106849590 4 b sc i i journel ilovepdf compressed 2
TRANSCRIPT
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Name:_________________________________________
Class: _____________ Section:__________
Roll No: ________ Group:_______________________
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Certified that Miss. / Mr._______________________________
Of class ____________ has carried out the necessary practical
work as prescribed by the Board of Intermediate Education /
University of Karachi for the year _____________________
__________________________________ ______________________________
Head of the department In charge
Date:__________________ Date:______________
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S.No Date
P.No Initial
1To determine the unknown resistance byusing a neon flash lamp and a capacitor. 01
2To convert the given galvanometer in to anammeter up to the range [ 01 ] ampere. 05
3To convert the given galvanometer in to anvoltmeter up to the range [ 01 ] volt. 10
4To calibrate a voltmeter by using apotentiometer. 15
5To calibrate an ammeter by using apotentiometer. 18
6To calibrate an ammeter and a voltmeter byusing a potentiometer. 21
7To determine the low resistance of the givencoil by Carey foster bridge. 25
8To determine the value of two unknownresistances by using a potentiometer andverify the law of combination of resistancesin series or parallel.
31
9
To determine the work function of a metal by
using a sodium light.
36
10To determine the ionization potential ofmercury. 40
11To set up half and full wave rectifier andstudy their waveforms on an oscilloscope. 44
12To study the characteristics of an RLC seriesacceptor circuit by plotting a response curve. 52
13To study the characteristics of an RLCrejecter circuit by plotting a response curve. 57
14To plot the characteristics curve of a semiconductor diode. Determine the forward andreverse impedances [Resistances].
62
15To study the static characteristics of a giventransistor in common emitter mode. 65
16To determine the Planks constant by using aspectrometer and hydrogen discharge tube. 70
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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
PRACTICAL [ III ]
To determine the unknown resistance by using aneon flash lamp and a capacitor.
To convert the given galvanometer in to an
ammeter up to the range [ 01 ] ampere.
To convert the given galvanometer in to anvoltmeter up to the range [ 01 ] volt.
To calibrate a voltmeter by using apotentiometer.
To calibrate an ammeter by using apotentiometer.
To calibrate an ammeter and a voltmeter byusing a potentiometer.
To determine the low resistance of the given coil
by Carey foster bridge.
To determine the value of two unknownresistances by using a potentiometer and verify
the law of combination of resistances in series
or parallel.
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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
PRACTICAL [ IV ]
To determine the work function of a metal byusing a sodium light.
To determine the ionization potential of mercury.
To study the characteristics of an RLC series or
acceptor circuit by plotting a response curve.Determine the resonant frequency , band width
and Q factor of the circuit
To study the characteristics of an RLC parallel orrejector circuit by plotting a response curve.
Determine the resonant frequency , band width
and Q factor of the circuit
To plot the characteristics curve of a semiconductor diode. Determine the forward and
reverse impedances [Resistances].
To study the static characteristics of a giventransistor in common emitter mode.
To set up half and full wave rectifier and studytheir waveforms on an oscilloscope. Also study
the effect of smoothing circuit ( filter circuit ) on
ripple voltage.
To determine the Planks constant by using aspectrometer and hydrogen discharge tube.
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EXPERIMENT NO . 1
OBJECT:To determine the unknown resistance by using a neon
flash lamp and a capacitor.APPARATUS: Neon flash lamp , Capacitor , Unknown resistance,D.C main supply , Stop watch.
THEORY: The capacitor C is charged through the resistance Runtil the potential difference across capacitor attains the strikingvoltage VS of the neon bulb. At this voltage the neon gas in thebulb ionizes and begins to emit light. The capacitor then begins todischarge through the neon bulb until its potential difference is
reduced to the value of Ve known as the extinction voltage atwhich the ionization and emission of light from the neon bulb isstop. This gives rise to a flash of light. and we get flashes of lightone after other. The time between two consecutive flashes isknown as flashing time.Let t1be the time for the capacitor to charge up to VSvolt and t 2be the time for the capacitor to charge up to Ve. Since the relationbetween the voltage V across the capacitor after t seconds and theapplied voltage V0is V = V0 [ 1e 1 / CR ]
]
sV
eV
0V
[logCR1t
, ]
sV
eV
0V
[logCR2
t
]
sV
eV
eV
0V
[logCR]2
t-1t[TPeriodFlashing
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATIONS:
Least count of stop watch = 0 . 01 sec
S.No.
ResistanceR
Time for 10 flashes MeanTime
FlashingPeriod
T = t / 101 2 3
Ohms Sec Sec Sec Sec Sec
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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GRAPH BETWEENRESISTANCE & FLASHING TIME
Along XaxisOne small division = ________ Ohms
Along YaxisOne small division = ________ min
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CALCULATIONS:FROM GRAPH
Value of A = R 1 =____________ Ohms
Value of B = R 2 = ____________ Ohms
RESULT:
The value of unknown resistances from graph [ using a neonflash lamp ] are found to be
Value of A = R 1 =____________ Ohms Value of B = R 2 = ____________ Ohms The theoretical value of A + B = __________ Ohms The value of A + B from graph = __________ Ohms
The theoretical value of B1
A
1
= ____ Ohms
The value of A + B from graphB
1
A
1
= ___ Ohms
Teachers signature
2R
1
1R
1
R
1
2R
1R
2R
1R
R
R
R = _____________ Ohms
FROM GRAPH
R = B
1
A
1 = ____ Ohms
R = R 1 + R 2
R = +
R = _____________ Ohms
FROM GRAPH
R = A + B = _____ Ohms
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PRECAUTION: Least count of stop watch should be noted and graduation on
stopwatch should be studied carefully before starting theexperiment.
The applied voltage should be kept constant through out theexperiment. The capacitance of the capacitor should be selected so as to
get a measureable rate of flashing with the unknownresistance.
In order to avoid error due to photo electric effect theexperiment should be performed in a dark room or the neonbulb may be enclosed in a box with a small sighting hole.
The DC mains voltage should be greater than the striking
voltage for the lamp. Reading for time and striking voltage should be noted at atthe instant when the lamp just glows.
The stop watch should be started at the same time when DCmains is switched on.
SOURCES OF ERROR :Inaccuracy of stopwatch.Loose connectionsVoltage flections. Necked wire should not be touched when the switch is on. Before starting the experiment get the circuit checked by
your teacher
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EXPERIMENT NO . 2
OBJECT:To convert the given galvanometer in to an ammeter up
to the range [ 01 ] ampere.APPARATUS: Galvanometer, Voltmeter, Ammeter, ResistanceBox , Rheostat , Screw Gauge , 0ne way Key , Connecting Wires ,Shunt Wire and Battery.
THEORY: A galvanometer having a resistance Rg gives a fullscale deflection when a current Ig is passed through it.. It can beconverted in to an ammeter up to the range [ 0 1 ] ampere byconnecting a small suitable resistance RSin parallel to it. The valueof the shunt resistance RS is such that when this parallelcombination of galvanometer and shunt resistance S is connectedin series with a circuit carrying a current I , it allows a current Ig topass through the galvanometer and the rest of the current [ IIg ]through the attached shunt resistances. The Rg ( The resistance ofgalvanometer ) and Ig ( Current for full scale deflection ) can becalculated by the following formulas.
SR_HR
SR
HR
g
R
]gRR[
V
g
I
The value of the shunt resistance RScan be calculated by equatingthe potential differences across the two branches of the circuit. LetRg and RS be the resistances of galvanometer and shuntresistance respectively ans let Ig and IS be the current passingthrough them. Then
I = Ig + Is _________ [ 1 ]
Is = [ I Ig ] _________ [ 2 ]
Since Rgand RS are in parallel then by Ohms law we have
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IsRS = Ig Rg _________ [ 3 ]
From Equation [ 2 ] and Equation [ 3 ] we get
RS [ I Ig ] = Ig Rg
]gII[
gR
gI
S
R
If the shunt wire has specific resistance and a radius r then itsrequired length L is given by
2rS
L
WORKING FORMULA:
1.
SR_
HR
SR
HR
gR
2.
]g
RH
R[
V
gI
3. ]gII[
gR
gI
SR
3.
2rSL
WhereRgis the resistance of the given galvanometerRHis thehigh ResistanceRSis theshunt Resistance Ig is the current for full scale deflection flowing through the
galvanometerV is therange of ammeter up to which the galvanometer is to
be convertedRSis the shunt resistance connected in parallel.L is the length of wire having the resistance RS .
is theratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter[ It is amathematical constant whose value is 3.142 ]
r is theradius of the wire.is the specific resistance of the material of the wire
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio -
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATIONS:
HighResistance
RH
FullDeflection
HalfDeflection
ShuntResistance
RSS
R_H
R
SR
HR
g
R
Ohms Divisions Divisions Ohms Ohms
1. Least count of standard ammeter = ____________ Amp
__________Divisions of galvanometer = _________ AmpOne division of galvanometer = = ________ Amp
2. Least count of converted ammeter = ____________ Amp
VERIFICATION:
S.No.
StandardAmmeterReading
Reading of the shuntedgalvanometer
Difference
Galvanometer
Divisions
Converted
Ammeter
Amperes Divisions Amperes Amperes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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CALCULATIONS:
SR_
HR
SR
HR
gR
_gR
Ohms
]g
RH
R[
V
gI
p AmgI
]gII[
gRgIS
R
OhmsS
R
2rSL
cm2][142.3L
RESULT: The given galvanometer has been converted in to an
ammeter up to the range [ 01 ] ampere.
Teachers signature
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PRECAUTION:
All connections should be neat and tight. Short and thick connecting wires should be used.
The plugs of resistance box should be tight in their gaps. While finding the current IG for full scale deflection do not
close the circuit with out introducing a high resistance by theresistance box.
No portion of calculated length of the wire should be underthe binding screw s of the galvanometer.
When comparing the readings of standard ammeter and theshunted galvanometer pass large currents to produce largedeflection, thus reducing error in reading the deflection.
Care should be taken in handling the apparatus.SOURCES OF ERROR :
Loose connections Use of long and thin connecting wires may add more
resistance in the circuit. For finding full scale deflection if the circuit is closed with out
introducing a high resistance by the resistance box. The portion of calculated length of the wire should out of the
binding screw of the galvanometer. A small amount of current may cause the error in the
deflection of the galvanometer. Loose plugs in the resistance box. Fluctuation of current in the circuit.
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EXPERIMENT NO . 3
OBJECT:To convert the given galvanometer in to an voltmeter up
to the range [ 01 ] volt.APPARATUS: Galvanometer , Voltmeter , Ammeter ,Resistance Box , Rheostat , 0ne way Key , Connecting Wiresand a Battery.
THEORY: A galvanometer having a resistance Rg gives a fullscale deflection when a current Ig is passed through it.. It can beconverted in to a voltmeter up to the range [ 0 1 ] volt byconnecting a suitable resistance RX in series with it. The value ofthe series resistance RX is such that it allows a current Ig to passthrough the combination of galvanometer and series resistance RXwhen potential difference V is applied across it. By applying Ohmslaw the value of RX is given by
]g
RX
R[
V
gI
SR_
HR
SR
HR
gR
To convert a moving coil galvanometer in to a voltmeter up to amaximum voltage EXit is necessary to connect a high resistance inseries with the galvanometer coil of the resistance Rg Most of thepotential drop will then occur across the resistance RX The valueof the series resistance RXshould be so adjusted that the voltage
E produces across the galvanometer coil and the series resistanceRX a current Ig sufficient to produce full scale deflection in thegalvanometer movement . Then by Ohms law
V = Ig [ R X + Rg ]
Ig R X + IgRg = V
Ig R X = VIgRg
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gI
gR
gI-V
XR
gI
gR
gI
gIV
XR
gR-
gI
V
X
R
WORKING FORMULA:
1. SR_HR
SR
HR
gR
2. ]gRR[
V
gI
3.g
R-
gI
V
XR
WhereRgis the resistance of the given galvanometerRHis the high Resistance
RSis the shunt Resistance Ig is the current for full scale deflection flowing through thegalvanometer
V is the range of voltmeter up to which the galvanometer isto be converted
RXis the high Resistance connected in series.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
OBSERVATIONS:
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HighResistance
RH
FullDeflection
HalfDeflection
ShuntResistance
RSS
R_H
R
SR
HR
g
R
Ohms Divisions Divisions Ohms Ohms
1. Least count of standard voltmeter = ___________ Amp
_________Divisions of galvanometer = __________ Volts
One divisions of galvanometer = = ________ Volts
2. Least count of converted ammeter = ____________ Volts
VERIFICATION:
S.No.
StandardVoltmeterReading
Reading of the shuntedgalvanometer
Difference
GalvanometerDivisions
ConvertedVoltmeter
Volts Divisions Volts Volts1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
CALCULATIONS:
SR_
HR
SR
HR
gR
_gR
Ohms
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]g
RH
R[
V
gI
p AmgI
gR-
gI
V
XR
Ohms--X
R --
RESULT:
The given galvanometer has been converted in to avoltmeter up to the range [ 01 ] volts.
Teachers signature
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PRECAUTION:
All connections should be neat and tight. Short and thick connecting wires should be used.
The plugs of resistance box should be tight in their gaps. While finding the current IG for full scale deflection do not
close the circuit with out introducing a high resistance by theresistance box.
No portion of calculated length of the wire should be underthe binding screw s of the galvanometer.
When comparing the readings of standard ammeter and theshunted galvanometer pass large currents to produce largedeflection, thus reducing error in reading the deflection.
The rheostat used as potential divider should not be of lowresistance. Care should be taken in handling the apparatus.
SOURCES OF ERROR :
Loose connections Use of long and thin connecting wires may add more
resistance in the circuit. For finding full scale deflection if the circuit is closed with out
introducing a high resistance by the resistance box. The portion of calculated length of the wire should out of the
binding screw of the galvanometer. A small amount of current may cause the error in the
deflection of the galvanometer. A low resistance rheostat as potential divider may be used. Loose plugs in the resistance box. Fluctuation of current in the circuit.
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EXPERIMENT NO . 4
OBJECT:To calibrate a voltmeter by using a potentiometer.
APPARATUS: Potentiometer , Jockey , Two Rheostat , TwoBattery ,Two 0ne way Key , Galvanometer , Two way key ,Voltmeter , Standard cell and Connecting Wires.
THEORY: A potential drop is established across a potentiometerby connecting a battery across it. The potential drop per unit lengthof its wire is measured in terms of EMF of a standard cell. Arheostat is set up as a potential divider. The potential difference forits different setting is measured by a voltmeter and by thepotentiometer using the value of potential drop per unit length ofthe potentiometer wire as already found because of the standardcell and the inherent accuracy of potentiometric voltagemeasurement , the potential read by potentiometer is the truereading of the potential . This is compared with the reading of thevoltmeter and in this way the calibration of voltmeter is checked .
WORKING FORMULA: ]
1L
2
L[
SE
SV
WhereVSis thecalculated voltageESis the E.M.F of standard cellL1is thebalancing length for Standard cell is in circuitL2is thebalancing length for R 2is in circuit
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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OBSERVATIONS:
3. Least count of standard voltmeter = _____________ Volts
4. E .M . F of standard cell = E S = _______________ Volts5. Balancing length when Standard cell is in circuit L1 = __ cm.
S.No
Balancinglength when
R 2is incircuit
L2
Calculated Voltage
]
1L
2
L[
SE
SV
VoltmeterReading
V
Difference[ VS V ]
cm volts volts volts1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
CALCULATIONS: ]
1
L
2
L[
SE
SV
]
1L
2
L[
SE
SV
V S = _________ Volts
]
1L
2
L[
SE
SV
]
1L
2
L[
SE
SV
V S = _________ Volts
]
1L
2
L[
SE
SV
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RESULT:
The given voltmeter has been calibrated a by using apotentiometer
Teachers signature
PRECAUTION: All connections should be neat and tight. Short and thick connecting wires should be used. The jockey must have sharp edge. Avoid the sliding of jockey on the wire rather it should be
gently tapped over it. The current through the potentiometer should be passed
while taking readings.. The plugs of resistance box should be tight in their gaps. Positive terminal of the batteries B1& B2and standard EScell
should be connected to the same end of the potentiometerwire.
Emf of the battery B1should be greater than emf of thebattery B2or the standard cell.
The rheostat R 1once set should not be changed through outthe experiment.
Care should be taken in handling the apparatus.SOURCES OF ERROR :Loose connections Error due to the sliding of jockey on the wire. Use of long and thin connecting wires may add more
resistance in the circuit. Loose plugs in the resistance box. Jockey may not be of sharp edge.
Fluctuation of current in the circuit.
]
1L
2
L[
SE
SV
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EXPERIMENT NO . 5
OBJECT:To calibrate an ammeter by using a potentiometer.
APPARATUS: Potentiometer , Jockey , Two Rheostat , TwoBattery ,Two 0ne way Key , Galvanometer , Two way key ,Ammeter , Standard cell , Resistance box and Connecting Wires.
THEORY: A potential drop is established across a potentiometerby connecting a battery across it. The potential drop per unit lengthof its wire is measured in terms of EMF of a standard cell. Aresistance RS an ammeter and A and a rheostat R2are connectedin series with a battery B2 ( as in figure ). Let the current flowingthrough the circuit as read by the ammeter be I . This current setup a potential drops VS across the standard resistance RS Thisvalue of VS is measured by the potentiometer using the value ofpotential drop per unit length of potentiometer wire. Because of thestandard cell and the inherent accuracy of potentiometric voltagemeasurement, the value of VS is very accurate. The currentflowing through the standard resistance RSis thus IS = VS X RS .This is the true value of current flowing through the circuit. It iscompared with the reading of the ammeter A and in this way the
calibration of ammeter is checked .
WORKING FORMULA: ]
1L
2
L
SR
SE
[SI
WhereVSis thecalculated voltageESis the E.M.F of standard cellRSis the standard resistance.
VSis the calculated currentL1 is the balancing length for Standard cell is in circuitL2 is the balancing length for R 2is in circuit
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATIONS:
6. Least count of standard ammeter = ___________ Amp
7. E .M . F of standard cell = E S = ______________ Volts
8. Value of standard resistance = RS = ____________ Ohms
9. Balancing length when Standard cell is in circuit L1 ___ cm
S.No
Balancinglength when
R Sis in circuit
L2
Calculated Current
]
1
L
2
L
S
R
SE
[SI
AmmeterReading
I
Difference[ IS I ]
cms amp amp amp
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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CALCULATIONS:
RESULT: The given ammeter has been calibrated a by using a
potentiometer
Teachers signature
]
1L
2
L
SR
SE
[SI
IS =
]
1L
2
L
SR
SE
[SI
IS =
]1L
2
L
S
R
SE
[SI
IS =
]1L
2
L
S
R
SE
[SI
IS =
]
1L
2L
SR
SE[SI
IS =
]
1L
2L
SR
SE[SI
IS =
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PRECAUTION: All connections should be neat and tight. Short and thick connecting wires should be used. The jockey must have sharp edge.
Avoid the sliding of jockey on the wire rather it should begently tapped over it. The current through the potentiometer should be passed
while taking readings.. The plugs of resistance box should be tight in their gaps. Positive terminal of the batteries B1& B2and standard EScell
should be connected to the same end of the potentiometerwire.
Emf of the battery B1should be greater than emf of the
battery B2or the standard cell.The rheostat R 1once set should not be changed through outthe experiment.
Care should be taken in handling the apparatus.
SOURCES OF ERROR :Loose connections Error due to the sliding of jockey on the wire. Use of long and thin connecting wires may add more
resistance in the circuit. Loose plugs in the resistance box. Jockey may not be of sharp edge. Fluctuation of current in the circuit.
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EXPERIMENT NO . 6
OBJECT: To calibrate an ammeter and a voltmeter by using a
potentiometer.APPARATUS: Potentiometer , Jockey , Two Rheostat , TwoBattery ,Two 0ne way Key , Galvanometer , Two way key ,Ammeter , Voltmeter , Standard cell , Resistance box andConnecting Wires.
WORKING FORMULA:
]
1L
2
L[SESV , ]
1L
2
L
SR
SE
[SI
WhereVSis the calculated voltageESis the E.M.F of standard cellRSis the standard resistance.L1is the balancing length for Standard cell is in circuitL2is the balancing length for R 2is in circuit
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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OBSERVATIONS:
1. Least count of standard ammeter = ______ Amp
2. Least count of standard voltmeter =_________ Volts3. E .M . F of standard cell = E S = __________ Volts
4. Value of standard resistance = RS = _______ Ohms.
5. Balancing length when Standard cell is in circuit L1 = ___ cm
CALCULATIONS:
S.No
BalancingLength
whenR Sis incircuit
L2
Voltage
VSVoltmeterReading
V
Current
ISAmmeterReading
I
Difference
[ VSV ]
Difference
[ IS I ]
cm volts volts amps amps volts amps
1.
2.
3.
4.5.
]
1L
2
L[
SE
SV
VS =
VS = _________ volts
]
1L
2
L
SR
SE
[SI
IS =
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RESULT:
The given ammeter and voltmeter have been calibrateda by using a potentiometer
Teachers signature
]
1L
2
L[
SE
SV
VS =
VS = _________ volts
]
1L
2
L
SR
SE
[SI
IS =
]
1L
2
L[
SE
SV
VS =
VS = _________ volts
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PRECAUTION: All connections should be neat and tight. Short and thick connecting wires should be used. The jockey must have sharp edge.
Avoid the sliding of jockey on the wire rather it should begently tapped over it. The current through the potentiometer should be passed
while taking readings.. The plugs of resistance box should be tight in their gaps. Positive terminal of the batteries B1& B2and standard EScell
should be connected to the same end of the potentiometerwire.
Emf of the battery B1should be greater than emf of the
battery B2or the standard cell.The rheostat R 1once set should not be changed through outthe experiment.
Care should be taken in handling the apparatus.
SOURCES OF ERROR :Loose connections Error due to the sliding of jockey on the wire. Use of long and thin connecting wires may add more
resistance in the circuit. Loose plugs in the resistance box . Jockey may not be of sharp edge . Fluctuation of current in the circuit.
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EXPERIMENT NO . 7
OBJECT:To determine the low resistance of the given coil by
Carey foster bridge.APPARATUS: Meter bridge, Galvanometer, Two resistanceboxes, Given coil , Fractional resistance box , Cell, One way keyand Connecting wires.
THEORY: Carey foster bridge is a modified form of meter bridgehaving four gaps across which resistances X , P , Q , and Y areconnected. P and Q are two equal resistances X is the unknownlow resistance and Y is the known resistance.If the balance point C is obtained at a point L1 cm from the end A ,then
]i-[-----------]
1L100[Y
1
LX
Q
P
Where is the resistance per cm length of the wire and and are the end resistance at A and B respectively.If X and Y are interchanged and the balance point is obtained atpoint L2 from the end A then
]ii-[-----------]
2L100[X
2
LY
Q
P
From equation [ I ] and equation [ ii ]
100YX
2
LY
100YX
1
LX
QP
P
As the denominator s are equal therefore
X + L 1 + = Y + L 2 +
XY = L 1 + [ L 2 + ]
XY = L 1 + L 2
XY = [ L 1 L 2 ]
X = Y + [ L 1 L 2 ] -------------------- [ iii ]
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Thus X can be determined if L 1 , L 2 and are knownFor finding the resistance per cm of the wire , make X = 0 byclosing gap NO 1 by a copper shorting strip and balance point isobtained at L 1. Now copper strip X and Y are interchanged and
the balance point is obtained at L 2 then equation [ iii ] can bewritten as
0 = Y + [ L 1 L 2 ]
[ L 1 L 2 ] = Y]
2L
1L[
Y
WORKING FORMULA:
]2
L1
L[
Y
, X = Y + [ L 2L 1]
Whereis the resistance per cm length of the given wireXis theunknown low resistance.Yis the known resistance.L 1is thebalance point from end AL2 is thebalance point from end A when X and Y are
interchanged
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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OBSERVATIONS: FOR DETERMINATION OF [ The resistance per cm of the wire ]
Resistance P = _____ Ohms , Resistance P = ______ Ohms
S.NO Y Distance of balancing pointfrom A with shorting strip in]
2L
1L[
Y
Mean
L1 L2
Ohm cm cm Ohm / cm Ohm /cm
1.
2.
3.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATIONS:
FOR DETERMINATION OF UNKNOWN LOW RESISTANCE
Resistance P = _____ Ohms , Resistance P = _____ Ohms
S.NO Y Distance of balancing pointfrom end A X = Y + [ L
2L 1 ]
L1 L2Ohm cm cm Ohm
1.
2.
3.
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CALCULATIONS:
]
2
L
1
L[
Y
Ohms / cm
]
2
L
1
L[
Y
Ohms / cm
]2
L1
L[
Y
Ohms / cm
MEAN
3
Ohms / cm
X = Y + [ L 2L 1]
= + [ ]
= +
= +
= ____________ Ohms
X = Y + [ L 2L 1]
= + [ ]
= +
= +
= ____________ Ohms
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Actual Value = 0 . 3 Ohms
100ValueActual
ValueCalculatedValueActualErrorOfPercentage
100
3
rrorfercentage
Percentage of error = ________________ %
RESULT:
The unknown low resistance of the given coil by Careyfoster bridge is calculated to be ____________ Ohms.
Percentage of error = ________________ %
Teachers signature
X = Y + [ L 2L 1]
= + [ ]
= +
= +
= ____________ Ohms
MEAN
X
3
= ____________ Ohms
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PRECAUTION:
All connections should be neat and tight. Short and thick connecting wires should be used.
The jockey must have sharp edge. Avoid the sliding of jockey on the wire rather it should begently tapped over it.
The current through the bridge should be disconnected whilereversing the key.
The current through the potentiometer should be passedwhile taking readings..
The plugs of resistance box should be tight in their gaps. Care should be taken in handling the apparatus.
SOURCES OF ERROR :
Loose connections Error due to the sliding of jockey on the wire. Use of long and thin connecting wires may add more
resistance in the circuit. Loose plugs in the resistance box . Jockey may not be of sharp edge . Fluctuation of current in the circuit.
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EXPERIMENT NO . 8
OBJECT: To determine the value of two unknown resistances by
using a potentiometer and verify the law of combination ofresistances in series or parallel.
APPARATUS: Potentiometer , Jockey , Two Rheostat , Battery,Two 0ne way Keys , Galvanometer , Two way key , Resistancebox , Two unknown resistances , Two cells and Connecting Wires.
WORKING FORMULA:
1L
]1
L2
L[Rr
Where r is theunknown resistance.R is the known resistance.L1is thebalancing length for R.L2is thebalancing length for (R + r ).
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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OBSERVATIONS:
KnownResistance
R
Un knownResistance
r
Balancinglength for
RL1
balancinglength for
( R + r )L2
Un knownResistance
r
1
L
]1
L2
L[R
MeanUn knownResistance
r
Ohms Ohms Cm Cm Ohms Ohmsr 1
r 2
r 1 + r 2
2r
1
1r
1
CALCULATIONS:
FOR [ r1 ]
1L
]1
L2
L[Rr
r = ____________ Ohms
FOR [ r1 ]
1L
]1
L2
L[Rr
r = ____________ Ohms
2
rrrMean
2
rMean
Mean r = ____________ Ohms
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FOR [ r2 ]
1L
]1
L2
L[Rr
r = ____________ Ohms
FOR [ r2 ]
1L
]1
L2
L[Rr
r = ____________ Ohms
2rrrMean
2
rMean
Mean r = ____________ Ohms
FOR [ r1 + r2]
1L
]1
L2
L[Rr
r = ____________ Ohms
FOR [ r1 + r2]
1L
]1
L2
L[Rr
r = ____________ Ohms
2
rrrMean
2
rMean
Mean r = ____________ Ohms
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FOR [2
r
1
1r
1
]
1L
]1
L2
L[Rr
r = ____________ Ohms
FOR [2
r
1
1r
1
]
1L
]1
L2
L[Rr
r = ____________ Ohms
2
rrrMean
2
rMean
Mean r = ____________ Ohms
Verification of seriescombination Put[ r1 & r2]
from known resistance
[ r1 + r2]
er
re = ___________ Ohms
Verification of parallelcombination Put[ r1 & r2]
from known resistance
2r
1r
2r
1r
e
r
er
er
re = ___________
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RESULT:
Un known resistance r 1 = ____________ OhmsUn known resistance r 2 = ____________ Ohms
For series combination
Observed value [ r 1 + r 2] = ____________ OhmsCalculated value [ r 1 + r 2] = ____________ Ohms
For parallel combination
Observed value [2r
1
1r
1 ] = ____________ Ohms
Calculated value [2
r
1
1r
1 ] = ____________ Ohms
Teachers signature
PRECAUTION: All connections should be neat and tight. Short and thick connecting wires should be used.The positive terminal of the battery and that of cell must be
connected to the terminal on zero side of the potentiometer. The emf of the main battery E1 should be greater than E 2
used.Never insert K1& K2simultaneously. The current should remain constant for each set of
observation. The current should be passed only for the duration it is
necessary otherwise the balance point will keep onchanging.
The jockey must have sharp edge. Avoid the sliding of jockey on the wire rather it should be
gently tapped over it. Care should be taken in handling the apparatus. The plugs of resistance box should be tight in their gaps.
SOURCES OF ERROR :Loose connections. Error due to the sliding of jockey on the wire. Use of long and thin connecting wires may add more
resistance in the circuit. Loose plugs in the resistance box . Jockey may not be of sharp edge . Fluctuation of current in the circuit.
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EXPERIMENT NO . 9
OBJECT:To determine the work function of a metal by using a
sodium light.APPARATUS: Photo electric cell , Sodium light , Battery ,Rheostat , One Way key , Four way key or Reversing key , Microammeter , Voltmeter and Connecting wires.
WORKING FORMULA:
e
0
V
c
unc t iono rk ,
Whereis the function of the given metal.his thePlanks Constantc is the velocity of lightis the wavelength of sodium lightV0 is thestopping potentiale is the charge on an electron.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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OBSERVATIONS:
Least count of voltmeter = ________________________ volts.
Least count of micro ammeter = ____________________ amp.
Planks Constant = h = 6.625 10 34joulessec
Velocity of light = c = 3 10 8 m / sec. or 3 10 10 cm / sec.
Wavelength of sodium light = = 5893 = 5893 10 10 m
Charge on an electron = e = 1.6 1019 Coulomb.
S.NO
Distance of sodium lamp fromPhoto cell _____________cm
Voltmeterreading
Volts
Micro ammeterreadingDivisions
1.
2.
3.
4.5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
CALCULATIONS:
Stopping Potential from graph V 0 = ___________ Volts
e
0
V
c
unct iono rk
19
0
10
0893
8
0
4
10.625
Work Function = ___________________
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GRAPH BETWEENPHOTO CURRENT & APPLIED
VOLTAGE
Along Xaxis
One small division = ________ Volts
Along YaxisOne small division = ________ Amp
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RESULT:
The work function of a metal by using a sodium light iscalculated to be _______________________ Electron volts.
Teachers signature
PRECAUTION:
All the connections should be tight and clean. Distance between the source and the photo-cell should be
kept unchanged for one set of observations. The applied voltage should be changed in small and regular
steps. A V.T.V.M. if available, should be used in place of voltmeter. To increase the life of the photo-cell, its window should be
closed, when it is not in use.
SOURCES OF ERROR :
Loose connections
Change of distance between the source and the photocell
during the experiment.
Voltage flections
Use of a simple voltmeter.
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EXPERIMENT NO . 10
OBJECT:To determine the ionization potential of mercury.
APPARATUS: A mercury diode with base, Voltmeter, Microammeter, Rheostat , One Way key , Power supply and Connectingwires.
THEORY: Thebreaking of an atom in an electron and positivelycharged ions is called ionization. Ionization can be brought aboutby bombarding an atom by fast moving particles such as electrons.The electron must be accelerated to certain definite energy forgiven type of atoms. It will be seen that electron having sufficientlyenergy can break off the loosely leave outermost electrons of thetarget atom. This will correspond to a sudden increase in platecurrent. The ionization potential is therefore defined as themaximum accelerating potential which is required to accelerate theelectrons so that they can ionize the target.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATIONS:
Least count of voltmeter = ________________________ volts.
Least count of micro ammeter = ____________________ amp.
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S.NO
Anode Voltage[ Plate Voltage ]
Volts
Anode Current[ Plate Current ]
Amp1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
CALCULATIONS:
Actual Value = 13 Volts
100ValueActual
ValueCalculatedValueActualErrorOfPercentage
100
13
3
rrorfercentage
Percentage of error = ________________ %
RESULT:
The ionization potential of mercury is calculated to be_______________________ Volts.
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GRAPH BETWEENAPPLIED VOLTAGE & CURRENT
Along XaxisOne small division = _______ Volts
Along YaxisOne small division = _______ Amps
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PRECAUTION:
The connections should be tight and clean. The current passed through the filament should not be morethan its related value.
A high resistance voltmeter should be preferred. If the anode current is larger, use a milli ameter in place of
micro ammeter.
SOURCES OF ERROR :
Loose connections
Use of low resistance voltmeter.
Voltage flections
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EXPERIMENT NO . 11
OBJECT: To set up half and full wave rectifier and study their
waveforms on an oscilloscope. Also study the effect of smoothingcircuit ( filter circuit ) on ripple voltage.
APPARATUS: Four point contact diodes , 6V step downtransformer , A high resistance of 10 Kilo Ohms , Capacitor ,Inductors, Cathode Ray Oscilloscope.
THEORY : The conversion of an alternating current in to directcurrent is called rectification. This is very conveniently achieved bydiodes. A circuit which is used for rectification is called a rectifier.To make the out put waveform from a study voltage we use asuitable combination of capacitor and inductor in the circuit whichare known as filters. The equation for ripple factor is given
RCrf34
1F.RFactoeRipple ---------------------- [ 1 ]
3006-10100012034
1F.RFactoeRipple
31234
1F.RFactoeRipple
004.0F.RFactoeRipple
12)c.dI
rmsI
(F.RFactoeRipple -------------------- [ 2 ]
Where I r m s= Root mean square value of A.C currentI d.c = Value of D.C current
For full wave rectification Integrating equation [ 2 ] we get
T
0 2
0I
dt2irms
I and T
0
0I2
dtid.cI
For half wave rectification the values of I r m s and I d .c are given
as under2
0I
rmsI and
0I
d.cI
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FOR HALF WAVE RECTIFICATION
Now putting the values of I r m s and I d .c in equation [ 2 ] weget
12)
0I
0I
(F.RFactoeRipple 2
12)2
(F.RFactoeRipple
4680.1F.RFactoeRipple R . F = 1 . 211FOR HALF WAVE RECTIFICATION
Now putting the values of I r m s and I d .c in equation [ 2 ] weget
12)
0I22
0I
(F.RFactoeRipple
12)22
(F.RFactoeRipple
2340.0F.RFactoeRipple R . F = 0 . 483
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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OBSERVATIONS:
FOR HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
SHAPE OF WAVE FORM
In Put Waveform Out Put Waveform Un filtered
Peak value = E0= _____ Volts Peak value = E0= _____ Volts
SHAPE OF WAVE FORM WHEN DIODE IS INVERTED
In Put Waveform Out Put Waveform Un filtered
Peak value = E0= _____ Volts Peak value = E0= _____ Volts
SHAPE OF WAVE FORM WHEN DIODE IS INVERTED
In Put Waveform Out Put Waveform Filtered
Peak value = F0= _____ Volts Peak value = F0= _____ Volts
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d.c out put = F0= _____ Volts d.c out put = F0= _____ Volts
FOR FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
SHAPE OF WAVE FORM
In Put Waveform Out Put Waveform Un filtered
Peak value = E0= _____ Volts Peak value = E0= _____ Volts
SHAPE OF WAVE FORM WHEN DIODE IS INVERTED
In Put Waveform Out Put Waveform Un filtered
Peak value = E0= _____ Volts Peak value = E0= _____ Volts
SHAPE OF WAVE FORM WHEN DIODE IS INVERTED
In Put Waveform Out Put Waveform Filtered
Peak value = F0= _____ Volts Peak value = F0= _____ Volts
d.c out put = F0= _____ Volts d.c out put = F0= _____ Volts
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GRAPH BETWEENVOLTAGE & CURRENT
Along Xaxis
One small division = _______ Volts
Along YaxisOne small division = _______ Amps
FOR HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
After changing the polarity
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GRAPH BETWEENVOLTAGE & CURRENT
Along Xaxis
One small division = _______ Volts
Along YaxisOne small division = _______ Amps
FOR FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
After changing the polarity
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RESULT :
The waveforms of half and full wave rectifier on anoscilloscope have been studied.
Also studied the effect of smoothing circuit ( filter circuit ) onripple voltage.
Teachers signature
PRECAUTION:
Care should be taken in connecting the diodes whose N-typeends is marked with red spot or arrow.
V.T.V.M. and C.R.O. must be earthed properly. While observing input waveform crystal diodes must be
disconnected.
SOURCES OF ERROR :
Loose connections
The Ntype ends of diodes are not marked properly
Voltage flections
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EXPERIMENT NO . 12OBJECT: To study the characteristics of an RLC series oracceptor circuit by plotting a response curve. Determine the
resonant frequency , band width and Q factor of the circuitAPPARATUS: Voltmeter, Micro ammeter, Rheostat , One Waykey , Power supply and Connecting wires.
WORKING FORMULA:
CL2
1
rfFrequencyResonant
1f
2ff WidthBand
frf
WidthBand
FrequencyResonantfactorQFactorQuality
Where f r is the resonant frequency.
Lis the inductance.C is the capacitance.f is the band width. f 1& f 2are the frequencies where the response falls to
0.707 of its maximum value.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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OBSERVATIONS:
Resistance R = _______ Ohms.
Inductance L =________ m Henry =________ Henry
Capacitance C = ______ f. = ___________ Farad.
S.NO
Frequency ( f ) Current in the circuit Logf
CPS or HZAmp
01.02.
03.04.
05.06.07.08.09.10.
CALCULATIONS:
Actual Value =
CL2
1
rf
142.32
1
rf
142.321
rf
1
rf
Hertzrf
1f
2ff
f
f Hertz
f
rf
factorQ
factorQ
factorQ
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100ValueActual
ValueCalculatedValueActualErrorOfPercentage
100rrorfercentage
Percentage of error = ________________ %
RESULT:
The characteristics of an acceptor circuit have been studied. It is seen that we get maximum output when the resonant
frequency is applied across the series combination of L , C
and R.The resonant frequency fris calculated to be _______ hertz. The calculated value of resonant frequency is near about the
observed value. The value of inductance L in the circuit is calculated to be
__________Henry.Band width f = ____ hertz and Qfactor = _________
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GRAPH BETWEENLOG f & CURRENT I
Along XaxisOne small division = _______ Hertz
Along YaxisOne small division = ________ Amp
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PRECAUTION:
Suitable set of inductance (L) and capacitance (C) should beselected and their values should be known.
The connection should be tight and clean. The AVO meter should be adjusted for suitable range beforeswitching on the circuit.
The selected range of the AVO meter should not be changedfor the whole set of observations.
Frequency from the oscillator should be changed in regularsmall steps.
The naked wires should not be touched, when the circuit ison.
SOURCES OF ERROR :
Loose connectionsVoltage flections. Necked wire should not be touched when the switch is on. Before starting the experiment get the circuit checked by
your teacher
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EXPERIMENT NO . 13
OBJECT: To study the characteristics of an RLC parallel or
rejector circuit by plotting a response curve. Determine theresonant frequency , band width and Q factor of the circuit
APPARATUS: Voltmeter, Micro ammeter, Rheostat , One Waykey , Power supply and Connecting wires.
WORKING FORMULA:
CL2
1rfFrequencyResonant
1f
2ff WidthBand
frf
WidthBand
FrequencyResonantfactorQFactorQuality
Where f r is the resonant frequency.Lis the inductance.C is the capacitance.f is the band width. f 1& f 2are the frequencies where the current rises to 1.414
times of the minimum current
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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OBSERVATIONS:Resistance R = _______ Ohms.
Inductance L =________ m Henry =________ Henry
Capacitance C = ______ f. = ___________ Farad.
S.NO
Frequency ( f ) Current in the circuit Logf
CPS or HZAmp
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
07.
08.
09.
10.
CALCULATIONS:
Actual Value =
CL2
1
rf
142.32
1
rf
142.32
1
rf
1
rf
Hertzrf
1f
2ff
f
f Hertz
frf
factorQ
factorQ
factorQ
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100ValueActual
ValueCalculatedValueActualErrorOfPercentage
100rrorfercentage
Percentage of error = ________________ %
RESULT:
The characteristics of an rejecter circuit have been studied. It is seen that we get minimum output when the resonant
frequency is applied across the parallel combination of L , C
and R.The resonant frequency fris calculated to be _______ hertz. The calculated value of resonant frequency is near about the
observed value. The value of inductance L in the circuit is calculated to be
__________Henry.
Band width f = ____ hertz and Qfactor = _________
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GRAPH BETWEENLOG f & CURRENT I
Along XaxisOne small division = _______ Hertz
Along YaxisOne small division = ________ Amp
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PRECAUTION:
Suitable set of inductance (L) and capacitance (C) should beselected and their values should be known.
The connection should be tight and clean. The AVO meter should be adjusted for suitable range beforeswitching on the circuit.
The selected range of the AVO meter should not be changedfor the whole set of observations.
Frequency from the oscillator should be changed in regularsmall steps.
The naked wires should not be touched, when the circuit ison.
SOURCES OF ERROR :
Loose connectionsVoltage flections. Necked wire should not be touched when the switch is on. Before starting the experiment get the circuit checked by
your teacher
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EXPERIMENT NO . 14
OBJECT: To plot the characteristics curve of a semi conductordiode. Determine the forward and reverse impedances[Resistances].
APPARATUS: Voltmeter, Micro ammeter, Rheostat , One Waykey , Power supply and Connecting wires.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATIONS:
Least count of voltmeter = ______________________ volts.
Least count of micro ammeter = __________________ amp.
Least count of milli ammeter = ___________________ m amp.
S.NO
Forward Bias Reverse Bias
Voltage Current Voltage Voltage
Volt Milli ampere Volt Microampere01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
07.
08.
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GRAPH BETWEENVOLTAGE V & CURRENT I
Along XaxisOne small division = _______ Volts
Along YaxisOne small division = ________ Amp
0
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RESULT:
The characteristic curves for a ( p n ) junction ( both forforward bias and reverse bias ) have been drawn.
It is seen that when the junction is forward biased with asmall potential difference it allows large current (in milliamperes ) but when it is reverse biased with a large potentialdifference small current ( in micro amperes ) passed throughit
Teachers signature
PRECAUTION:
The connections should be neat clean and tight.The AVO meter should be adjusted for suitable range before
switching on the circuit. The applied voltage never exceed the rated value of the semi
conductor diode. Care should be taken in connecting the diode whose N
type end is marked with red spot or arrow. Voltage should be changed in small and regular steps.The naked wires should not be touched, when the circuit is
on.SOURCES OF ERROR :
Loose connectionsVoltage flections. The applied voltage exceed the rated value of the semi
conductor diode. Necked wire should not be touched when the switch is on. Before starting the experiment get the circuit checked by
your teacher
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EXPERIMENT NO . 15
OBJECT:To study the static characteristics of a given transistor in
common emitter mode.APPARATUS: Given transistor ( provided with base resistance ,also called biasing resistance ), Micro ammeter, Milli ammeter , Asmall Power supply, Two Way key and Voltmeter
THEORY: A transistor consists of germanium or silicon crystal inwhich a layer of Ntype germanium is sand witched between twolayers of P type germanium. This is forming as P N Ptransistor. Similarly a transistor in which a layer of P typegermanium is sad witched between the two layers of N typegermanium is called NPN transistor. A transistor consists ofthree parts which are emitter , base and collector. The transistorcan be connected in the circuits normally in three ways.
Common Emitter configurationCommon Base configurationCommon Collector configuration
First one is forward biased junction. The second is reverse biasjunction. A junction is said to be forward biased if the positiveterminal of the battery is connected to the P type region and thenegative terminal is connected to the Ntype region of transistor.Similarly if the positive terminal of the battery is connected to theN type region and the negative terminal is connected to thePtype region of transistor is called reverse biased junction.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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OBSERVATIONS:
[ FOR INPUT CHARACTERISTICS ]
KEEPING COLLECTOR TO AMMETER VOLTAGE VCE ISCONCTANT
S.NO
VCE = 0 Volt VCE = 4 Volt VCE = 8 Volt
VBE IB VBE IB VBE IB
VoltAmp Volt Amp Volt Amp
01.
02.03.
04.
05.
[ FOR OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS ]
[ KEEPING BASE CURRENT I B IS CONCTANT ]
S.NO
I B = 0 A I B= 20 A I B= 40 A I B= 60 A
VCE IC VCE IC VCE IC VCE IC
Volt m A Volt m A Volt m A Volt mA01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
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GRAPH BETWEENCollector To Emitter Voltage V CE
&Collector Current IC
Along Xaxis
One small division = _______ Volts
Along YaxisOne small division = ________ Amp
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GRAPH BETWEENBase Current IB
&Collector To Emitter Voltage V CE
Along Xaxis
One small division = _______ Volts
Along YaxisOne small division = ________ Amp
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RESULT:
The input characteristic curves ( between VBEand IBkeepingVCE is constant ) and output characteristic curves ( between
VCEand ICkeepingIBis constant ) have been drawn. It is seen from these curves that a small change in base
current produces a large change in collector current IC.
Teachers signature
PRECAUTION:
Do not apply base more than 3 volts and collector voltagemore than 12 volts.
Carefully observed the polarities of the power supplies andterminals of the transistor.
Avoid rough handling the transistor otherwise it may be
damaged. While making or breaking any connections both the power
supplies should be disconnected. Before connecting a transistor in to a circuit one should
carefully identify the base ,emitter and collector terminals.
SOURCES OF ERROR :
Loose connections.
Voltage fluctuation. Un correct connection of a transistor in the circuit. Base voltage may be more than 3 volts. Collector voltage may be bore than 12 volts. Necked wire should not be touched when the switch is on. Before starting the experiment get the circuit checked by
your teacher
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EXPERIMENT NO . 16
OBJECT: To determine the Planks constant by using a
spectrometer and hydrogen discharge tube.APPARATUS: Spectrometer ,Diffraction grating , Hydrogendischarge tube and Sprit level.
WORKING FORMULA: Planks constant can be calculatedas
31])
2n
1
22
1(
C
2k4em22[hConstantsPlank'
N
Sind
Where
h is the Planks constantm is the mass of the electrone is the charge of the electronk is the Coulombs constant for electrostatic forceis the wave length of lightn is the color of the spectral linedis the grating elementis the angle of diffractionNis the order of image
OBSERVATIONS:1. Least count of stop watch = 1 minute.
2. Number of lines ruled on the grating = ________lines /inch.
3. Grating element = ][
cm2.54
linesofno
inch1d =______cm
4. Mass of an electron = m = 9.1072 10 31 Kg.
5. Charge on an electron = e = 1.6 10 19 coul.
6. Coulombs constant for electrostatic force =k = 9 10 9
Nm 2/coul 2
7. Speed of light = c = 3 108
m / sec. or 3 1010
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cm / sec.FOR RED SPECTRAL LINE
S
NO
Order
OfImage
Lines
Diffractionreading on
Difference
OfReadings
2= AB
Angle of
diffraction
Wave
length
Rightside[ A ]
Leftside[ B ]
deg deg deg deg cm
1. I D1
2. I I
D2
FOR BLUE SPECTRAL LINES
NOOrder
OfImage
LinesDiffractionreading on
DifferenceOf
Readings
2= AB
Angle ofdiffraction
Wavelength
Rightside[ A ]
Leftside[ B ]
deg deg deg deg cm
1. I D1
2. I I D2
FOR VIOLET SPECTRAL LINE
SNO
OrderOf
Image
LinesDiffractionreading on
DifferenceOf
Readings
2= AB
Angle ofdiffraction
Wavelength
Rightside[ A ]
Leftside[ B ]
deg deg deg deg cm
1. I D1
2. I I D2
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CALCULATIONS:
Planks constant for red spectral line [ n = 3 ]31
])23
1
22
1
(Cr
2k4em22
[hConstantsPlank'
Planks constant for red spectral line [ n = 4 ]
31])
24
1
22
1(
Cb
2k4em22[hConstantsPlank'
Planks constant for red spectral line [ n = 5 ]31])
25
1
22
1(
Cv
2k4em22[hConstantsPlank'
Actual Value = h = 6.625 10 34 Js.
100ValueActual
ValueCalculatedValueActualErrorOfPercentage
RESULT: The Planks constant by using a spectrometer and hydrogen
discharge tube is calculated to be ____________ Js.
Teachers signature
PRECAUTION:
All adjustment of the spectrometer must be correctly made. The grating should be adjusted in the vertical plane and the
rulings on it should also be made vertical. In measuring the angle, the left of the image should coincide
with the vertical cross-wire for positions of telescope on
either side of the central image. The light should be incident on that side of the grating onwhich there is no rulings. This is done to obtain no refractionafter deflection has taken place.
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Slit may mot sharp. Spectrometer may not be properly adjusted.
Turn table may not be properly adjusted.