspot.com/2010/03/11500-year-old-stone-monuments-in.html[4/30/2010 5:05:08 AM]
Remember my comment about lack of evidence is not evidence of
lack. We now know it was possible to build stone monuments for all
of twelve millennia. Their lack is only a measure of desire.
A lot is made of new gods. I suspect that technology made
settlement possible largely ending nomadic existence. The clan
gods simply moved to their new villages and took up residence
there. The hill top slowly lost importance.
History in the Remaking
A temple complex in Turkey that predates even the pyramids is
rewriting the story of human .
http://www.newsweek.com/id/233844/page/3
A pillar at the Gobekli Tepe temple near Sanliurfa, Turkey, the
oldest known temple in the world
ByPatrick Symmes
Published Feb 19, 2010
From the magazine issue dated Mar 1, 2010
They call it potbelly hill, after the soft, round contour of this final
lookout in southeastern Turkey. To the north are forested mountains.
East of the hill lies the biblical plain of Harran, and to the south is
the Syrian border, visible 20 miles away, pointing toward the ancient
lands of Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent, the region that gave
rise to human civilization. And under our feet, according to
archeologist Klaus Schmidt, are the stones that mark the spotthe
exact spotwhere humans began that ascent.
Standing on the hill at dawn, overseeing a team of 40 Kurdish
diggers, the German-born archeologist waves a hand over his
discovery here, a revolution in the story of human origins. Schmidthas uncovered a vast and beautiful temple complex, a structure so
ancient that it may be the very first thing human beings ever built.
The site isn't just old, it redefines old: the temple was built 11,500
years agoa staggering 7,000 years before the Great Pyramid, and
more than 6,000 years before Stonehenge first took shape. The
ruins are so early that they predate villages, pottery, domesticated
animals, and even agriculturethe first embers of civilization. In fact,
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8/2/2019 11,500 Year Old Stone Monuments in Turkey (March 2, 2010)
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al Warming: 11,500 Year Old Stone Monuments in Turkey
//globalwarming-arclein.blogspot.com/2010/03/11500-year-old-stone-monuments-in.html[4/30/2010 5:05:08 AM]
Schmidt thinks the temple itself, built after the end of the last Ice
Age by hunter-gatherers, became that emberthe spark that
launched mankind toward farming, urban life, and all that followed.
Global Greats
With pundits speculating about the end of American global
dominance, a look back on the rise and fall of the world's great
powers.
Gbekli Tepethe name in Turkish for "potbelly hill"lays art and
religion squarely at the start of that journey. After a dozen years of
patient work, Schmidt has uncovered what he thinks is definitive
proof that a huge ceremonial site flourished here, a "Rome of the
Ice Age," as he puts it, where hunter-gatherers met to build a
complex religious community. Across the hill, he has found carved
and polished circles of stone, with terrazzo flooring and double
benches. All the circles feature massive T-shaped pillars that evoke
the monoliths of Easter Island.
Though not as large as Stonehengethe biggest circle is 30 yards
across, the tallest pillars 17 feet highthe ruins are astonishing in
number. Last year Schmidt found his third and fourth examples of
the temples. Ground-penetrating radar indicates that another 15 to
20 such monumental ruins lie under the surface. Schmidt's German-
Turkish team has also uncovered some 50 of the huge pillars,
including two found in his most recent dig season that are not just
the biggest yet, but, according to , are the oldest
monumental artworks in the world.
The new discoveries are finally beginning to reshape the slow-
moving consensus of archeology. Gbekli Tepe is "unbelievably big
and amazing, at a ridiculously early date," according to Ian Hodder,
director of Stanford's archeology program. Enthusing over the "huge
great stones and fantastic, highly refined art" at Gbekli, Hodder
who has spent decades on rival Neolithic sitessays: "Many people
think that it changes everythingIt overturns the whole apple cart.
All our theories were wrong."
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carbon dating
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8/2/2019 11,500 Year Old Stone Monuments in Turkey (March 2, 2010)
4/9
al Warming: 11,500 Year Old Stone Monuments in Turkey
//globalwarming-arclein.blogspot.com/2010/03/11500-year-old-stone-monuments-in.html[4/30/2010 5:05:08 AM]
Schmidt's thesis is simple and bold: it was the urge to worship that
brought mankind together in the very first urban conglomerations.
The need to build and maintain this temple, he says, drove the
builders to seek stable food sources, like grains and animals that
could be domesticated, and then to settle down to guard their new
way of life. The temple begat the city.
This theory reverses a standard chronology of human origins, in
which primitive man went through a "Neolithic revolution" 10,000 to
12,000 years ago. In the old model, shepherds and farmers
appeared first, and then created pottery, villages, cities, specialized
labor, kings, writing, art, andsomewhere on the way to the
airplaneorganized religion. As far back as Jean-Jacques
Rousseau, thinkers have argued that the social compact of cities
came first, and only then the "high" religions with their greattemples, a paradigm still taught in American high schools.
Religion now appears so early in civilized lifeearlier than civilized
life, if Schmidt is correctthat some think it may be less a product
of culture than a cause of it, less a revelation than a genetic
inheritance. The archeologist Jacques Cauvin once posited that "the
beginning of the gods was the beginning of agriculture," and Gbekli
may prove his case.
The builders of Gbekli Tepe could not write or leave other
explanations of their work. Schmidt speculates that nomadic bands
from hundreds of miles in every direction were already gathering
here for rituals, feasting, and initiation rites before the first stones
were cut. The religious purpose of the site is implicit in its size and
location. "You don't move 10-ton stones for no reason," Schmidt
observes. "Temples like to be on high sites," he adds, waving an
arm over the stony, round hilltop. "Sanctuaries like to be away from
the mundane world."
Unlike most discoveries from the ancient world, Gbekli Tepe was
found intact, the stones upright, the order and artistry of the work
plain even to the un-trained eye. Most startling is the elaborate
carving found on about half of the 50 pillars Schmidt has unearthed.
There are a few abstract symbols, but the site is almost covered in
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Cooking Shaped HumanDevelopment
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8/2/2019 11,500 Year Old Stone Monuments in Turkey (March 2, 2010)
5/9
al Warming: 11,500 Year Old Stone Monuments in Turkey
//globalwarming-arclein.blogspot.com/2010/03/11500-year-old-stone-monuments-in.html[4/30/2010 5:05:08 AM]
graceful, naturalistic sculptures and bas-reliefs of the animals that
were central to the imagination of hunter-gatherers. Wild boar and
cattle are depicted, along with totems of power and intelligence, like
lions, foxes, and leopards. Many of the biggest pillars are carved
with arms, including shoulders, elbows, and jointed fingers. The T
shapes appear to be towering humanoids but have no faces, hinting
at the worship of ancestors or humanlike deities. "In the Bible it talks
about how God created man in his image," says Johns Hopkins
archeologist Glenn Schwartz. Gbekli Tepe "is the first time you can
see humans with that idea, that they resemble gods."
The temples thus offer unexpected proof that mankind emerged
from the 140,000-year reign of hunter-gatherers with a ready
vocabulary of spiritual imagery, and capable of huge logistical,
economic, and political efforts. A Catholic born in Franconia,
Germany, Schmidt wanders the site in a white turban, pointing out
the evidence of that transition. "The people here invented
agriculture. They were the inventors of cultivated plants, of domestic
architecture," he says.
Gbekli sits at the Fertile Crescent's northernmost tip, a productive
borderland on the shoulder of forests and within sight of plains. The
hill was ideally situated for ancient hunters. Wild gazelles still
migrate past twice a year as they did 11 millennia ago, and birds fly
overhead in long skeins. Genetic mapping shows that the first
domestication of wheat was in this immediate areaperhaps at a
mountain visible in the distancea few centuries after Gbekli's
founding. Animal husbandry also began near herethe first
domesticated pigs came from the surrounding area in about 8000
B.C., and cattle were domesticated in Turkey before 6500 B.C.
Pottery followed. Those discoveries then flowed out to places like
atalhyk, the oldest-known Neolithic village, which is 300 miles to
the west.
The artists of Gbekli Tepe depicted swarms of what Schmidt calls
March 2010 I am pleased to report that my
essay titled A NEW METRIC WITH
APPLICATIONS TO PHYSICS AND
SOLVING CERTAIN HIGHER ORDERED
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS' has beenaccepted by Physics Essays published by
the American Institute of Physics and will
appear in their June quarterly. 40 years ago
I took an honors degree in applied
mathematics from the University of Waterloo.
My interest was Relativity and my last year
there saw me complete a 900 level course
under Hanno Rund on his work in
relativity,as well as differential geometry(pure
math) and of course analysis. I continued
researching new ideas and knowledge since
that time and I have prepared a book for
publication titled 'Paradigms Shift'. I maintainmy blog as a day book and research tool to
retain data and record impressions and
interpretations on material read.
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8/2/2019 11,500 Year Old Stone Monuments in Turkey (March 2, 2010)
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"scary, nasty" creatures: spiders, scorpions, snakes, triple- fanged
monsters, and, most common of all, carrion birds. The single largest
carving shows a vulture poised over a headless human. Schmidt
theorizes that human corpses were ex-posed here on the hilltop for
consumption by birdswhat a Tibetan would call a sky burial.
Sifting the tons of dirt removed from the site has produced very few
human bones, however, perhaps because they were removed to
distant homes for ancestor worship. Absence is the source of
Schmidt's great theoretical claim. "There are no traces of daily life,"
he explains. "No fire pits. No trash heaps. There is no water here."
Everything from food to flint had to be imported, so the site "was not
a village," Schmidt says. Since the temples predate any known
settlement anywhere, Schmidt concludes that man's first house was
a house of worship: "First the temple, then the city," he insists.
Some archeologists, like Hodder, the Neolithic specialist, wonder if
Schmidt has simply missed evidence of a village or if his dating of
the site is too precise. But the real reason the ruins at Gbekli
remain almost unknown, not yet incorporated in textbooks, is that
the evidence is too strong, not too weak. "The problem with this
discovery," as Schwartz of Johns Hopkins puts it, "is that it is
unique." No other monumental sites from the era have been found.
Before Gbekli, humans drew stick figures on cave walls, shaped
clay into tiny dolls, and perhaps piled up small stones for shelter or
worship. Even after Gbekli, there is little evidence of sophisticated
building. Dating of ancient sites is highly contested, but atalhyk
is probably about 1,500 years younger than Gbekli, and features no
carvings or grand constructions. The walls of Jericho, thought until
now to be the oldest monumental construction by man, were
probably started more than a thousand years after Gbekli. Huge
temples did emerge againbut the next unambiguous example
dates from 5,000 years later, in southern Iraq.
The site is such an outlier that an American archeologist who
stumbled on it in the 1960s simply walked away, unable to interpret
what he saw. On a hunch, Schmidt followed the American's notes to
the hilltop 15 years ago, a day he still recalls with a huge grin. He
saw carved flint everywhere, and recognized a Neolithic quarry on
an adjacent hill, with unfinished slabs of limestone hinting at some
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8/2/2019 11,500 Year Old Stone Monuments in Turkey (March 2, 2010)
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al Warming: 11,500 Year Old Stone Monuments in Turkey
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monument buried nearby. "In one minutein one secondit was
clear," the bearded, sun-browned archeologist recalls. He too
considered walking away, he says, knowing that if he stayed, he
would have to spend the rest of his life digging on the hill.
Now 55 and a staff member at the German Archaeological Institute,
Schmidt has joined a long line of his countrymen here, reaching
back to Heinrich Schliemann, the discoverer of Troy. He has settled
in, marrying a Turkish woman and making a home in a modest "dig
house" in the narrow streets of old Urfa. Decades of work lie ahead.
Disputes are normal at the sitethe workers, Schmidt laments, are
divided into three separate clans who feud constantly. ("Three
groups," the archeologist says, exasperated. "Not two. Three!") So
far Schmidt has uncovered less than 5 percent of the site, and he
plans to leave some temples untouched so that future researchers
can examine them with more sophisticated tools.
Whatever mysterious rituals were conducted in the temples, they
ended abruptly before 8000 B.C., when the entire site was buried,
deliberately and all at once, Schmidt believes. The temples had
been in decline for a thousand yearslater circles are less than half
the size of the early ones, indicating a lack of resources or
motivation among the worshipers. This "clear digression" followed by
a sudden burial marks "the end of a very strange culture," Schmidt
says. But it was also the birth of a new, settled civilization, humanity
having now exchanged the hilltops of hunters for the valleys of
farmers and shepherds. New ways of life demand new religious
practices, Schmidt suggests, and "when you have new gods, you
have to get rid of the old ones."
Posted by arclein at 12:30 AM
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Goddess wrote...grim indeed. changing countries is deck chair shuffling. changing planets would be far better. no such luck.
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