10|poka-yoke - · pdf fileexcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ......

42
Oleh : Debrina P. Andriani Teknik Industri Universitas Brawijaya þ [email protected] 10 |POKA-YOKE MISTAKE PROOFING T O TA L Q U A L I T Y M A N A G E M E N T

Upload: dokhanh

Post on 09-Feb-2018

215 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

O le h :

Debr ina P. Andr iani Te k n ik Indus t r i Un i ve r s i t as B raw i jaya þ de br ina@ ub .ac . id

10|POKA-YOKE M I S T A K E P R O O F I N G

T O T A L Q U A L I T Y M A N A G E M E N T

Page 2: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

OU

TL

IN

E

¡ What Causes Defects? ¡ Apakah kesalahan tidak dapat

dihindari? ¡ Inspection ¡ Two Strategies for Zero Defects ¡ POKA-YOKE

§ Sejarah & Pengertian § Karakteristik § Kategori § Manfaat § Poka-Yoke Devices § Pendekatan Poka-yoke § Sistem Poka-yoke § Contoh

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 2

Page 3: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

1.  Prosedur atau standar yang buruk (Poor procedures or standards).

2.  Mesin (Machines) .

3.  Ketidaksesuaian material (Material Non-conforming material)

4.  Peralatan usang(Worn tooling) .

5.  Kesalahan manusia (Human Mistakes).

3

WHAT CAUSES DEFECTS? PROCESS VARIATION FROM

Except for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and corrective action can be implemented to eliminate the cause of defects

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id

Page 4: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

4

APAKAH KESALAHAN TIDAK DAPAT DIHINDARI?

ARE ERRORS UNAVOIDABLE?

DUA PENDEKATAN

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id

Page 5: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

¡ Orang selalu membuat kesalahan ¡  Ketika kita menerima kesalahan sebagai suatu yang alami,

kita cenderung manyalahkan orang yang melakukan kesalahan tsb

¡ Dengan sikap yang demikian, kita seringkali mengabaikan defect yang terjadi

¡ Defect bisa dideteksi pada inspeksi akhir, atau yang paling buruk, oleh customer.

1. KESALAHAN YANG TAK TERELAKKAN ERRORS ARE INEVITABLE

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 5

Page 6: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

¡ Jenis kesalahan apapun yang dilakukan orang dapat dikurangi bahkan dihilangkan

¡ Orang membuat lebih sedikit kesalahan jika didukung oleh pelatihan yang sesuai dan sistem produksi berdasarkan prinsip bahwa kesalahan (error) dapat dicegah.

2. KESALAHAN BISA DIHILANGKAN ERRORS CAN BE ELIMINATED

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 6

Page 7: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

¡ ZDQ functions by combining four elementary components: § Point of Origin Inspection § 100 % Audit Checks § Immediate Feedback § Poka-Yoke

7

THE 4 COMPONENTS OF ZDQ (ZERO DEFECT QUALITY)

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id

Page 8: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

¡ One method of detecting errors is inspection.

¡ There are two major types of inspection. 1.  SAMPLING INSPECTION.

2. 100% INSPECTION.

INSPECTION

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 8

Page 9: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

¡  In some factories, the attitude is: §  “It may take all day to inspect all

product”. §  “There may be a few defects, but

sampling is the most practical way to check”.

1. SAMPLING INSPECTION

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 9

Page 10: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

¡  Think about sampling. ¡  With sampling, there is a chance that an error

may go undetected. ¡  Even if 1 part in 1000 is defective, the customer

who buys that part has a 100% defective product!

SAMPLING INSPECTION - REFLECTION

SAMPLING INSPECTION MAKES SENSE ONLY FROM THE MANUFACTURER’S VIEW, NOT FROM THE CUSTOMER’S!

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 10

Page 11: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

¡  In the best factories, the attitude is:

¡  Kami tidak akan mentolerir cacat tunggal! " "Kami akan mengatur produksi sehingga 100% dari produk dapat dengan mudah diperiksa". "Itu yang paling masuk akal".

¡  “We won’t tolerate a single defect!” ¡  “We will organize production so that 100% of the product can be easily inspected”. ¡  “That makes the most sense”.

2. 100% INSPECTION

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 11

Page 12: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

¡  Pikirkan tentang pemeriksaan 100%. ¡  Bahkan satu produk yang cacat sudah cukup untuk

menghancurkan kepercayaanpelanggan pada perusahaan.

¡  Untuk tetap kompetitif perusahaan harus menyediakan ribuan produk yang baik

¡  Cara terbaik untuk mencapainya adalah

dengan mengatur produksi untuk memeriksa 100%dari produk.

100% INSPECTION - REFLECTION

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 12

Page 13: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

THE USER IS THE BEST INSPECTOR

¡  Tidak ada yang berniat untuk membuat kesalahan.

¡  Kesalahan dapat muncul tanpa kita sadari.

¡  Bagaimana kita bisa mendeteksi kesalahan sebelum mereka berubah menjadi produk yang cacat?

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 13

Page 14: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

¡ We don’t expect to find defects, but if a product we use doesn’t do what it is supposed to do, then we know it is defective.

¡ Users are the best at discovering defects! ¡ Since subsequent processes are also ‘users’ of the

product being manufactured, they are also expert at finding defects.

¡ If products are produced in a flow, each product is sent to the next process as soon as it is finished and defects are therefore found immediately.

FINDING DEFECTS IN THE SUBSEQUENT PROCESS à MENEMUKAN CACAT PADA PROSES SELANJUTNYA

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 14

Page 15: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

¡ Don’t make product you don’t need.

¡ The more you make, the greater the opportunity for defects.

¡ Follow ‘just-in-time’ principles by only making what is needed, when it is needed in the amount needed.

TWO STRATEGIES

FOR ZERO DEFECTS

1.  JANGAN BUAT DEFECT!DON’T MAKE IT!

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 15

Page 16: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

¡ Pengguna adalah seorang ahli dalam menemukan defect

¡ The user is an expert in finding defects.

¡ Maka bangunlah perlindungan dalam proses produksi

¡ Therefore build safeguards into the production process.

¡ Kualitas dapat dibangun dengan implementasi Poka-Yoke

¡ Quality can be built into products by implementation of Poka-Yoke.

TWO STRATEGIES

FOR ZERO DEFECTS

2.  BUAT PERLINDUNGAN!BUILD SAFEGUARDS!

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 16

Page 17: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

HISTORY

PokaYoke

¡ Poka-yoke à Shigeo Shingo in the 1960s.

¡ Berasal dari Jepang; § "poka“ à inadvertent

mistake §  "yoke (yokeru)” à

prevent / avoid

¡ This is known as ‘MISTAKE-PROOFING’

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 17

Page 18: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

¡ Poka-yoke adalah Mekanisme untuk mencegah terjadinya kesalahan

¡ Penyebab cacat (defect) terletak pada kesalahan pekerja, dan defect terjadi karena kita mengabaikan kesalahan tsb. Kesalahan tidak akan menjadi defect jika kesalahan pekerja dapat dideteksi dan dihilangkan sebelumnya. [Shingo 1986, p.50].

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 18

WHAT IS POKA-YOKE?

Page 19: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 19

POKAYOKE’S CHARACTERISTICS

Page 20: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

Kategori Pokayoke

Kesalahan tindakan (Wrong Action)

Kesalahan pengukuran, pembacaan,

calibrasi dan setting (Measurement Error)

Kesalahan karena lupa, kelupaan (Forgetfulness)

Tidak adanya indikasi visual (No Visual Indication)

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 20

KATEGORI POKA-YOKE

Page 21: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

■  Don’t wait for the perfect POKA-YOKE. Do it now!

■  If your POKA-YOKE idea has better than 50% chance to succeed…Do it!

■  Do it now….improve later!

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 21

Page 22: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

Menghilangkan penyebab kesalahan pada sumbernya (Eliminates the cause of an error at the source)

Mendeteksi kesalahan yang  sedang dilakukan • (Detects an error as it is being made)

Mendeteksi kesalahan segera setelah kesalahan itu dibuat tetapi sebelum mencapai operasi berikutnya. • (Detects an error soon after it has been made but before it reaches the next operation)

WHAT DOES POKA-YOKE DO?

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 22

Page 23: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

* Kesalahan manusia biasanya disengaja. (Human errors are usually inadvertent. ) * Poka-yoke membantu kita menghindari cacat, bahkan ketika kesalahan tidak disengaja dibuat. (Poka-yoke devices help us avoid defects, even when inadvertent errors are made)

* Poka-yoke membantu membangun kualitas ke dalam proses. (Poka-yoke helps build quality into processes)

PO

KA

-YOK

E

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 23

Page 24: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 24

Page 25: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

¡  Poka-yoke detects an error, gives a warning, and can shuts down the process.

POKA-YOKE DEVICES ERROR DETECTION AND ALARMS

Poka-yoke will catch the errors before a defective part is manufactured 100% of the time.

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 25

Page 26: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

POKA-YOKE DEVICES CHECKLIST

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 26

Page 27: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

Poka-yoke will catch the errors before a defective part is manufactured 100% of the time.

POKA-YOKE PENDEKATAN PROAKTIF

¡ Pokayoke dilakukan pada saat atau sebelum inspeksi selama proses dilakukan.

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 27

Page 28: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

POKA-YOKE PENDEKATAN REAKTIF

¡ Periksa segera setelah proses dilakukan

¡ Dapat diperiksa oleh operator pada saat proses, atau pada proses selanjutnya

¡ Tidak 100% effektif, tidak akan menghilangkan semua defect.

¡ Efektif untuk mencegah defect lolos ke proses selanjutnya

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 28

Page 29: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

POKA-YOKE SYSTEMS

1. Control Approach

¡ Shuts down the process when an error occurs.

¡ Keeps the “suspect” part in place when an operation is incomplete.

2. Warning Approach

¡ Signals the operator to stop the process and correct the problem.

BEEP!

BEEP!

BEEP!

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 29

Page 30: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

CONTROL SYSTEM

¡  Takes human element out of the equation;does not depend on an operator or assembler.

¡  Has a high capability of achieving zero defects.

¡ Machine stops when an irregularity is detected.

“There must have been an error detected; the machine shut down by itself!”

30

Page 31: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

BEEP!

BEEP!

BEEP!

“I’m glad the alarm went off, now I’m

not making defects!”

WARNING SYSTEM

¡  Sometimes an automatic shut off system is not an option.

¡  A warning or alarm system can be used to get an operators attention.

¡  Below left is an example of an alarm system using dials, l ights and sounds to bring attention to the problem.

¡  Color coding is also an effective non automatic option.

31

Page 32: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 32

Page 33: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 33

Page 34: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

The library at Southern Methodist University has a moving shelf system to increase the space utilization. I used to worry that some one would come along and start cranking the shelves and smash me. Luckily, the shelf system designers knew that I would have this fear and installed floor sensors that keep the shelves from moving while someone is stepping on it. 01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 34

Page 35: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

CONTOH POKAYOKE

¡  Contoh lain Poka Yoke dalam Quali ty Control Sensor dipasang pada ban berjalan untuk mendeteksi produk. Bi la produk yang diatas ban berjalan t idak sesuai dengan rencana maka alarm akan berbunyi dan lampu akan menyala yang berart i ada masalah. Sensor semacam ini banyak di jumpai pada qual i ty control process di pembotolan untuk meyakinkan bahwa volume di dalam botol semuanya dalam standar, proses pengemasan obat-obatan untuk memastikan bahwa dalam satu pak telah berisi jumlah obat sesuai standar.

35

Page 36: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

CONTOH POKAYOKE

¡  Poka Yoke di body panel[1. Toyota Motor Corp., ib id . with the courtesy], yang ditandai l ingkaran kuning, untuk menjaga agar stamping t idak rusak pada saat benda kerja t idak ada atau terpasang t idak tepat. Jadi proses stamping akan berhenti bi la benda kerja t idak ada atau t idak tepat terpasang. Poka Yoke ini diguakan untuk menghindarkan kerusakan mesinstamping press yang berkapasitas 22 ton i tu.

36

Page 37: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

CONTOH POKAYOKE

¡  Welder akan turun. Bi la nut t idak ada maka Welder akan menekan tombol yang secara otomatis akan mematikan Welder sehingga proses Welding t idak berjalan. Pada saat yang bersasamaan lampu akan menyala dan alarm atau buzzer akan berbunyi untuk menandai bahwa nut t idak ada dan masalah t imbul.

37

Page 38: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 38

Page 39: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

Kompor (Stove) A

Kompor (Stove) B

WHICH DIAL TURNS ON THE BURNER?

39

Page 40: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

Push or pull? left side or right? How did you know?

B A C

HOW WOULD YOU OPERATE THESE DOORS?

40

Page 41: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

01/04/15 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id 41

Page 42: 10|POKA-YOKE -  · PDF fileExcept for human mistakes these conditions can be predicted and ... ¡ With sampling, there is a chance that an error may go undetected

01/04/15 42 www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id

SELESAI