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Understanding waves

Chapter one

1.1 UNDERSTANDING WAVES

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What can you conclude from this slide show?

Where did you see it?

Did you ever go the beach before?

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waves

Waves around us

What is a waves?

Source of waves

Types of waves

1.1 UNDERSTANDING WAVES

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Waves around us

Light waves

Sounds waves

Electromagnetic waves

Water waves

- Are familiar sight when we

tae a str!ll !n a "ea#h

-Are $%st !ne !f the severalinds !f wave m!ti!n ar!%nd

%s

-&r!m the radi!

wave

-S%#h %s gamma

ra's( )-ra's

and mi#r!wave

- &r!m the s%n

waves

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What is a waves?

A wave is a mean !f energ'

transfer thr!%gh vi"rati!n

E*am+les

when we dr!+ a +e""le int! a

+!nd !f still water( we #an

see a few #ir#%lar ri++leswave !%tward !n the s%rfa#e

!f the water.

waves

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S!%r#e !f waves

The source of any waves

is vibration

or

oscillation.

Animation

How to imagine wave in our mind?

waves

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lamp

Retort stand

lass-!ottomedtray

White screen

Spherical dipper

for circular waves

Straight dipper

"or plane waves

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Types of waves

Transverse waves

,!ngit%dinal waves

Animation

Animation

http://dragtransverseballs.swf/http://draglongitudinalballs2.swf/http://draglongitudinalballs2.swf/http://dragtransverseballs.swf/

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Types of waves

Transverse waves

The particles of the medium vibrate

perpendicular to the direction of propagation

of the wave

Water waves

Light waves

Electromagnetic waves

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Dire#ti!n !f +r!+agati!n !f wave

arti#le m!ving d!wnwards

arti#le m!ving %+wards

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Types of waves

,!ngit%dinal waves

The +arti#les !f the medi%m vi"rate

+arallel t! the dire#ti!n !f +r!+agati!n

!f the wave

Sound waves

waves

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S!%ndWave

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R

RR

R / Rarefa#ti!n

- #!m+ressi!n

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0!w t! imagine wave in !%r

mind

Imagine that you have to move a pile of bricks overa distance of ten metres and you have ten personsto help you. You can ask your ten helpers to standin line. Each a metre away from the other. The

bricks can be transferred piece by piece acrossthe distance of ten metres simply by passing themfrom one helper to another. What will actually

move are the bricks?Each helper remains in his place. The only movement

each helper makes is to pass the bricks to thenext helper. The movement of the bricks from one

helper to another constitutes a wave with thehelper as a medium.

waves

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Summary

Waves can produce from vibration or oscillation.

There are two types of waves namely transverse andlongitudinal waves

The differences between transverse waves and

longitudinal waves are their meaning

and some of their e!amples

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&re2%en#' is the n%m"er !f !s#illati!nin !ne se#!nd.

SI %nit f!r fre2%en#' is 0ert3 4035 !r s67

8 9 1 !s#illati!n 9 1 03

1 se#!nd

&RE:UEN;(8

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Exercise 1

al#%late the fre2%en#' if the #!m+lete

!s#illati!n is 1

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Relati!nshi+ "etween the +eri!d(T

and the fre2%en#'(8

&re%ensi( 8 9 1

T

+eri!d( T 9 1

8

8 inversel' +r!+!rti!nal with T

T inversel' +r!+!rti!nal with 8

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Speed# v 8 @$

1. What is the relati!nshi+ "etweenthe fre2%en#'(8 and s+eed( v

. What is the relati!nshi+ "etween

the fre2%en#'(8 and wavelength( @

E*er#ise

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Transmissi!n !f energ' in waves

A wave is a +hen!men!n !f energ'

trans+!rt. It trans+!rts energ' fr!m!ne +la#e t! the !ther with!%t the

transferring !f matter

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&ree !s#illati!n

%N! energ' l!ss f!r free !s#illati!n whi#h

!##%rs in va#%%m

%The am+lit%de !f !s#illati!n is alwa's #!nstant

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Dam+ing effe#ts !f an !s#illating

s'stem

An !s#illating s'stem event%all' st!+s !s#illating

d%e t! a dam+ing effe#t when the !s#illating

s'stem l!ses its energ' t! the s%rr!%ndings.

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0!w t! maintain the

!s#illati!n

In !rder t! maintain the !s#illati!n( anenerg' is needed t! s%++l' t! the

!s#illating s'stem t! #!m+ensate f!r

the energ' l!ss

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Res!nan#e

Res!nan#e !##%rs when the f!r#e fre2%en#'

!f e*ternal agents e2%als the nat%ral

fre2%en#' !f the !s#illating s'stem

E*am+les

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1. RE&,ATIBN B& WAVES

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&ard

surface

string

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Plane reflector

Incident waves

Direction of

propagation

ReflectionwavesDirection of

propagation

normal

ir"

"

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Hukum pantulan gelombang

Incident

waves

normalReflection

waves

ir

Plane reflector

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a' !'

c' d'

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a' !'

c' d'

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1.C RE&EATIBN B& WAVES

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a5. Water waves

(edium )otes

*eep Shallow

Region Region

Shallow *eepRegion Region

Waves arerefracted to wardsthe normal

Waves arerefracted awayfrom the normals

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a5 Wavelength !f dee+er regi!n greeter thanwavelength shall!wer regi!n

"5 V d Vs

#5 & d 9 &s

Shall!wer regi!n

Dee+er

regi!n

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"5. ,ight waves

(edium )otesLess dense medium

*enser medium

*enser medium

Less dense medium

Waves arerefracted to wardsthe normal

Waves arerefracted away

from the normal

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a5 Wavelength in less dense medi%m is greeter than

wavelength in denser medi%m

"5 Vld Vd

#5 &ld9 &d

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a5. S!%nd

waves

(edium )otesLess dense medium

*enser medium

*enser medium

Less dense medium

Waves arerefracted to wardsthe normal

Waves arerefracted away

from the normal

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+', *""RACT.) ."

WA/ES

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)TR.*0CT.)

Did '!% ever see this +hen!men!n "ef!re

D! '!% n!w what ha++ened if the water strie an' !"sta#le!r g! thr!%gh a slit

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ST0AT.)S ".R

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ST0AT.)S ".R

*""RACT.)% When the waves hits an o!stacle

% When the waves passes through a slit

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*ifferent patterns

% Smaller slit

% Larger slit

% Rectangular 1loc2% Circular !loc2

Wor2sheet +

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Small slit

In#ident waves

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Larger slit

In#ident waves

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Rectangular !loc2

In#ident waves

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Circular !loc2

In#ident waves

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Chec2ing your answer3''

*iffraction of waves going through small slit

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Chec2ing your answer3''

*iffraction of waves going through larger slit

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Chec2ing your answer3''

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Chec2ing your answer3''

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A(4LT0*E )C*E)T WA/E *""RACTE* WA/E

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E5tra information3''

Circular waves hit a rectangular !loc2

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E5tra information33

Circular waves passes through a slit

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E5tra information33

Circular waves passes through 6 circular !loc2s

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lamp

Retort stand

lass-!ottomed

tray

White screen

Spherical dipper

for circular waves

Straight dipper"or plane waves

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lamp

Retort stand

lass-!ottomed

tray

White screen

Spherical dipper

for circular waves

Straight dipper

"or plane waves

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E/AL0AT.)

Answer this 7uestion8

*escri!e diffraction of waves in terms of the wave length#

fre7uency# speed# direction of propagation and shape ofwaves'

Concept map

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*""RACT.) ." WA/ES

Wavelength fre7uency speed

*irection of 4ropagation

Shapes

samesame

*epends on shape of o!stacle 9

The si:e of slitChange according

to the shape of

.!stacle 9 si:e of slit

same

n terms of

Concept map

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Topic8 Wave

nterference

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nterference

+' Constructive nterference

% Anti-nodes

6' *estructive interference

% nodes

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nterferenceis the phenomenon which occurs

when two wavesmeet while traveling along

the same medium' The interference of

waves causes the medium to ta2e on a

shape which results from the net effect of thetwo individual waves upon the particles of

the medium'

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We consider two pulses of the same

amplitude traveling in differentdirectionsalong the same medium' Let;s suppose

that each crest has an amplitude of

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This type of interference is sometimes called

constructive interference' !nstr%#tive

interferen#eis a type of interference which

occurs at any location along the medium

where the two interfering waves have a

displacement in the same direction'

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locations along the medium where

constructive interference continually occurs

are 2nown as anti-n!des

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% Destr%#tive interferen#eis a type of

interference which occurs at any location

along the medium where the two interfering

waves have a displacement in the opposite

direction' "or instance# when a sine crestwith an amplitude of

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*estructive interference

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locations along the mediumwhere destructive interferencecontinually occurs are 2nownas n!des'

The tas2 of determining the shape of the

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The tas2 of determining the shape of the

resultant demands that the principle of

superposition is applied' The +rin#i+le !f

s%+er+!siti!nis sometimes stated as

follows8

When two waves interfere# the resulting

displacement of the medium at any location

is the alge!raic sum of the displacements of

the individual waves at that same location'

s%mmar'

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Constructive

interference

*estructive

interference

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D t ti i t f i t f

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Destr%#tive interferen#eis a type of

interference which occurs at any

location along the medium where the

two interfering waves have a

displacement in the oppositedirection'

A' =ES

1' ).

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locations along the medium

where destructive interferencecontinually occurs are 2nown

as

A'n!des'

1 anti-nodeC reflection

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#$%&'AT(LAT)$%****.......+$(

A'E &'EAT,.

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