11 17 ethanol
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Alternative Fuels
Ethanol
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Ethanol
• Ethyl Alcohol
• Grain alcohol
• Solution with water – 95% alcohol fuel
• Fermentation produces a mash
• Alcohol has a lower boiling point than water
• Evaporates & condensed in a coil
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Term: Ethanol
• Wheat or corn kernels are ground in a hammermill to expose the starch.
• The ground grain is mixed with water, cooked briefly and enzymes are added to convert the starch to sugar using a chemical reaction called hydrolysis.
• Yeast is added to ferment the sugars to ethanol. • The ethanol is separated from the mixture by
distillation and the water is removed from the mixture using dehydration
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Economic Problems with Ethanol
• Major bankruptcies in largest producers
• Cost more to produce than it sells for even with subsidized corn
• Corn-based ethanol is a transition to cellulosic ethanol
• 60% less energy dense than gasoline
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Engine Problems with ethanol
• Ethanol alcohol is an excellent SOLVENT– Dissolves rubber, certain types of fiberglass.– Many engine hoses of older engines are not resistant to alcohol.
• Ethanol will ABSORB WATER • Ethanol ignites at a higher temperature, compared to
conventional non-alcohol gasoline, causing damage to pistons.
• E10 can not be added to a tank or pump that contains oyxygenators MTBE or ETBE.
• Over 10% ethanol will cause damage to most conventional engines.
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Carbohydrate Review
• Sugar needed for ethanol
• Cellulose or Lignin
• Very difficult to break the bond between the glucose molecules – requires expensive pretreatments
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Cellulysis
• Breaking the bonds that connect the individual glucose molecules– Enzymes– Concentrated Acids– Steam– Microbes
• Solving this step is where the research and the money is right now.
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Sources of Cellulose
• Switchgrass – grows on poor quality soil
• Corn stover – leftover corn stalks from corn grain harvesting
• Waste paper
• Yard wastes
• Timber waste
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Crops grown for cellulose
• Switch grass, Poplar trees, etc
• The US uses 142 billion gallons of gas/year = 200 billion gallons of ethanol
• 1 acre of poplar trees can produce 650 gal of ethanol
• Would take 307 million acres to grow enough cellulose
• 3X larger than the entire corn crop
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Solutions?
• Where will our motor fuel come from in 10 to 20 years?
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Today
• Start biodiesel
• Tomorrow - Clean the biodiesel
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Homemade Biodiesel
• Uses very toxic chemicals• Must use goggles & gloves• Make methoxide: methanol (Heet) & lye (NaOH)
– extremely toxic– & corrosive– & exothermic
• Add methoxide to warm vegetable oil.• Shake for 5 seconds every 10 minutes for 1 hour• Let settle overnight• Clean & separate it tomorrow