1.1 electrical fundamental

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AUTOTRONIC 1

CHAPTER 1

ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTAL


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IN TRO D UCTIO N

Electricity may be difcult or somepeople to learn or te ollo!in"reasons#

It cannot be seen

Only te results o electricity can beseen

It as to be detected and measured

Te test result a$e be interpreted


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DEFINITION

Electricity is te mo$ement o electrons rom

one atom to anoter%

Te dense center o eac atom is callednucleus%

Te nucleus contains# Protons& !ic a$e a positi$e car"e

Neutrons& !ic are electrically neutral 'a$e nocar"e(

Electrons !ic a$e a ne"ati$e car"e)

surround te nucleus in orbits%


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Eac atom contains an e*ual number

o electrons and protons%

Te positi$e and ne"ati$e car"es!itin an atom are li+e te nort andsout poles o a ma"net%

Car"es tat are ali+e !ill repel eacoter) similar to te poles o a ma"net%


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PO,ITI-ECHAR.E

HA-E NOCHAR.E

NE.ATI-ECHAR.E


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SUBSTANCE

STRUCTURE


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SU BSTAN CE (bahan)

Any substance or +no!n material may besmaller parts until te smallest is ound% Itcalled molecule

It is e$erytin" tat possesses mass andoccupied a place in space and is composed oone element or a combination o t!o or more

elements # & solid 'iron etc( li*uid '!ater( and"aseous 'o/y"en(


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ELEM EN T

Any o more tan a undred simplesubstances tat consist o atoms oonly one +ind and tat) alone or incombination) ma+e up all substances%

M O LECU LE

• .roup o atoms bonded to"eter)representin" te smallestundamental unit o a cemical

compound tat can ta+e part in a


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ELECTRO N

THEORY


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ATOM•One of the basic buildings block in the universe for matter is the atom.

• All matter – gas, liquid or solid – is made up of

molecules or atoms joined together.

• A single atom consists of three basic components:

a proton

a neutron

an electron

• Within the atom there is Nucleus.


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Atoms are made up of t!pes of particles:

a proton

a neutron

an electron

"hese particles have different properties. Electrons are tin!,ver! light particles that have a negative electrical charge #$%.

Protons are much larger and heavier than electrons and have

the opposite charge, protons have a positive charge #&%.

Neutrons are large and heav! like protons, ho'ever neutrons

have no electrical charge. (ach atom is made up of a

combination of these particles.


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"he Nucleus contains the protons #positive particles% and neutrons #electricall!

neutral particles%. Orbiting around the nucleus are the electrons.

"he Electrons 'hich are closer to the nucleus are called captive electron – ver!

difficult to remove

"he Electrons 'hich are farther a'a! from the nucleus are called free electrons –

easil! to removed

Te orderly mo$ement o te ree electrons rom atom to

anoter is called electric current%

ATOM

STRUCTURE


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When an atom loses an! electrons #negative charge% or proton#positive charge%, it becomes unbalanced.

)f an atom has more electron than it has proton, the ion 'ill be

negatively charged.

)f the atom has more proton than it has electrons, the ion 'ill be

positively charged.

)ons tr! to regain their balance of equal protons and electrons b!e*changing electrons 'ith neighboring atoms.

"he flo' of electrons during the +equaliation- process is defined as

the flo' of electricit!.

ION


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CONDUCTORS An! material that easil! allo's electrons #electricit!% to flo'.

A conductor are material 'ith fe'er than four electrons in

their atoms outer orbit.

/opper is an e*cellent conductor because it has onl! oneelectrons in its outer orbit.

/onductor material includes copper, gold, silver, aluminium,

steel and cast iron

NUCLEUS


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#opper is an e$cellent conductor o! electricity because it

has %ust one electron in its outer orbit, m a&ing it easy tobe &noc&ed out o! its orbit and !lo to other nearbyatom s" This causes electron !lo, hich is the de!inition o!

electricity"

ELECTRO

N

NUCLEUS(29

PROTONS

+

35

NEUTRONS)


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• An! material that inhibits #stop% the flo' of electrons #electricit!%.

• )nsulators are materials 'ith more than four electrons in their atoms outer

orbit

• 0mall amount of free electrons in their molecular structure

• )nsulator material includes glass, rubber, ceramic, fiberglass, n!lon and

plastic.

• (*ample of insulators include plastics, 'ood, glass, rubber, ceramics #spark

plug% and varnish for covering #insulating% copper 'ires in alternators and

starters.

INSULATORS


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Insulators are elem ents ith !ive to eightelectrons in the outer orbit"

ELECTRO

N


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SEMICONDUCTORS

0aterials !it e/actly our electrons in teir outerorbit are neiter conductors nor insulators) butcalled semiconductors%

,emiconductors can be eiter an insulator or aconductor in dierent desi"n applications%

,emiconductors are used mostly in transistors)computers and oter electronic de$ices%

E/amples o semiconductors include# ,ilicon

.ermanium

Carbon


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'em iconductor elem ents containe$actly !our electrons in the outer

orbit"

ELECTRON

1.1 electrical fundamental

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