Chapter 11: Personality (Pxy) Theories/ Date:___

Pxy – a unique pattern of consistent feelings, thoughts, and behaviors that originate within the individual

Most Psychologists agree that behavior results from the interaction of personal characteristics and environmental situations

Psychologists take different approaches to understanding and describing the origins and nature of personality

Pxy Traits – specific lasting qualities within a person

Temperament- an infant’s natural disposition to show a particular mood at a particular intensity for a specific period, generally considered heredity component of personality

Ex) sensitivity, activity levels, prevailing mood, irritability, adaptability

Self Concept- a person’s perception of his or her own pxy traits/ it has a major impact on our behavior, especially when our self-concept is inaccurate or inadequate

Self –esteem – how you evaluate yourself

High self -esteem = confidence, pride, self-respect

Low self-esteem = insecure, lacking confidence, self-critical, show signs of stress & unhappiness

Ways to earn high self-esteem:Success, praise, love, admired and respected by others

In Psychology there are many different approaches and even more theories within these approaches to explain our

personality development, we will spend the rest of the semester exploring these together.Get out paper, title it PXY & Approaches Make 4 columns, at the top of each column place one of the 4 definitions below:

1.Psychodynamic (Psychoanalytic) Theories - focus on the inner working of pxy, especially internal conflicts and struggles

2. Behavioristic Theories -place importance on the external environment and on its effects of conditioning and learning

3.Humanistic Theories -stress ones private subjective experiences and chance of personal growth

4.Trait Theories - attempt to learn what traits make-up pxy and how they relate to behavior

Now, Place the following theorists in the correct column.USE pages 267 to286 in your book and pages 518-556 in AP book to help you successfully complete this task

Bandura

CattellHans Eysenck

SkinnerKaren Horney

EriksonMaslow

JungAllportRogersFreudAdler

M. Seligman

More In class work, due before you leave:Use page 528 to 532 in AP book to briefly define the following. After you have the definitions you need write down a single example of these Freudian concepts in characters we all know from TV shows and/or movies.I. Fixations -

a. Oral - dependent pxy-b. Oral-aggressive pxyc. Anal-expulsive pxy-d. Anal-retentive pxy-e. Phallic Pxy –

II. Explain the difference between one’s conscience and conscious

Reads pg. 275 in your book, “Evaluating Freud’s Contribution”Write a 1 paragraph summation of this sectionGet it done & you have no homework!

Chapter 11 - Psychodynamic TheoryAll stems from Freud

Freud & Our Personality (1923):3 Levels of Pxy:

Id- primitive part of pxy, remain totally unconscious

operates on the pleasure principle – self-serving irrational & impulsive

most Id energies are aimed at discharging tensions related to sex & aggression

Id is a well of energy for our “Psyche” = pxy, mind “Libido” = energy that promotes survival, sexual desires and seeks

pleasure

Ego- executive part of pxy , directs rational behavior in real world relates desires of the ID to the real world Reality Principle – ego delays action until it is practical or appropriate

Super Ego – Judge, sensor, “parent” for thoughts and actions, extremely moral!

conscience – part of the superego that causes guilt when its standards are not met

ego ideal – part of the superego responsible for ideal bx, source of goals & aspirations

PXY Problems As a Result From ID, EGO & SUPEREGO Weak super ego - person has delinquent, criminal , anti-social bx

Overly strict super ego – rigidity, unbearable guilt

Neurotic anxiety – apprehension felt when ego can barely keep ID impulses under control

Moral Anxiety – apprehension felt when thoughts, impulses, or actions conflict with the threats from the Superego’s standards

We often use ego defense mechanism to calm anxietiesUse page 273 to 275 and your vocab homework, let’s brainstorm examples together

Repression – unconscious forgetting

Projection- attributing our undesirable thoughts, feelings,

behaviors onto others

Reaction formation – acting in the exact opposite of one’s true feelings/desires

Regression – to revert to a more immature, pleasurable

behavior

Displacement – shifting unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or actions towards a more threatening person/thing to a less threatening person/thing.

Rationalization – offering socially acceptable reasons for our

inappropriate behavior (making unconscious excuses)

Sublimation – the redirection of unacceptable sexual or

aggressive impulses into more socially acceptable behaviors

The Id, Ego, and Superego are conflicting mental processes w/ a delicate balance

Id = “Do it, Go for it!”Super Ego = “ Never think of doing that again!”Ego = “Don’t worry I have a plan”

Let’s share Fixations Pxy Examplesf. Oral - dependent pxy-g. Oral-aggressive pxyh. Anal-expulsive pxy-i. Anal-retentive pxy-j. Phallic Pxy –

The Other Psychodynamic Theorists…the “Neo- Freudians”

Neo-Freudians accept the broad features of Freud’s pxy theory but revise parts of it

Karen Horney (Horn “eye”) (1885-1952)*Faithful to most of Freud’s theory*Challenged the male bias, rejected concept of penis envy*Proposed womb envy

men experience feelings of inferiority because they cannot give birth to children.

*Disagreed with Freud about neurotic anxiety (not conflict of Id to ego OR superego to ego)*Basic anxiety (neurosis)

People feel isolated & helpless in a hostile worldBasic anxiety is rooted in childhood

Theory of Neuroses:Neurosis is a coping mechanism that is a large part of normal life.

Three Categories of Neurotic Need:She said there is a delicate balance in our lives of 1)moving away 2) moving to and 3)moving against others

*People with emotional problems get locked into one of the three modes*People with emotional health balance the 3 modes in their life

She identified ten neuroses: SEE HANDOUTExamples:*Need for power*Need for affection*Need for social prestige*Need for independence.

2. Carl Jung (1875-1961)Former student of FreudUse the AP Book to answer Jung Questions today in class, page 532-533

3. Alfred Adler (1870-1937)Former student of FreudUse your book to answer Adler questions today in class or if needed finish for HMWK, page 276

When you’re done with wkst, turn it into Bird

Chapter 11: Behaviorists & PXYOur pxy is learned: we learn to be kind, hostile, generous ect.

Our pxy is no more than a collection of learned behaviors and patternsWe observe & model bx, our bx is reinforced, we are classically conditioned

Believe “traits” aren’t necessarily hardwired, but instead are influenced by learning

We all have different learning experiences = we dev. different pxy

1. B.F. Skinner: Radical Behaviorism (1904 – 1990)(Burrhus Frederic)

His focus was what causes a person to act in a specific way, how to predict bx & control bx

All pxy and behavior can be explained via “contingencies of reinforcement” – conditions that maintain bx, see page 278 your book

Bottom line -Forget about childhood experiences and or what’s going on in your head, PXY is a result of reinforcement and learning

If we don’t like our PXY, we can change it via rewards and punishment

2. Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory (1925 , 87 years old today)

Pxy is acquired by reinforcement of bx and observational learning (imitation)

Our PXY is controlled by our exposure to everyday models in our environment – “Reciprocal Determinism”

“Self-Efficacy” – our view of our ability to succeed (accomplish tasks and goals) governs our bx and our pxy

If the outcome expectations are positive = we are more likely to bx a certain way, leading to our unique pxy

3. John Dollard and Neal Miller – (1900 – 1980/ 1909 – 2002)Believe our behavior is greatly influenced by:habits (learned bx patterns) make up our pxySocial reinforcement – praise attention and perceived approval from others

Believe that years 1 to 6 are crucial for pxy dev.There are four “critical situations” are capable of leaving a lasting imprint on pxy

1) feeding2) toilet training & cleanliness training

3) sex training4) learning to express anger

Believe children identify and imitate with adults thus leading to pxy dev, esp in regards to “male” and “female” pxy ch

Chapter 11: Humanistic Theory & PXY:View human nature as inherently goodFocus: self, human experience, potential ideals, our private

perceptions of reality

Reject Freud- too negative, too much focus on unconscious mindReject Behaviorists – too simplistic & mechanical

____________________________ We are creative and capable of free will!

This theory is widely used in counseling and psycho-therapy

1. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

Original focus of his work was to study lives of people “different” from the average personLike: Einstein, Jane Addams, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln

He classified these “people as living unusually effective lives” His research changed: it became clear that “average” people can live

“effective lives” tooLike: banker, carpenters, stay at home moms

Anyone living a rich, creative, satisfying life & fully developing personal potentials

= SELF-ACTUALIZED!* It is an on-going process, not an End point to be gained one time

“Human nature is not nearly as bad as it has been thought to be. It is as if Freud supplied us with the sick half of Psychology and we must now fill it out with the healthy half” – Maslow

REMEMBER the HIERARCHY of NEEDS?

2. Carl Rogers 1902 - 1987

Focus of his research: “Fully Functioning People” – living in harmony with one’s feelings and impulses

Our PXY Structure:

oSelf-Image - Your subjective perception of your body & pxy/ flexible and ever-changing

oIdeal – Self – it is an image of the person you want to beoTrue - Self – your actual pxy you present to the world

“State of Incongruence” – exists when there is a discrepancy between one’s self-image & ideal-self or true-self

oPoor self-esteem comes from poor self knowledge (incongruence)

oBlocking, denying, or distorting “true-self” = The “self-image” becomes more unrealistic

Congruence – self-image, true-image and ideal-image line up / the ultimate goal!

oPeople w/ close matched self-image & ideal-self = socially poised, confident & resourceful

oRoger’s said: in effort to reach your max potential, one needs to accept information about yourself as honestly as possible

Time to Draw!

Chapter 11 Continued

Traits Relatively permanent and enduring qualities a person shows in most situations

Trait Theorists attempt to analyze, classify and interrelate traits

Gordon Allport (1961)Identified several common traits shared by most members of a culture

Ex) most Americans are competitive, Asians are respectful

Individual traits – define a person’s unique pxy qualitiesEx) trustworthy, self-motivated, artistic

Another example of common traits, think about dog breeds…What are the common traits to a specific breed?

vs.The individual traits of your dog that is that breed?

Allport Further Classifies Individual Traits:

A. Cardinal Traits- so basic that all of a person’s activities can be traced to the traits existence, few people actually have these, according to his research

Example: Abraham Lincoln = honesty

B. Central Traits – our core qualities, the basic building blocks of our pxyAllport found that a surprisingly small number of central traits are enough to capture the essence of a person’s pxy:

College students were asked to describe someone they knew well mentioned on average only 7 central traits

C. Secondary Traits –These are less consistent, relatively superficial aspects of a person

Example: food preferences, political opinions, musical taste, clothes, hobbies

Grab a piece of colorful paper and make your “Gordon Allport: Code of My Traits”Name:Age:Cardinal Traits (may not have one, but try):Central Traits: List at least 7Secondary Traits: list at least 7

you may work with a partner we are sharing these I will be collecting these for a grade

Chapter 11:Trait Theories Continued:

Raymond Cattell -1965Used Statistics to know and learn how traits are organized and interlinkedDid not just want to classify traits

Surface Traits- visible areas of pxyHe used questionnaires, direct observation and life records for his researchHe found that surface traits appear in clusters, these clusters represent a single more basic trait = SOURCE TRAITS

Cattell used statistics technique called factor analysis to reduce surface traits to source traits

Cattell developed 16 Source Traits Created the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire

“16 PF” is often used to produce a trait profile – graph of an individual’s source traits, helpful for obtaining a picture of one’s pxy

16 PF Asks Questions about you to gauge where you fall in the continuums

_______________________________________________________________________________________

The Big Five: Goldberg 1981, Costa & McCrae 1987Five–Factor Model- the system that identifies the five most basic dimensions of pxy

1. Extroversion2. Agreeableness

3. Conscientiousness4. Neuroticism5. Openness to Experience

The cool thing about the 5 factor model is truly any trait you list can be traced back to one of these Big 5

Nature vs. Nurture and Trait TheoriesPsych has used twin studies to determine that heredity appears to be responsible for 20 – 45% of variation in pxy traits

Bottom line = Our pxy shaped much more by environment (we are not genetically programmed robots with wired behaviors and personalities)

Hans Eysenck (1981) – Believes that many pxy traits are related to whether you are mainly:1)Introverted- passive & quiet

OR Extroverted – active & sociable

2)Stable – calm & contented OR Unstable – moody & touchy

3) Later he added a 3rd one: Psychoticism

These are related to 4 basic types of temperament, see handout for further clarification

1) Melancholic – 2) Choleric – 3) Phlegmatic – 4) Sanguine –

Factors and Descriptors in Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Model

Descriptors of Low Range Primary Factor Descriptors of High Range

Reserve, impersonal, distant, cool, reserved, impersonal, detached, formal, aloof (Sizothymia) Warmth Warm, outgoing, attentive to others, kindly, easy going, participating, likes people

(Affectothymia)

Concrete thinking, lower general mental capacity, less intelligent, unable to handle abstract problems (Lower Scholastic Mental Capacity) Reasoning Abstract-thinking, more intelligent, bright, higher general mental capacity, fast learner

(Higher Scholastic Mental Capacity)

Reactive emotionally, changeable, affected by feelings, emotionally less stable, easily upset (Lower Ego Strength) Emotional StabilityEmotionally stable, adaptive, mature, faces reality calm (Higher Ego Strength)

Deferential, cooperative, avoids conflict, submissive, humble, obedient, easily led, docile, accommodating (Submissiveness) Dominance Dominant, forceful, assertive, aggressive, competitive, stubborn, bossy (Dominance)

Serious, restrained, prudent, taciturn, introspective, silent (Desurgency) Liveliness Lively, animated, spontaneous, enthusiastic, happy go lucky, cheerful, expressive, impulsive (Surgency)

Expedient, nonconforming, disregards rules, self indulgent (Low Super Ego Strength)Rule-ConsciousnessRule-conscious, dutiful, conscientious, conforming, moralistic, staid, rule bound (High Super Ego Strength)

Shy, threat-sensitive, timid, hesitant, intimidated (Threctia) Social BoldnessSocially bold, venturesome, thick skinned, uninhibited (Parmia)

Utilitarian, objective, unsentimental, tough minded, self-reliant, no-nonsense, rough (Harria) Sensitivity Sensitive, aesthetic, sentimental, tender minded, intuitive, refined (Premsia)

Trusting, unsuspecting, accepting, unconditional, easy (Alaxia) Vigilance Vigilant, suspicious, skeptical, distrustful, oppositional (Protension)

Grounded, practical, prosaic, solution orientated, steady, conventional (Praxernia)AbstractednessAbstract, imaginative, absent minded, impractical, absorbed in ideas (Autia)

Forthright, genuine, artless, open, guileless, naive, unpretentious, involved (Artlessness) Privateness Private, discreet, nondisclosing, shrewd, polished, worldly, astute, diplomatic (Shrewdness)

Self-Assured, unworried, complacent, secure, free of guilt, confident, self satisfied (Untroubled) ApprehensionApprehensive, self doubting, worried, guilt prone, insecure, worrying, self blaming (Guilt

Proneness)

Traditional, attached to familiar, conservative, respecting traditional ideas (Conservatism)

Openness to Change

Open to change, experimental, liberal, analytical, critical, free thinking, flexibility (Radicalism)

Group-oriented, affiliative, a joiner and follower dependent (Group Adherence) Self-RelianceSelf-reliant, solitary, resourceful, individualistic, self sufficient (Self-Sufficiency)

Tolerated disorder, unexacting, flexible, undisciplined, lax, self-conflict, impulsive, careless of social rues, uncontrolled (Low Integration) PerfectionismPerfectionistic, organized, compulsive, self-disciplined, socially precise, exacting will power,

control, self –sentimental (High Self-Concept Control)

Relaxed, placid, tranquil, torpid, patient, composed low drive (Low Ergic Tension)Tension Tense, high energy, impatient, driven, frustrated, over wrought, time driven. (High Ergic Tension)

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