11 million people were exterminated11 million people were exterminated

6 million Jews6 million Jews5 million people 5 million people

1933 - 19451933 - 1945

They were shot, They were shot, starved, gassed and starved, gassed and

burned…burned…

Defining the HolocaustDefining the Holocaust HOLOCAUST HOLOCAUST (Heb., (Heb.,

sho'ah) sho'ah) which originally which originally meant a sacrifice totally meant a sacrifice totally burned by fire burned by fire

the annihilation of the Jews the annihilation of the Jews and other groups of people and other groups of people of Europe under the Nazi of Europe under the Nazi regime during World War IIregime during World War II

GENOCIDEGENOCIDE: the : the systematic systematic extermination of a extermination of a nationality or groupnationality or group

Cold Hard FactsCold Hard FactsCasualties of the Holocaust:Casualties of the Holocaust: 63% of Jewish population in Europe killed63% of Jewish population in Europe killed

91% of Jewish population in Poland killed91% of Jewish population in Poland killed

Auschwitz-Birkenau was liberated by Soviet troops Auschwitz-Birkenau was liberated by Soviet troops on Jan. 27, 1945. The Soviets found 836, 255 on Jan. 27, 1945. The Soviets found 836, 255 women’s dresses, 348, 000 men’s suits, 38, 000 pairs women’s dresses, 348, 000 men’s suits, 38, 000 pairs of men’s shoes and 14, 000 pounds of human hair. of men’s shoes and 14, 000 pounds of human hair. But only But only

7, 6507, 650 live prisoners live prisoners

European Jewish Population in 1933 European Jewish Population in 1933 was was 9,508,3409,508,340

Estimated Jewish Survivors of Estimated Jewish Survivors of Holocaust: Holocaust: 3,546,2113,546,211

The Stages of IsolationThe Stages of IsolationThe Holocaust was a progression of The Holocaust was a progression of

actionsactionsleading to the annihilation of leading to the annihilation of

millions by:millions by:

1: Stripping of Rights1: Stripping of Rights

2: Segregation2: Segregation

3: Concentration3: Concentration

4: Extermination4: Extermination

Stage 1: Stripping of RightsStage 1: Stripping of Rights1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that all 1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that all

JEWS were :JEWS were :

stripped of German citizenship stripped of German citizenship fired from jobs & businesses fired from jobs & businesses

boycotted boycotted banned from German schools and banned from German schools and

universitiesuniversities Marriages between Jews and Aryans Marriages between Jews and Aryans

forbiddenforbidden Forced to carry ID cards Forced to carry ID cards Passports stamped with a “J”Passports stamped with a “J” forced to wear the arm band of the forced to wear the arm band of the

Yellow “Star of David”Yellow “Star of David” Jewish synagogues destroyedJewish synagogues destroyed forced to pay reparations and a forced to pay reparations and a

special income taxspecial income tax

Stage 2: Segregation Stage 2: Segregation GHETTOSGHETTOS Jews were forced to live in Jews were forced to live in

designated areas called “ghettos” designated areas called “ghettos” to isolate them from the rest of to isolate them from the rest of societysociety

Nazis established 356 ghettos in Nazis established 356 ghettos in Poland, the Soviet Union, Poland, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary during WWIIHungary during WWII

Ghettos were filthy, with poor Ghettos were filthy, with poor sanitation and extreme sanitation and extreme overcrowdingovercrowding

Disease was rampant and food Disease was rampant and food was in such short supply that was in such short supply that many slowly starved to death many slowly starved to death

Warsaw, the largest ghetto, held Warsaw, the largest ghetto, held 500,000 people and was 3.5 square 500,000 people and was 3.5 square miles in sizemiles in size

Nazi ghettosNazi ghettos were a preliminary were a preliminary step in the annihilation of the Jews, as the ghettos became step in the annihilation of the Jews, as the ghettos became

transition areas, used as collection points for deportation to concentration & death campstransition areas, used as collection points for deportation to concentration & death camps

Stage 3: Concentration CampsStage 3: Concentration Camps

essential to Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual mass essential to Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual mass murder of enemies of Nazi Germany (Jews, Communists, murder of enemies of Nazi Germany (Jews, Communists, homosexuals, opponents)homosexuals, opponents)

Slave labor “annihilation by work”Slave labor “annihilation by work” Prisoners faced undernourishment and starvation Prisoners faced undernourishment and starvation Prisoners transported in cattle freight cars Prisoners transported in cattle freight cars Camps were built on railroad lines for efficient Camps were built on railroad lines for efficient

transportation transportation

Life in the CampsLife in the Camps possessions were possessions were

confiscatedconfiscated heads were shavedheads were shaved arms tattooedarms tattooed Prison uniformsPrison uniforms Men, women and Men, women and

children were children were separated separated

Survival based on Survival based on trade skills / trade skills / physical strength physical strength

Unsanitary, disease Unsanitary, disease ridden and lice ridden and lice infested barracks infested barracks

inhumane medical inhumane medical experimentsexperiments

Stage 4: ExterminationStage 4: Extermination EinsatzgruppenEinsatzgruppen (mobile (mobile

killing units) had began killing units) had began killing operations aimed at killing operations aimed at entire Jewish communities in entire Jewish communities in the 1930sthe 1930s

DEATH FACTORIESDEATH FACTORIES: Nazi : Nazi extermination camps extermination camps fulfilled the singular function fulfilled the singular function of mass murder of mass murder

EuthanasiaEuthanasia program: Nazi program: Nazi policy to eliminate “life policy to eliminate “life unworthy of life” (mentally unworthy of life” (mentally or physically challenged) to or physically challenged) to promote Aryan “racial promote Aryan “racial integrity”integrity”

“ “FINAL SOLUTION”FINAL SOLUTION” Wannsee Wannsee

Conference Conference (Berlin -1942 ) (Berlin -1942 ) established the established the “complete “complete solution of the solution of the Jewish question”Jewish question”

called for the called for the complete and complete and mass annihilation mass annihilation and and exterminationextermination of of the Jews as well the Jews as well as other groups as other groups

Zyklon B gas Zyklon B gas became the agent became the agent in the mass in the mass exterminationextermination

Gas Chambers & CrematoriumsGas Chambers & Crematoriums Prisoners were sent to gas Prisoners were sent to gas

chambers disguised as showerschambers disguised as showers

Zyklon B gas used to gas people Zyklon B gas used to gas people in 3 – 15 minutesin 3 – 15 minutes

Up to 8000 people were gassed Up to 8000 people were gassed per day at Auschwitz-Birkenau, per day at Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest death camp with 4 the largest death camp with 4 operating gas chambersoperating gas chambers

Gold fillings from victims teeth Gold fillings from victims teeth were melted down to make gold were melted down to make gold bardsbards

Prisoners moved dead bodies to Prisoners moved dead bodies to massive crematoriums massive crematoriums

Nearing the End of the WarNearing the End of the War

By 1945, the Nazis’ began By 1945, the Nazis’ began to destroy crematoriums to destroy crematoriums and camps as Allied and camps as Allied troops closed introops closed in

Death Marches Death Marches (Todesmarsche):(Todesmarsche): Between 1944-1945, Nazis Between 1944-1945, Nazis ordered marches over ordered marches over long distances. long distances. Approximately 250 000 – Approximately 250 000 – 375 000 prisoners 375 000 prisoners perished in Death perished in Death MarchesMarches

On January 27, 1945, the On January 27, 1945, the Soviet army entered Soviet army entered Auschwitz (largest Auschwitz (largest camp) and liberated camp) and liberated more than 7,000 more than 7,000 remaining prisoners, who remaining prisoners, who were mostly ill and dying. were mostly ill and dying.

Nazis confiscated property of prisoners in Nazis confiscated property of prisoners in storerooms nicknamed “Kanada” because the storerooms nicknamed “Kanada” because the sheer amount of loot stored there was associated sheer amount of loot stored there was associated with the riches of Canadawith the riches of Canada

Swastika: A Symbol of Good or Swastika: A Symbol of Good or Evil?Evil?

•In 1920, Adolf Hitler decided that the Nazi Party needed its own insignia and flag and chose the swastika to represent the mission of the struggle for the victory of the Aryan man•Because of the Nazis' flag, the swastika soon became a symbol of hate, anti-Semitism, violence, death, and murder.

• the swastika is an ancient Indian symbol (Sanskrit) that is over 3,000 years old meaning well being, life and good luck, prosperity• the swastika is sacred religious symbol for Hindus, Jains and Buddhists •Common symbol in ancient civilizations (Mesopotamia, India, China, Central and South America (Maya)

Holocaust ArtHolocaust Art

AftermathAftermath Yom ha-ShoahYom ha-Shoah: :

Holocaust Holocaust Remembrance Day Remembrance Day established in 1951established in 1951

Nuremberg TrialsNuremberg Trials: : 1945-1949 were trials 1945-1949 were trials for war crimes of Nazi for war crimes of Nazi officials (24 Nazi officials (24 Nazi leaders tried)leaders tried)

Displaced PersonsDisplaced Persons Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism in the in the

world todayworld today