11 12-12-rel142
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Money is Not Territory
“Religious” Dimensions of Iroquois Wampum
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On the “Freedom Trail”
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Tourist Highlights
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What Freedom?
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Pilgrims on Cape Cod
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First Theft
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What is Religion?
• Exchange• Indigenous traditions challenge conventional
(i.e., Constitutional) understandings of religion
• Not strictly ideological--material• Status of researcher as a participant in
cultural critique and creation
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Wampum
• Worked shell bead from the quahoag shell
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Contemporary Wampum artistry
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Wampum’s Value
• Purple (black) and white– Cosmological attributes
of Earth/Sky, Night/Day, Creator Twins
• Purity of intention– Living force of words
spoken into wampum and from wampum into speaker
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Hiawantha Belt of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy
• Story of the Peacemaker and Hiawantha
• Condolence– Grief as a sudden
disjunction between humans and creation
– Wampum restores relations
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Tsha’hon’nonyen’dakhwa’“Where they play games”
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Wampum Belts
• “Two-Row Wampum”--Guswentha– Treaty between Haudenosaunee and Dutch 1613– Residence and exchange as equals
• Non-interference agreement– Dutch version discovered in 1968
• Emphasis on exclusivity of trade relationship
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European Wampum
• Wampum as Money– Tied to the Development of Colonial America
• Access to Beaver pelts– Basis of trans-Atlantic commerce– Creation of NYC (JJ Astor), Erie Canal
• Long Island factories– Last “wampum mint” closed in 1899– Reorganized worlds of Native and Europeans
• Exchange rate: 3 white/1 black to British penny
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Wampum and Money: Expor-ations of Religion as Exchange
• For Haudenosaunee wampum is an expression of the cosmos– Extending the
Confederacy through Condolence
– Wampum as being• Indigenous phenomenon
• For Europeans wampum was the basis for trans-Atlantic trade– Extending colonial
empires through commerce
– Wampum as money• Immigrant phenomenon
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Money and Native Americans
• Monetary exchange network (Global economy) has been the most detrimental to Native communities– Not religion, per se– Modern notion of
money derived from Christian worldview
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Theodor de Bry, Las Casas, the Black Legend and GOLD
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Money as Religion
• “Total fact” of modern existence– Everything is evaluated with respect to monetary
value• Symbolic, mythic, “faith based,”• Materiality of our current existence• Wampum clarifies religious nature of money– No joke
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Theology of Money
• Sacred reality is removed from material life– Anthrocentric emphasis
• Everything is here for human beings
• God or Creator is “otiosus”– Sign of God in money– Removed from Creation
• Creates a dangerous world
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Basic Call to Consciousness
What has befallen Native American people will befall us all
• Environmental degradation– Expressed in weather and sickness
• Loss of cultural identity• Not apocalyptic; no sense of optimism– Self-fulfilling prophecy of Religions which
emphasize the end
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Native Nations and the UN
• World Stage that respects cultural differences• Since 1978 there has developed a Indigenous
peoples consultation– Lead by Oren Lyons of Onondaga– Haudenosaunee passports
• Quote page 90– World at a critical point
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UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
• http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/index.html
• Meeting at UN NYC every spring• Discussions of the Doctrine of Discovery as a
critical aspect of Indigenous survival