11-environmental sceince & tech

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Syllabus for Pre Ph.D/Pre M.Phil/Pre MS w.e.f 2010-11 admitted batches

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

[SPECILISATION CODE: 11]

Sl No Paper-I

(Common subject)

Code

1 Principles of environmental science and engineering R101101

Sl No Paper-II

(Choose any one subject)

Code

1 Air pollution and control technologies R101151

2 Ecology and ecotoxicology R101152

3 Environmental biotechnology R101153

4 Environmental chemistry R101154

5 Environmental microbiology R101155

6 Instrumental methods of analysis R101156

7 Remote sensing and gis R1011578 Solid & hazardous waste management R101158

9 Ecology and natural resources R101159

10 Environmental pollution R101160

11 Environmental impact assessment R101161

12 Geographical information systems R101162

13 Space geodetic techniques and gnss R101163

14 Environmental ecology R101164

15 Environmental pollution and treatment technologies R101165

16 Water pollution and treatment techniques R101166

17 Technological solutions for pollution. R101167

18 Occupational health & safety R101168

19 Biodegradation and bioremediation R101169


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Subject Code R101101

PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

1. Ecology, Environment and Energy Resources Principles of ecology; ecosystem-structure and

functions; biomes and biodiversity; biogeochemical cycles; environment-management and

pollution; sustainable development; energy resources-renewable and non-renewable.2. Environmental chemistry, Environmental health and Toxicology Environmental segments-atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere; Chemical interactions; Toxic chemicals in environment;

Environmental health hazards; Biochemical effects- arsenic, lead, mercury, carbon monoxide,

nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ozone and PAN, cyanide, pesticides; Measuring toxicity and Riskassessment.

3. Water resources Pollution and Treatment processes Water resources-availability and use;Water management and conservation; Water pollution-types, sources and Impacts; Water

pollutants-types and measurement/analysis; Water and wastewater treatment processes-primary,

secondary and tertiary treatment; Sludge treatment and disposal.

4. Air pollution and Control Technologies Air pollution-types and sources; Air pollutants-

classification and properties; Meteorological aspects of air pollution; Air pollution-sampling and

measurement; Control methods-particulate and gaseous emissions; Automobile pollution.5. EIA, Environmental Law and Policy Concept of EIA; EIA methodologies; Impact prediction

and assessment-air, water, biological, socio-economic; Concepts of Environmental Audit;Environmental education; Environmental Policy; Environmental Law and regulations; Citizen

participation.6. Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Waste-definition and types; Generation; Collection;Segregation; Transport; Treatment; Disposal methods; Waste processing and management;

Creation of TSDF; Impacts of waste; Legal and administrative regulations.

7. Fundamentals of Remote sensing and GIS Maps and map reading; Basic concepts of Remote

sensing; Physics of Remote sensing; Image Interpretation-Fundamentals and Techniques; GIS-Definition, components and fundamental operations; Data-collection, input and management;Data quality; Applications to Environmental management.

8. Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Microorganisms-Diversity, growth andnutritional requirements; Control of microorganisms-Physical and Chemical agents;

Microorganisms in industry and agriculture.SUGGESTED BOOKS:

1. Ecology - E.P. Odum, 1983, Holt-Saunders International Edition2. Environmental Chemistry - A.K. De, New Age Intt. Pub. Co., New Delhi, 1990

3. A Text Book of Environmental - C.S. Rao, Wiley Eastern Limited., 1993

Pollution and Control4. Water Supply and Sanitary Engg. - G.S> Birdie & J.S. Birdie, Dhanpath Raj & Sons

Publishers, 6th

Edition, 1993

5. Waste Water Treatment - Metcalf & Eddy6. Remote Sensing and GIS - M. Anji Reddy

7. Environmental Remote Sensing - F. Mark Danson

8. Principles of GIS for Land - Burrough P.A. Resources Assessment9. Microbiology Pelczar Reid & Chan, Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing Company Ltd., 1996


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AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES

UNIT ICLASSIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF AIR POLLUTANTS:

Emission sources -major emissions from Global sources -importance of anthropogenicsources- behaviour and fate of air pollutants- photochemical smog-effects of air

pollution-health, vegetation and materials damage in India-air pollution standards -Isolation and heat balance of the atmosphere different types of terrain effects of

terrain features on atmosphere mechanical and thermal turbulence- Indoor air pollution.

UNIT II METEOROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION DISPERSIONS I:Temperature lapse Rates and Stability-wind velocity and turbulence-Plume behavior

dispersion of air pollutants- solutions to the atmospheric dispersion equation - the GaussianPlume Model..

UNIT III METEOROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION DISPERSIONS- II:Air pollution sampling and measurement-types of pollutant sampling andmeasurement-Ambient air sampling-collection of gaseous air pollutants-collection of

particulate pollutants- stock sampling, analysis of air pollutants-sulfur dioxide- nitrogendioxide, carbon monoxide, oxidants and ozone- hydrocarbons-particulate matter.

UNIT IV CONTROL METHODS:

Sources- correction methods- -particulate emission control- gravitational settlingchambers-cyclone separators- fabric filters-electrostatic precipitators-wet scrubbers- -control

of gaseous emissions-adsorption by solids-absorption by liquids-combustion, condensation control of SO2 emission desulphurization of flue gases dry methods wet scrubbing

methods. Control of sulphur dioxide emission-desulphurization of flue gases-drymethods-wet scrubbing methods-control of nitrogen oxides-modification of operating

conditions- modification of design conditions-effluent gas treatment methods-carbonmonoxide control-control of hydrocarbons-mobile sources.

UNIT VAIR POLLUTION FROM SPECIFIC INDUSTRIES:

Portland cement plants steel mills petroleum refineries

UNIT VIVEHICULAR AIR POLLUTION I:Genesis of Vehicular emissions-Natural Pollution- Gasification of Vehicles- Point sources

of Air Pollution from automobiles-Fuel tank, carburettor, crank case- Exhaust

emissions-Mechanism of Origin of air pollution from automobiles.

UNIT VIIVEHICULAR AIR POLLUTION II:

Automobile air pollution Indian Scenario- Population and pollution loads of vehicles-Automobile Pollution Control-Control at sources-Exhaust gas treatment devices-Alternate

fuels comparison-Thermal Reactor-Catalytic Converter- Automobile Emission Control-Legal measures.

UNIT VIIINOISE POLLUTION:


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Sources of noise pollution measurement of noise and indices effect of meteorologicalparameters on noise propagation- noise exposure levels and standards noise control and

abatement measures impact of noise on human health.

Text books:

Air Pollution, H.C.V.Rao, 1990, McGraw Hill Co.Environmental Pollution Control, C.S.Rao, Wiley Eastern Ltd.,1993Air Pollution , M.N.Rao McGraw Hill 1993.

Reference Books:Fundamentals of Air Pollution, Samuel, J.W., 1971, Addison Wesley Publishing Co.

Air Pollution, Kudesia, V.P. International Student Edition McGram-Hill-KosakushaLtd.,Tokyo.

Fundamentals of Environmental Pollution, Krishnan Khannan S.Chand & CompanyLtd.,1994

Environmental Air Analysis, Trivedi & Kudesia, Akashdeep Pub.1992Air Pollution Control and Engineering, De Nevers, Mc Graw- Hills, 1993

Energy Technology and the Environment Atilio Bisio, Sharan Boots, Wiley EncyclopaediaSeries in Environmental Science

Noise Pollution -Vandana Pandey, Meerut Publishers,1995Air Pollution by T.Shivaji Rao,Lavanya lata Pub. 1988.


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ECOLOGY AND ECOTOXICOLOGY

1. Definition and scope of ecology: Physical, chemical, environmental factors and their relation to

organisms. I ntroduction of Ecotoxicology, framework and legislation.

2. Ecosystem Ecology: Structure and function of an Ecosystem- Ecological energetic-Energyflow in ecosystem food chain, role of producers and consumers, methods of calculating energiesin the ecosystems. Ecological adaptation- Autecology of species.

3. Major Ecosystems: Pond ecosystem-Marine ecosystem-Grassland ecosystem-Forest

ecosystem-Desert ecosystem-Cropland ecosystem-productivity of different ecosystems-primaryproduction in terrestrial ecosystems- secondary production.

4. Biodiversity and its conservation: Current levels of biodiversity; alpha and beta biodiversity;extinction and endangered species; steps to preserve biodiversity; insitu and ex-situ conservation

gene banks; species conservation.

5. Environmental Pollutants: Pollutant types, Routes of uptake and modes of action,

Environmental factors modifying the activity of toxicants, Inorganic gaseous pollutants, Heavy

metals and Pesticides.

6. Ecological effects of Toxicants: Bioaccumulation, biotransformation, biomagnification anddetoxification, Molecular and physiological indicators of chemical stress - biomarkers, Enzymatic

and biochemical processes, Physiological and histological indicators, Sentinel species.7. Toxicity Testing Methods: Toxicity evaluation methods: LC

50and LD

50, Static, renewal and

flow-through bioassay techniques, Short-term and long term exposure studies.

8. Industrial Toxicology, Epidemology and Occupational Health:a) Industrial Toxicology: Introduction, Industrial Hygiene, Health Hazards of Industrial Pollutants

Neurotoxicity, Reproductive Toxicity and Chemical Carcinogenesis;

b) Epidemology: Aim, approach, mortality, natality, morbidity, rates, ratios and measurements,epidemiological types and methods;

c) Occupational Health: occupational environment, occupational hazards (physical, chemical,biological, mechanical and psychological) occupational diseases physical, chemical and

biological agents, Pneumoconiosis, Silicosis, Anthracosis, Byrinossis, Bagassosis, Asbestosis,Farmers lung.

TEXT BOOKS & REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Concepts of Ecology. E.J.Kormondey, 1984, Indian reprint 1991 Prentice Hall of India.2. Basic Ecology, E.P. Odum, 1983, Holt-Saunders International Edition.3. Ecology & Environment, P.D.Sharma, Ashish publications, 1994.

4. Introduction to Environmental Toxicology Wayne G.Landi Ming-Ho Yu.5. Methods of Toxicology Paget G.E.

6. Pattys Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Ed.by Lewis J.Cralley, Lester V. Cralley, JamesS.Bus.

7. Textbook of preventive and soil Medicine K.Park.8. Introduction to Ecology, Paul Colinvaux, 1973. Wiley International Edition.


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ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY:

scope and Importance - Microorganisms and energy requirements of mankind - Production of

nonconventional fuels-methane (biogas), hydrogen, alcohols and algal hydrocarbons and microbialfuel cells.

UNIT II BIOREMEDIATION:

Bioremediation, constraints, advantages and application, types of bio remediation (natural andengineered), bio-attenuation, ex-situ & In-situ, bio-augmentation and bio-stimulation, application,

specific advantages and disadvantages of specific bioremediation technologies. Land farming,prepared beds, biopiles, composting, bioventing, pump and treatment method, phytoremediation.UNIT III MINING AND METAL BIOTECHNOLOGY:

Microbial transformation, accumulation and concentration of metals, metal leaching, extraction and

future prospects.

UNIT IV MICRO-ORGANISMS AS FOOD:

Microbial production of food (SCP), essential prerequisites for organisms to be used as SCP & asfood and feed supplements. Microbial production of flavors and food colorants probiotics &

prebiotics.

UNIT V BIOLOGICAL CONTROL:Microbial control of plants, plant pests,(Bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa), pathogens andinsects. Micro-organisms and microbial products.

UNIT VI INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY GENERAL ACCOUNT:

Maintenance of stock cultures, culture collection centers/microbial gene banks, inoculum build-up,industrial substrates, design of a bioreactor, batch and continuous fermentation and solid-substratefermentations, Immobilization technologies.

UNIT VII MICROBIAL BIOSENSORS:Definition, advantages and limitations, different components of a biosensor. Types of biosensors,

various transducer principles (conductometric, potentiometric, amperometric and optical detector)-specific biosensors- glucose, ammonia, BOD, methane and mutagen sensors.

UNIT VIII BIOTECHNOLOGY AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTIES:Intellectual property rights (IPR) and protection (IPP), patents, trade secrets, copyrights, trade marks,

GATT and TRIPS. Elements of preparation of TKDL (Traditional Knowledge Digital Library,

convention on biodiversity.Text Books:Elements of biotechnology, 1995. P.K.Gupta Rastogi Co.

Industrial Microbiology - Casida, Wiley Eastern publishers,1994.Industrial Microbiology- Prescott and Dunn.

Biodegradation & Bioremediation- Martin Alexander.Reference Books:Biotechnology-A new industrial revolution Prentis S. Orbis Publishing Ltd., London.Microbiology Davis, B>D., Dulbecco, R., Eisen, H.N and Ginsberg, H.S. Harper and Row

Publishers, Singapore., 1992.

Environmental Microbiology, 2000, Maier, R.M. Pepper, I.L and Gerba, C.P. Academic press.Review articles published in current opinion in microbiology, microbiological reviews,Advances in Microbial physiology, Bacteriological reviews etc.


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Subject Code R101154ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY:

Stoichiometry, chemical equilibria, acid base reactions, solubility product, solubility of gases inwater, the carbonate system, unsaturated and saturated hydro carbons, radio-nuclides.

UNIT II ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY:Structure and composition of atmosphere- chemical reactions in the atmosphere- ozone chemistry-CFCs- Acid rain- photochemical smog- aerosols types- production and distribution- aerosols andradiation- temperature inversion- green house gases- global warming.

UNIT II WATER CHEMISTRY:

Water resources, hydrological cycle, physical and chemical properties of water, complexation innatural and waste water, role of microorganisms Water pollutants- Types Sources Heavy metals

Metalloids Organic- Inorganic - Biological and Radioactive Types of reactions in various water

bodies including marine environment- Eutrophication- Groundwater Potable water.UNIT III SOIL CHEMISTRY & SOIL COMPOSITION:

Organic & Inorganic soil, physical and chemical properties- cation exchange capacity- soil pH-

environmental properties of soils, leaching and erosion reactions with acids and bases-

geochemical reactions that neutralize acidity- biological process that neutralize acidity salt affectedsoils- trace metals in soils.

UNIT IV TOXICOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY:

Introduction to toxicology and toxicants- Toxicants - -Dose response relationship- Evaluationmethods-LD50, LC-50, impact of Toxic chemicals on Enzymes - Biochemical effects of arsenic, lead,

mercury, carbon monoxide, Nitrogen oxides - sulphur dioxide - ozone and PAN - cyanide -pesticides and Carcinogens.UNIT V GREEN CHEMISTRY:

Principles- tools of green chemistry- alternative feed stocks starting materials, alternative reagents,

alternative solvents, alternative products and alternative catalysis.UNIT VII GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES:Introduction- ecological and carbon foot prints- carbon credits- carbon sequestration- clean

development mechanism (CDM)- polluters pay- consumerism- sustainable mining- urbanforestry- green buildings- green building practices- approaches to green computing-nanotechnology and environment.

UNIT VIII CHEMISTRY APPLICATIONS IN WASTE WATER TREATMENT METHODS:Coagulation- oxidation- H2O2, fenton, ozontion, sonication- ion exchange- adsorption-membrane filtration.

Textbooks:

Environmental chemistry, a global perspective by Gary W. Vanloon & tephen J. Duffy- Oxforduniversity press.Chemistry for environmental engineering and science- fifth edition by Clair N. Sawyer, Perry L. Me

Carty. Gene F. Parkin, Tata Megrahill edition.

Environmental Chemistry, by A. K. de, 4th

ed. New age internati9onal (P) Ltd., New Delhi, 2000.Chemistry and the Environment, Johnson, D. O. Netterville, J. T., Wood, J. C., and James, M., 1973,W.B. Saunders company Philadelphia.Toxic Chemistry, health and the Environment, Lave, L. B and Upton , A.C. 1987, The Hopkins

Press Ltd., London.

Green Chemistry, Rashmi sanghi and Srivastava M. M, Narosa (2006).

Environmental Chemistry by Manhan, 7thed., CRC press, Bo Co Raton, F. L., 2000.

Waste water engineering, treatment and reuse by Metcalf and eddy, fifth edition, Tata Mc GrawHill.


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ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

UNIT I ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY OF MICROORGANISMS:

Introduction; Prokaryotes versus eukaryotes- Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell structure, three

domains of life. General characters, important uses and harmful effects of a) Protozoa b) algae, c)fungi, d) bacteria, e) virus.

UNIT II CLASSIFICATION, NOMENCLATURE AND IDENTIFICATION OF

MICROORGANISMS:General Concepts of microbial taxonomy, phenetic classification, numerical taxonomy,

Phylogenetic classification-polyphasic taxonomy of prokaryotes, Ecological, Morphological,Physiological, biochemical, genetic and molecular characterisation classification andidentification schemes..

UNIT III NUTRITION AND GROWTH OF MICROBES:

Nutritional requirements, macronutrients, micronutrients, trace metals and growth factors,

Nutrient media (selective, differential, enriched, enrichment and special purpose media) andgrowth condtions, Nutritional types based on energy source, principal carbon source, electron

donor. Proto and auxotrophs, copio and oligotrophs, phago and osmotrophs. Isolation, cultivation(aerobic & anaerobic) and preservation of microorganisms, Physiology of growth, bacterial

growth curve, methods for determining bacterial numbers, mass and cell constituents.Exponential growth and generation time. Bacterial growth in batch and continuous culture(chemostat and turbidostat) synchronous growth.

UNIT IV MICROORGANISMS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT:

Effects and microbial adaptations to environmental conditions Temperature, oxygen,desiccation, extreme cold, ionic effect, osmotic pressures, radiant energy, hydrostatic pressures.UNIT V CONTROL OF MICROORGANISMS:

General concepts, Inhibition of growth and killing, sterilization and disinfection, antisepsis, andsanitation, desirable characteristics and mode of action physical agents (moist and dry heat,

radiation and filtration), chemical agents, Classes of disinfectants: Phenol and Phenolics alcohol,halogens (Cl2, Chloramines, B2, I2, tinctures of iodine, iodophores) surfactants (soaps and

detergents) alkylating agents (formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, -propiolactone and ethylene oxide)Heavy metals (mercury, silver and copper containing compounds). Factors affecting sterilization

and disinfection (moisture, organic matter, temperature, pH). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity.

UNIT VI BIOINDICATORS:What are bioindicators? Plankton community as indicators of water pollution; use of diversity

index in evaluation of water quality. Determination of microbiological quality of recreational andpotable waters, indicator organisms, coliforms and E.coli, fecal streptococci, clostridia,

heterotrophic plate counts etc. lichens as air pollution indictors.

UNIT VII MICROBIAL BIOSENSORS IN ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING:What is a biosensor? Components, Advantages and limitations, biocatalysis based, bioaffinity

based and microorganism based biosensors; Transducers-potentiometric, conductometric,

amperometric, optical, piezoelectric, and thermoelectric based biosensors. Glucose, ammonia gas,alcohol, BOD, methane and mutagen sensors. Applications of biosensors in environmentalmonitoring.


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UNIT VIII QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE IN MICROBIOLOGY:

What are quality control and quality assurance? Standard operating procedures, QualityAssurance of pre-analytical, analytical and post analytical stages of microbiological procedures.

Staff & qualifications; Quality Control of culture media,personnel; External quality assessment and internal quality assessment.

Text books:

1) Brock Biology of Microorganisms 2010, (Twelth Edition) Michael T. Madigan, John M.

Martinko and Jack Parker Prentice Hall publication.

2) Microbiology 2008 (Seventh edition) Lansing M Prescott, John P.Harley and Donald A.Klein Mc Graw Hill publication.

3) General Microbiology(Seventh Edition) Schlegel.Cambridge University Press publisher

Reference books:

1) Microbiology Davis, B>D., Dulbecco, R., Eisen, H.N and Ginsberg, H.S. Harper and Row

Publishers, Singapore., 1992.2) Environmental Microbiology, 2000, Maier, R.M. Pepper, I.L and Gerba, C.P. Academic

press.

3) Review articles published in current opinion in microbiology, microbiological reviews,Advances in Microbial physiology, Bacteriological reviews etc.


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INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS

UNIT I INTRODUCTION:

Type of Analytical methods Instruments for Analysis Uncertainities in Instrumental

measurements Sensitivity and detection limit for instruments.

UNIT II UV- VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY :

Introduction, the abosorption laws, measurement of spectrum, chromophores, units of

frequency and wavenumbers Absorptivity Apparent deviations from Beers law Doublebeam spectrophotometer - Instrumentation Sources of radiation Detectors Photometric

accuracy Chemical applications Qualitative analysis photometric titrations.

UNIT III INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY:

Infrared spectroscopy Theory, Instrumentation & applications.

UNIT IV ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY:

AAA: Principle Instrumentation operation Interference applications.

UNIT V ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY:Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Theory, Instrumentation & applications. ICP: Flame

Photometer Principle Instrumentation Interference applications of Flame Photometry.

UNIT VI NMR SPECTROSCOPY AND XRD:

NMR theory, instrumentation, chemical shift, spin-spin couplins, applications, XRD- Bragss

equation- instrumentation and applications.

UNIT VII CHROMATOGRAPHY:Classification, Principle and instrumentation of the thinlayer Chromatography (TLC), Gas

Chromatography (GC) and High performance liquid Chromatography.

UNIT VIII POTENTIOMETRY / CONDUCTOMETRY:Measurement of pH, Ion selective electrode applications, Conductance measurements.

Textbook:

R.A. Day 7 A.L. Underwood, Quantitative analysis, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., 1985.

Skoog & West, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 1982.Hobert H. Willard, D.L. Merrit & J.R.J.A. Dean, Instrumental methods of analysis, C.B.SPublishers and Distributors, 1992.

Reference books:

Vogel, Textbook of quantitative inorganic analysis, 1990.Ewing, Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis, 1992, Mc Graw HillInstrumental Methodology of Analysis by Chatwal Anand, Himalaya Publishing House.


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REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

UNIT I INTRODUCTION

Definition of a map, types of maps, map reading, map scale, Basics of map projections. Definition,

History of Remote Sensing.

UNIT II FUNDAMENTALS OF REMOTE SENSING

Components of Remote sensing, Electromagnetic Remote sensing process- Electromagnetic

Spectrum and its characteristics. Laws governing energy interaction

UNIT III EMR ENERGY INTERACTION WITH ATMOSPHERE AND EARTH SURFACEAtmospheric Scattering- Rayleighs & Mies theories and Atmospheric Windows.EMR Interaction With Earth Surface Materials -Spectral signature concepts Typical spectral

reflectance of water vegetation- soil

UNIT IV OVERVIEW OF IMAGE ANALYSIS

Basics of Visual and Digital image Interpretation-Interpretation of Satellite Imagery- Key

elements in Visual Image Interpretation- Converging Evidence- Basic character of digital image-Preprocessing, Image registration, Image Enhancements, Image classification.

UNIT V GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)Introduction, definition and terminology, GIS categories, Components of GIS Fundamental

Operations of GIS, A theoretical framework for GIS. The Essential Elements of a GIS: Anoverview,

UNIT VI DATA STRUCTURES

Functional Elements - Data in GIS. Data Structure Raster Data Structures, Vector Data

Structures, Comparisons between Data Structures.

UNIT VII DATA INPUT, DATA EDITING AND DATA QUALITY

Data input methods: Keyboard entry, Manual digitizing, Scanning and automatic digitizing.Quality - Components of data quality. Accuracy, Precision and resolution, Consistency,

Completeness, Sources of error in GIS

UNIT VIII GIS DATA MANAGEMENTGIS data file management: Simple list, ordered sequential files, Indexed files. , Database models:

Hierarchical database models Relational database models.

Textbooks:Textbook of Remote Sensing and GIS by M. Anji Reddy

Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation by T. M. Lillesand and R.W.Kiefer.Remote Sensing in Hydrology by E. T. Engman and R. J. Curney

Geographic information Systems - A Management Perspective by Stan AronoffGeographic Information Systems - David Martin.Fundamentals of GIS by Michael N. Demers


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SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

UNIT I SOLID WASTE:

Definition of solid wastes types of solid wastes Sources - Industrial, mining, agricultural and

domestic Characteristics. Solid waste Problems - impact on environmental health Concepts ofwaste reduction, recycling and reuse.UNIT II COLLECTION, SEGREGATION AND TRANSPORT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID

WASTES:

Handling and segregation of wastes at source. Collection and storage of municipal solid wastes;analysis of Collection systems. Transfer stations .

UNIT III MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:Solid waste processing technologies. Mechanical and thermal volume reduction. Biological andchemical techniques for energy and other resource recovery: composting, vermicomposting,

termigradation, fermentation. Incineration of solid wastes. Disposal in landfills: site selection,

design, and operation of sanitary landfills; Leachate and landfill gas management; landfill closure

and post-closure environmental monitoring; landfill remediation. Regulatory aspects of municipal

solid waste management.UNIT IV HAZARDOUS WASTES:

Hazardous waste definition. Physical and biological routes of transport of hazardous substances sources and characterization categories and control. Sampling and analysis of hazardous wastes

analytical approach for hazardous waste characterization proximate analysis survey analysis directed analysis analytical methods.UNIT V HAZARDOUS WASTES MANAGEMENT:

Sources and characteristics: handling, collection, storage and transport, TSDF concept. Hazardous

waste treatment technologies - Physical, chemical and thermal treatment of hazardous waste:

solidification, chemical fixation, encapsulation, pyrolysis and incineration. Hazardous wastelandfills - Site selections, design and operation. Hazardous waste reduction and Recycling-Regulatory aspects of HWM.

UNIT VI BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT:Biomedical waste: Definition, sources, classification, collection, segregation Treatment and

disposal.UNIT VII RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT:

Radioactive waste: Definition, Sources, Low level and high level radioactive wastes and theirmanagement, Radiation standard by ICRP and AERB

UNIT VIII E-WASTE MANAGEMENT:

Waste characteristics, generation, collection, transport and disposal.

Book Recommended

Hazardous waste management by Prof. Y. Anjaneyulu.Hazardous waste management Charles A. Wentz. Second edition 1995. McGraw Hill

International.Integrated solid waste management George Tchobanoglous, Hilary Theisen & Sammuel A. Vigil.Criteria for hazardous waste landfills CPCB guidelines 2000.Environmental Science by Daniel B. Botkin and Edward A. Keller, Wiley student, 6thedition-

2009.


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Subject Code R101159ECOLOGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES

UNIT I CONCEPT OF ECOSYSTEM:Definition, Concept of a system; Biotic, abiotic and ecological systems. structure, functions and

classification of ecosystems. Ecological pyramids.

Ecological energetic: Flow of energy through food chains and food webs; Laws ofthermodynamics; entropy, Law of tedith; ecological efficiency; food chain concentration.

Biogeochemical cycles or Nutrient Cycles: General considerations of recycling; Gaseous andsedimentary cycles; rates of turnover and turnover time. Causes and consequences of disruptionof nutrient cycles with reference to Greenhouse gases and SOx. Hydrological cycle.

UNIT II POPULATION ECOLOGY:Concept of a species and definition of a population. Biological and group attributes of

populations. Density, natality, mortality, migrations and growth of populations. Naturalregulation of populations. Human population explosion and its consequences.

UNIT III NATURAL RESOURCES:

Classification of natural resources, biotic resources; Renewable and non-renewable resources:mutable and immutable resources; Different types of resources and their natural sources.Demographic quotient; rate of consumption and depletion. Value system, equitable resource use.

UNIT IV MINERAL AND LAND RESOURCES:

Distribution and exploitation; environmental implications of mining; strategies for conservation

of mineral resources, land evaluation and suitability, land use/land cover mapping, LU/LC forEnvironmental Planning.

UNIT V ENERGY RESOURCES:

Renewable and non-renewable resources energy; Alternate and additional sources of energy;depletion of energy resources; Conservation of energy resource; Energy use efficiency. Solar

radiation and its technological ways of harvesting; Solar collectors, photovoltaic, solar ponds;Hydroelectric power, Tidal, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, Wind, Geothermal Energy,Nuclear energy-fission and fusion, Hydrogen & Fuel cells.

UNIT VI BIOTIC RESOURCES:

General account of biotic resources; Genetic resources; Food, fodder, fibre, fuel, timber andmedicines. Forests and the ecological implication of depletion of forests. Concept of diversity;

causes and consequences of loss of biodiversity; conservation of biodiversity.

UNIT VII SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES:Soil formation and soil erosion; Changes in land use and land cover pattern; conservation of soil

and nutrients.

Water resources: Distribution, exploitation, depletion of water resources; conservation of water;water use efficiency; water poverty index.

UNIT VIII SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:

Current concepts of conservation; sustainable development; Homeostasis; Ecological foot print;

Carbon foot print; consumerism.

References:

Fundamentals of Ecology by EP odum, WB Saurders & Co.Environment and Natural Resources conservation by Trivedi R.K.Remote sensing in Geology to Seigal, John wiely 1999


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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

UNIT I INTRODUCTION:

Classification of Pollution and Pollutants, Causes, Effects and Sources of Pollution.

UNIT II AIR POLLUTION:Primary and Secondary Pollutants, Automobile Pollution, Industrial Pollution, Ambient Air

Quality Standards, Meteorological aspects of air pollution---Temperature lapse Rates and

Stability-wind velocity and turbulence-Plume behavior dispersion of air pollutants- solutions to theatmospheric dispersion equation - the Gaussian Plume Model ,Air pollution sampling and

measurement-types of pollutant sampling and measurement-Ambient air sampling-collection ofgaseous air pollutants-collection of particulate pollutants- stock sampling, analysis of air

pollutants-sulfur dioxide- nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxidants and ozone-

hydrocarbons-particulate matter.

UNIT III WATER POLLUTION:

Point and Non-point Source of Pollution, Major Pollutants of Water, Water Quality Requirementfor Different Uses, Global water crisis Issues.

UNIT IV MARINE AND NUCLEAR POLLUTION:

Misuse of International Water for Dumping of Hazardous Waste, Coastal Pollution Due toIndustrial Effluents, Nuclear Power Plants, Nuclear Radiation, Disasters and Impacts, GeneticalDisorders.

UNIT V LAND/SOIL POLLUTION:

Effects of urbanization on land degradation, Impact of Modern Agriculture on Soil, Effect onEnvironment and Life sustenance, Abatement measures.

UNIT VI NOISE AND THERMAL POLLUTION:Sources of Noise, Effects of Noise, Industrial Noise - Occupational Health Hazards, Thermal

Comforts, Heat Island Effect, Radiation Effects

UNIT VII SOLID WASTE:Classification of Solid Waste, Factors Affecting the Solid Waste Generation, Composition and

Characteristics of Solid Waste; Collection of Solid Waste: Methods of Collection, Layout of

Collection Route, Door Step Collection Arrangement from Bulk Garbage Generators;Transportation of Solid Waste: Transfer Stations, Segregation of Solid Waste, Methods ofSegregation.

Unit VIII E-WASTE:

Sources of generation, Effects and Control measures, Global Strategy.

Text Books:Text book of Environmental Science and Technology by Dr. M. Anji Reddy, BS Publications,

2010.

Environmental Science- Towards a sustainable future by Richard T. Wright, PHI Learning, NewDelhi 2008.


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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

UNIT I CONCEPTUAL FACTS OF EIA:

Introduction, Definition and Scope of EIA, Objectives in EIA, Basic EIA Principles,

Classification of EIA: Strategic EIA (SEIA), Regional EIA, Sectoral EIA, Project Level EIA andLife Cycle Assessment, Project Cycle, Grouping of Environmental Impacts: Direct Impacts,Indirect Impacts, Cumulative Impacts and Induced Impacts. Significance of Impacts:

Criteria/Methodology to Determine the Significance of the Identified Impacts.

UNIT II BASELINE DATA ACQUISITION:

Environmental Inventory, Data Products and Sources: thematic data, topographical data,collateral data and field data. Environmental Baseline Monitoring (EBM), Preliminary Study todetermine impact significance, Environmental Monitoring network Design, Monitoring Stations,

Air quality data acquisition, Water Quality data acquisition, soil data, socioeconomic data and

biological data acquision. Impact on Environmental Components: Significance of Impacts,

Criteria to determine the significance of the identified Impacts.

UNIT III PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF IMPACT STUDIES:

Conceptual Approach for Environmental Impact Studies, Proposal Development,Interdisciplinary Team Formations, Team Leader Selection and Duties, General Study

Management, Fiscal Control.

UNIT IV OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF EIA:

Screening: Application for Prior Screening for Environmental Clearance, Screening Criteria;

Category A Projects, Category B Projects, Criteria for Classification of Category B1 and B2

Projects, Consistency with other Requirements and Siting Guidelines. Scoping: Identification ofAppropriate Valued Environmental Components(VEC), Identification of Impacts, Information inForm 1, Structure of a Pre-feasibility Report. Public consultation: Appraisal, Decision Making,

Post-clearance Monitoring Protocol.

UNIT V METHODS FOR IMPACT IDENTIFICATION:Background Information, Interaction-Matrix Methodologies: simple matrices, stepped matrices,

development of a simple matrix, other types of matrices, summary observations on matrices,Network Methodologies: Checklist methodologies, simple checklists, descriptive Checklists,

summary observations on simple and descriptive Checklists.

UNIT VI PREDICTION OF IMPACTS (AIR AND WATER):Air Environment: Basic information on air quality, Sources of Pollutants, effects of pollutions,

Conceptual approach for addressing air environment impacts, Air quality standards, ImpactPrediction, Impact significance. Water Environment: Basic Information on surface-Water

Quantity and Quality, Conceptual Approach for Addressing Surface-Water-Environment Impacts,Identification of Surface-Water Quantity or Quality Impacts, Procurement of Relevant Surface-Water Quantity-Quality Standards, Impact Predictions, Assessment of Impact Significance.

UNIT VII PREDICTION OF IMPACTS (NOISE, SOIL, BIOLOGICAL AND SCIO-

ECONOMIC):Basic Information on Noise Key Federal Legislation and Guidelines, Conceptual Approach forAddressing Noise-Environment Impacts, Identification of Noise Impacts, Procurement of

Relevant Noise Standards and/or Guidelines, Impact Prediction, Assessment of Impact


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Significance. Soil Environment: Human Health and Society, Biological Environment: Basic

Information on Biological Systems, Conceptual Approach for Addressing Biological Impacts,Identification of Biological Impacts, Description of Existing Biological Environment Conditions,

Procurement of Relevant Legislation and Regulations, Impact Prediction, Assessment of ImpactSignificance.

UNIT VIII ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP):Case Study, identification of Impacts, EMP for Air Environment: Dust Control Plan, Procedural

Changes, Diesel Generator Set Emission Control Measures, Vehicle Emission Controls andAlternatives, Greenbelt Development. EMP for Noise Environment, EMP for Water

Environment: Water Source Development, Minimizing Water Consumption, Domestic and

Commercial Usage, Horticulture, Storm Water Management. EMP for land Environment:Construction Debris, hazardous Waste, Waste from temporary Labour settlements.

Text Books:

Textbook of Environmental Science & Technology by M.Anji Reddy, BS Publications, 2010Technological guidance manuals of EIA. MoEF.

EIA by Canter


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GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS

UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS:

Map scale, projection and symbolism. GIS - Introduction, definition and terminology,

categories, components, fundamental operations, functional elements. Data structures, datamodels, GIS data, acquisition, input, storage, output generation. Data preprocessing, databasemanagement, integrated analysis of spatial and attribute data.

UNIT II GIS SPATIAL ANALYSIS:Introduction, Defining spatial objects - point, line and area objects based on their attributes,

higher level point, line and area objects.

UNIT III MEASUREMENT:

Measuring length of linear objects, measuring polygons, measuring shape, measuring distance.

Classification Principles, Neighborhood functions, Polygonal neighborhoods, Buffers.

UNIT IV STATISTICAL SURFACES:Surface mapping, sampling the statistical surface, Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Interpolation-

linear and non-linear, uses and problems. Terrain reclassification steepness of slope, aspect,shape or form. Discrete surfaces - dot distribution maps, choropleth maps.

UNIT V SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT:Spatial Arrangement - Point patterns, Theissen Polygons, Area patterns, Linear patterns,

Directionality of Linear and Areal objects, Connectivity of Linear objects, Routing and

allocation.

UNIT VI OVERLAY ANALYSIS:Cartographic overlay, point-in-polygon and line-in-polygon operations, Polygon overlay,

Automating point-in-polygon and line-in-polygon procedures in Raster, Automating Polygonoverlay in Raster, Automating vector overlay, types of overlay.

UNIT VII DATA MODELING:

The state of GIS for Environmental Problem Solving, A Perspective on the State ofEnvironmental Simulation Modeling, GIS and Environmental Modeling, The Role of Software

Venders in Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling, Cartographic Modeling, Scope of GIS

and relationship to environmental modeling, data models and data quality.

UNIT VIII INTEGRATED MODELING USING GIS:

Hydrological Modeling - water quality modeling, watershed management and modeling, saltwaterintrusion models. Land-surface-subsurface Process Modeling - pipeline alignment studies, solid

and hazardous waste disposal site selection, zoning atlas for industrial siting, environmentalinformation system development. Ecosystem modeling, risk and hazard modeling.

Text Books:

Fundamentals of GIS by MICHAEL N DEMERS. Published By john Wiley & Sons Inc.

Environmental Modeling with GIS, Michael F. Goodchild, Bradley O. Parks, Louis T. StewartGeographic Information Systems: A Management Perspective by Stan Arnoff.


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Subject Code R101163SPACE GEODETIC TECHNIQUES AND GNSS

UNIT I INTRODUCTION:Review of Observation Techniques in Space Geodesy, Overview of the Application of the

Methods of Space Geodesy to the Relevant Research Field.

UNIT II GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM ( GNSS)I:Global Positioning System (GPS) and GLONASS, Description of the System, GPS/GLONASS

Signal Structure, Receivers and the Observables.

UNIT III GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM ( GNSS)II:Orbits of GPS/GLONASS, Tropospheric and Ionospheric Refraction (Modelling and Parameter

Estimation), Data Pre-processing.

UNIT VI DIFFERENTIAL GPS:

Principles of DGPS, Real Time Kinematics, Various modes and applications of DGPS,Enhancement of Accuracy.

UNIT V VLBI, SLR, SATELLITE ALTIMETRY, SATELLITE GRADIOMETRY, INSAR, &DORIS:

Principals, Observables, Applications, Advantages and Weakness of the methods.

UNIT VI MONITORING OF GEODYNAMICAL PHENOMENA UTILIZING THE

METHODS OF SPACE GEODESYI:Review of Continuum Mechanics, P- and S- Waves, A Brief Introduction to Rheology,

Lithospheric Bending, Plate Tectonics, Solid Earth Tides, Ocean and Atmospheric Loading,Regional and Local Deformations (i.e. "Postglacial Rebound").

UNIT VII MONITORING OF GEODYNAMICAL PHENOMENA UTILIZING THE

METHODS OF SPACE GEODESYII:

Sea Level Monitoring, Modelling of the Station Coordinates and Velocities, Determination ofEarth Rotation Parameters, Realisation of Global, Inertial Reference Frames, Approximation for

a Tectonic Model based on strain-/stress-analysis.

UNIT VIII APPLICATIONS OF GNSS:Advantages and Limitations of GNSS, Development of GPS to GNSS.

Reference Books:Hoffman-Wellenhof, B. H. Lichtenegger, and J. Collins, Global Positioning System: Theory and

Practice, Springer, New York, 1997Rotacher, M., and L., Mervart (Editors), Bernese GPS Software Version 5.0, Astronomical

Institute, University of Bern, 2001

P.J.G. Teunissen, A. Kleusberg (Eds.) GPS for Geodesy Springer, Heidelberg, 1998Mohinder S. G., Lawrence R. W., Angus P. A., Global Positioning Systems, Inertial Navigation,and Integration, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001

Jekeli, C., Inertial Navigation Systems with Geodetic Applications, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin,

2001Turcotte, D.E., Schubert, G., Geodynamics, second edition John Wiley, New York, 2002Lambeck, K., Geophysical Geodesy, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1988

Global Geodetic Observing SystemMeeting the Requirements of a Global Society on a Changing Planet in 2020

Plag, Hans-Peter; Pearlman, Michael (Eds.)


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ENVIRONMENTAL ECOLOGY

UNIT I DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF ECOLOGY:

Physical, chemical, environmental factors and their relation to organisms. Climatic Factors:

Environmental complex-Interaction of ecological factors-Light factor-Temperature factor-Precipitation (rain fall) -Humidity of Air-Atmosphere-Gases and Wind-Atmospheric gases- Windfactor-Fire factor. Topographic (Physiographic) Factors: Height of mountain chains-Direction of

mountains and valleys-Steepness of slope- Exposure of slope.

UNIT II EDAPHIC FACTORS (Soil Science):Importance of soil- Definition and composition of soil-Formation (origin) of soil-Factors affecting

soil formation-soil profile-Some processes in soil formation-Characteristic to the climate type-Soilclassification- Soil complex-components and properties-Soil erosion- Soil conservation.UNIT III BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION:

Current levels of biodiversity alpha and beta diversity- extinction and endangered species steps to

preserve biodiversity- insitu and ex-situ conservation gene banks biodiversity conservation and

agenda 21 hotspots of biodiversity national parks and sanctuaries gene pools. Biodiversity

Act 2002 of India.-UNIT IV POPULATION AND COMMUNITY ECOLOGY:

Relation within species, population growth, population dynamics positive and negative growth,bio potential, age structure, equilibrium position, oscillation and fluctuation- Restriction of

Urbanization. Different communities and their occupation in different ranges in the environmentand their relationship for the maintenance of eco-balance in the environment- Niche ecologicalsuccession.

UNIT V BIO-GEO CHEMICAL CYCLES:

Carbon dioxide cycle, oxygen cycle, Nitrogen cycle, Phosphorus cycle and Potassium cycle.

UNIT VI ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY:Structure and functions of an Ecosystem- Ecological energetic-Energy flow in ecosystem Foodchain, role of producers and consumers, Methods of calculating energies in the

ecosystems-Nutrient cycles in ecosystem- Atmospheric cycles- Edaphic cycles.Elements of ecosystem modeling- Pond ecosystem-Marine ecosystem-Grassland

ecosystem-Forest ecosystem-Desert ecosystem -Cropland ecosystem-Productivity of differentecosystems-Primary production in terrestrial ecosystems-Secondary ecosystem.

UNIT VII SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:Ecological sustainability- goals of sustainable development-symptoms and causes of

unsustainability- Organic farming- Biofertilizers- Biopesticides. current environmental issues in

India Narmada dam- tehri dam almetti damUNIT VIII ECOSYSTEM MODELING:Introduction, wetland mapping, spatial models, ecological systems and process.

Text Books:

Concepts of Ecology. E.J.Kormondey, 1984. Indian reprint 1991 Prentice-Hall of India.Basic Ecology, E.P. Odum, 1983, Holt-Saunders International Edition.Ecology & Environment, P.D.Sharma, Ashish publications,1994.

Reference Books:

Introduction to Ecology, Paul Colinvaux, 1973. Wiley International Edition.Advanced Ecological Theory- Principles and Applications, Bleakwell Science Ltd., Oxford (1999).Environment Conservation, Raymond F Dasmann, John Wiley & Sons (1984).


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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

UNIT I WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES:

Sampling Techniques - Methods of Analysis - Characterization Origin of Wastewater - Sources

and classification of water pollutants. Primary treatment- Sedimentation- Flocculation-Flotation.UNIT II SECONDARY (BIOLOGICAL) TREATMENT:Low cost biological treatment systems: Activated Sludge Process (ASP) Trickling Filters

oxidation ponds. Bioreactors RBC, Biological filters- fluidized bed reactors, inverse fluidized

bed biofilm reactor, membrane bioreactor Neutralization, equalization and pretreatment. ETPSludge management

UNIT III ANAEROBIC BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT METHODS:Introduction, Contact process,Digesters, Fluidized bed reactor, up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, fixed film reactors,

Sequencing batch reactors, hybrid reactors.

UNIT IV TERTIARY TREATMENT SYSTEMS:

Introduction, definition, Removal of suspended solids micro straining coagulation and

filtration removal of dissolved solids adsorption on activated carbon solvent extraction ionexchange reverse osmosis electro dialysis.,

UNIT V TERTIARY TREATMENT SYSTEMS II:Nitrogen Removal Ammonia stripping, nitrification and denitrification, phosphorous removal

biological phosphorous removal advanced biological systems aerobic ponds facultative ponds aerated ponds anaerobic ponds chemical oxidation recovery of materials from processeffluents.

UNIT VI SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:

Definition of solid wastes types of domestic solid wastes collection transportation

characteristics of solid wastesegregation types of disposal methods sanitary land fill incineration composting Vermicompost recovery of energy from solid wastes.UNIT VII SANITATION:

Sanitation-Communicable diseases, Methods of infection transmission- Water and aircontamination, spread of infectious diseases and control measures.

UNIT VIII INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION:Waste generation and characterization from different industries like a) paper and pulp b)

breweries and distilleries, c) textile, d) tannery, e) bulk drugs and pharmaceutical industries

Text Books:

1. Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering 1993. G.S.Bridie & J.S.Bridie, Dhanpat Rai & sons.A treatise on Rural, Municipal, and industrial water management. KVSG Murali KrishnaEnvironmental sanitation (Social and Preventive medicine) 1998 (1stedition). Dr.P.V. Rama Raju &

KVSG Murali Krishna.Waste water treatment, Metcalf and Eddy.

Reference Books:1. Municipal and Rural Sanitation1987. Ehlers, V.M. & Steel,E.W.McGRAW-HILLBookCompany,IncV.edition.

2. Environmental Sanitation. Ehlers, V.M., add Steel, E.W., McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.

Environmental Protection and Laws, Jadhav and Bhosale, V.M.Himalaya publishing House.3. Environmental pollution and Toxicology 1994. Meera Asthana and Asthana D.K, AlkaPrinters.


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Subject Code R101166WATER POLLUTION AND TREATMENT TECHNIQUES

UNIT I WATER POLLUTANTS:

Types and Sources, Heavy metals- metalloids- organic- inorganic- biological - radioactivepollutants, Eutrophication, potable water and carrying capacity of rivers.

UNIT II WATER TREATMENT:Methods of water purification, primary treatment- sedimentation- flotation, secondary(biological) treatment- design and principles in biological treatment facilities- activated sludge

process- trickling filters low cost waste treatment systems and their design, tertiary treatment.

UNIT III INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT:

Sources, Characteristics, methodology and process for the treatment of industrial wastes of sugarindustry- beverage industry- tannery industry- textile mill waste industry- fertilizer plant- steel

plant- oil refinery- pharmaceutical [plant- paper and pulp mill.

UNIT IV ADVANCED WASTE WATER TREATMENT:Introduction, removal suspended solids- removal of dissolved solids- Ammonia removal-

phosphorus removal- chemical oxidation- recovery of materials from process effluents.

UNIT V BIO-REACTORS FOR WASTE WATER TREATMENT:

Up Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) ,Two-stage, Aerobic UNI Tank System (TSU-System, Route Zone Treatment, Submerged Aerobic Fixed Film (SAFF) Reactor, Fluidized

Aerobic Bio Reactor (FAB).

UNIT VI SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL:Self purification of streams- BOD and its important- treatment methods- primary, secondary and

tertiary levels- disinfections of treated sewage effluent- septic tank design- effluent disposalmethods- disposal on land, sewage sickness- disposal by dilution- design of biological treatmentunits- sludge characteristics, unit operations in sludge disposal, conventional and high rate

digesters- disposal of sludge- gas utilization.

UNIT VII PHYTOREMEDIATION TREATMENT:Introduction, current trends in role of phytoremediation- examples of species potential in absorbingheavy metals and pollutants in waste water- root zone treatment technology- microbial remediation-

role of bacteria and the microbes in cleaning of sewage waters- oil spilled waters- domestic wastewaters- polluted agricultural run off- bio medical waste retaining waters.UNIT VIII RECYCLING OF WASTE:

Waste types- sources- waste generation per capita- composition of waste- recycling of waste forindustrial, agriculture and domestic purpose- recyclingof metal products- reuse, recovery- reductionof paper, plastics- recycling of food manufacturing, beverages, apparel, leather, paper, pulp, chemical

from industries- fly ash utilization.

Text Books:Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering G.S.Bridie & J.S.Brides, Dhanpat Rai & Sons 1993.A treatise on Rural, Municipal, and industrial water management KVSG Murali Krishna

Environmental sanitation (Social and Preventive medicine) Dr.P.V. Rama Raju & KVSG Murali

Krishna.Waste water engineering, treatment and reuse by Metcalf and eddy, fifth edition, Tata Mc GrawHill.

Reference Books:

Municipal and Rural Sanitation-Ehlers,V.M.&Steel,E.W.McGRAW-HILLBook

Company,IncV.edition. 1987.Environmental Sanitation, Ehlers, V.M., add Steel, E.W., McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.Environmental pollution and Toxicology, Meera Asthana and Asthana D.K, Alka Printers (1994)


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Subject Code R101167TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL

UNIT I SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL:

Self purification of streams- BOD and its important- treatment methods- primary, secondary andtertiary levels- disinfections of treated sewage effluent- septic tank design- effluent disposal

methods- disposal on land, sewage sickness- disposal by dilution- design of biological treatmentunits- sludge characteristics, unit operations in sludge disposal, conventional and high ratedigesters- disposal of sludge- gas utilization.UNIT II WATER TREATMENT:

Methods of water purification, primary treatment- sedimentation- flotation, secondary

(biological) treatment- design and principles in biological treatment facilities- activated sludgeprocess- trickling filters low cost waste treatment systems and their design, tertiary treatment.UNIT III ADVANCED WASTE WATER TREATMENT & BIO-REACTORS FOR WASTE

WATER TREATMENT:Introduction, removal suspended solids- removal of dissolved solids- Ammonia removal-

phosphorus removal- chemical oxidation- recovery of materials from process effluents.

Up Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) , Two-stage, Aerobic UNI Tank System (TSU-

System, Route Zone Treatment, Submerged Aerobic Fixed Film (SAFF) Reactor, FluidizedAerobic Bio Reactor (FAB).

UNIT IV AIR POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES:

Sources- correction methods- -particulate emission control- gravitational settling chambers-cycloneseparators- fabric filters-electrostatic precipitators-wet scrubbers- -control of gaseous

emissions-adsorption by solids-absorption by liquids-combustion, condensation control of SO2emission desulphurization of flue gases dry methods wet scrubbing methods. Control ofnitrogen oxides- modification of operating conditions- modification of design conditions- effluent

gas treatment methods-carbon monoxide control-control of hydrocarbons-mobile sources.

UNIT V SOIL POLLUTION, PHYTOREMEDIATION AND BIOREMEDIATIONTECHNOLOGIES:Impact of modern agriculture on soil, degradation of soil, Control of soil pollution,

Phytoextraction, Phytostabilization, Phytostimulation, Phytotransformation, Rhizofiltration,Constructed Wetlands, Bioremediation Technologies: Bioaugmentation, Biostimulation,Bioreactors, Land-based Treatments, Fungal Remediation.

UNIT VI SOLID AND HAZARD WASTE TREATMENT:Sources and generation of solid waste characterization, chemical composition and classification-dumping of garbage- commercial, Industrial, Agriculture, Mining and Power Plant discharges-

Disposal methods- Composting, Incineration and others- biomedical waste management. HWT

Technologies, Physical Treatment Methods, Chemical Treatment Methods, Stabilization and

Fixation Systems.UNIT VII NOISE CONTROL AND GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT:Standard Methods of Noise Control; Greenbelt Development: Advantage of Green Belt

Development, Design of Green Belt, Rain Water Harvesting:

UNIT VIII REMOTE SENSING AND GIS:Geospatial Requirements, Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS), GIS in EIAText Books:

Text book of Environmental Science and Technology by Dr. M. Anji Reddy, BS Publications, 2010.

Bioremediation by Baker K H and Herson DS. Mc Graw Hill, Inc, New Delhi.Biodegradation and Bioremediation, Martin Alexander, Academic press.

Waste water engineering, treatment and reuse by Metcalf & Eddy, fifth edition, Tata Mcgraw Hill.

Air Pollution, H.C.V. Rao, 1990, Mcgraw Hill Co.

Environmental Pollution control technologies, C.S. Rao, Wiley estern Ltd, 1993.

Air Pollution, M.N. Rao, Mcgraw Hill 1993.


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OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO SAFETY PHILOSOPHY:

Sequence of Accident Occurrence, Occupational Injuries-Effects of Industrial Accidents,

Analysis of Accidents, Injury Data, Accident Investigations & Reporting, Accident Costing

UNIT II SAFETY & HEALTH MANAGEMENT:

Employer & Employee Responsibilities, Record-keeping & Reporting Requirements, Safety

Organization, Responsibilities of Safety Officer, Supervisors, Safety committees.

UNIT III RISK MANAGEMENT:Definitions of Hazards, Risks, Evolution of Methodical Analysis, System safety Analysistechniques, Performance measurement, Operational Reviews - Internal & External.

UNIT IV WORK PRACTICES IN INDUSTRIES:

Hazards in Chemical Operations, Material Handling Hazards, Lifting Machinery & Pressure

Vessels, Material Safety Data Sheets, Classification of Chemicals, Hazardous Chemicals, StoragePractices, Radiation Safety, Petroleum Storage Requirements, Pesticide Safety.

UNIT V INDIAN STATUTES:

Central Acts, Factorys Act, AP Factory Rules, Construction Safety Regulations, Petroleum Rules2002, Electrical Act & Rules.

UNIT VI FIRE SAFETY:

Basic Elements, Causes, Industrial Fires, Explosions, Effect On Environment, Property & Human

Loss, Prevention Techniques, Building Design, Fire Protection Systems, Contingency Plan,Emergency Preparedness, Evacuation.

UNIT VII INDUSTRIAL BEST PRACTICES:In Electrical, Mechanical, Fire, Machine Guarding, Personal Protective Equipment, Occupational

Health, Ergonomics Ambulance, Noise Abatement Methods, Management Of Contractors.

UNIT VIII OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & MANAGEMENT STANDARDS:Indian Standards, OHSAS 18001 Standard and its Elements, CE Certificate, Social

Accountability Standards, System Implementation, Benefits.

Text Books:Industrial safety and health, David L. Goetsch, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1993.

Handbook of environmental health and safety, Vol I & II, Herman Kooren, Michael Bisesi, JaicoPublishing House, 1999.


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BIODEGRADATION AND BIOREMEDIATION

UNIT I BIODEGRADATION:

What is biodegradation? Acclimation, detoxification activation, bio-availability, effect of

chemical structure on biodegradation, recalcitrance, predicting products of biodegradation,cometabolism and biotransformation. Factors affecting biodegradation.UNIT II MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF BIOPOLYMERS:

Cellulose, xylan, starch and other glucans, pectin, lignin and chitin, protein, nucleic acids, lipids

and fats and polyhydroxy alkanoates (Bioplastics).UNIT III BIODEGRADATION OF HYDROCARBONS:

Microbial degradation of hydrocarbons: Methane, ethane, propane, butane and other long chainalkanes, alkenes, alkynesAerobic and anaerobic biodegradatio of aromatic compounds.

Microbial degradation of halogenated and sulfonated compounds.

Biodegradation of pesticides.

UNIT IV INTRODUCTION TO BIOREMEDIATION:

Introduction, what is Bioremediation, Constraints, advantages and applications, Types ofbioremediation (definition)- Natural (attenuation) and engineered, exsitu and in-situ,

Bioaugmentation and biostimulation, solid phase and slurry phase bioremediation, Oxygendelivery for Bioremediation, Bio stimulation of naturally occurring microbial activities: -

environmental modification use of cosubstrates, oxygen supplementation,(Composting andaerobic bioreactors, in situ aeration) Nutrients and fertilizers, Criteria to be met for considering

bioremediation- factors affecting bioremediation, treatability studies for bioremediation- purpose,

experimental design and example protocol.

UNIT V SPECIFIC BIOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES:

Application, specific advantages and disadvantages of specific bioremediation technologies- landfarming, prepared beds, biopiles, composting, bioventing, biosparging, pump and treat method,constructed wet lands, use of bioreactors for bioremediation. Phytoremediation, restoration of

coal mines a case study.UNIT VI BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT:

Hazardous wastes, biotechnology for hazardous waste management, cyanide detoxification,detoxification of oxalate, urea.

UNIT VII BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL,BIOTECHNIQUES OF AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT AND ODOUR CONTROL:

Biotechnological application for pollution reduction in Paper and pulp industry tannery industry;

Deodorization process bioscrubbers, biobed, biotrickling filters.UNIT VIII RESTORATION OF DEGRADED LANDS:Reforestation through micropropagation casurina for tropical reforestation on adverse sites,

development of stress tolerant plants; use of mycorrhizae in reforestation, reforestation of soilscontaminated with heavy metals.

Text books:Bioremediation 1994. Baker, K.H and Herson, D.S.Mc Graw Hill, Inc. New YorkBiotreatment of Industrial & Hazardous Waste 1993, M.V.Levin & Gealt,M.A McGraw Hill. Inc.

Biodegradation and Bioremediation 1999 (2nd editon). Martin Alexander, Elsevier Science &

Technology.Environmental Microbiology 2001. Raina M. Maier, Ian L. Pepper, Academic Press.Bioremediation engineering.. J.T.Cookson, Mc.Grwhill Inc.

11-environmental sceince & tech

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