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England in the Middle Ages 1066-1485

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Page 1: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

England in the Middle Ages

1066-1485

Page 2: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire:Monks in monasteries in Cork,

Ireland, who learned and copied the ancient writings and kept knowledge alive

Emperor Charlemagne (from what is now France) had books copied in decorative script and Illuminated (illustrated)

Page 3: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

Small KingdomsNo form of governmentFear of the Vikings

Page 4: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

The Normans Change EnglandWilliam and his progeny remain dukes of

Norman and kings of EnglandFrench=language of aristocracyIntroduced feudalism, which displaced the

comitatus (a retinue of warriors attached to a king or chieftain)

Page 5: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

William the Conqueror and the Norman Influence

Duke of Normandy, cousin of Edward the Confessor, believed Edward had promised the throne of England to him

Harold, Earl of Essex, crowned king after Edward’s death

Norman Invasion, October 1066—Battle of Hastings

Language—Norman and Anglo-Saxon elements Middle English

Established Domesday Book (all landowners had to register their land for the king.)

Page 6: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

Feudal SystemStrong man (Lord of the

Manor) could build a castle or fort and would provide protection for others if they would fight for him.

Also provided agricultural land for his serfs

The manor formed the basic unit of feudal society

Page 7: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

Inheritance of feudal lordsOldest son got all the land and propertySecond son became a member of the church

clergy (and ruled his church area)

Page 8: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

SerfsPeasants who worked the lord's

land and paid him certain dues in return for the use of land

The Lord of the Manor and his serfs were bound legally, economically, and socially.

Serfs formed the lowest social class of feudal society

Page 9: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

CastlesRound WallsSmall windows Thick walls

Page 10: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

CathedralsNew style—Gothic

Pointed archesFlying buttressesMany windows with

intricate stained glassRibbed vaulting inside

Page 11: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

Growth of ChurchThe Church came to rule over the

feudal lords and their subjectsNobles and serfs didn’t belong to

a country but did belong to area governed by the church

Church was the powerDominated philosophy, art, music,

and architecture

Page 12: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

Knights in Shining ArmorCode of Chivalry;

influenced life, art, and literature

Military service to lordTrained from early age

(page, squire, “knighted”:Upon knighthood, titled

“Sir”

Page 13: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

Women in Medieval SocietyNo political rightsSubservient to husband,

father, or brotherHusband or father’s social

standing determined hersPeasant women:

childbearing, housework, hard field work

Noblewomen: childbearing and household supervision

Page 14: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

Chivalry: system of deals and social codes governing the behavior of knights and gentlewomen

Loyalty to KingFight for honor; Brave and CourteousFaithful to GodTrue to lady love

Page 15: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

Knightly VirtuesProwessCourageHonestyLoyaltyGenerosityFaithCourtesyFranchise (nobility)

Page 16: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

Courtly LoveNon-sexualWear lady’s colors in battleGlorify her in words, be

inspired by herLady remain pure and out of

reach, set above the admirer

Page 17: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

Courtly LovePreviously women had been

treated as slaves or possessions—seldom as objects of romantic love

Arranged marriagesMen married to merge lands.

If he wanted love, he looked elsewhere

Page 18: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

Rise of the RomanceWomen idealized, but position

in society not improvedRomance: a new form of

literature about a hero, who often has the help of magic, who undertakes a quest to conquer an evil enemyExample: Sir Gawain and the

Green KnightKing Arthur stories

Page 19: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

Medieval CitiesUpper, middle, and lower

classes outside feudal systemOwn tastes in the arts and

ability to purchase “art of the people”

EntertainmentBallads: story songs sung in

alehouses and by firesidesMystery and miracle plays

performed by guilds or craft unions

Fabliaux—bawdy tales like “The Miller’s Tale”

Page 20: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

Major EventsThe Crusades (1095-1270)The Martyrdom of Thomas a Becket (1170)The Magna Carta (1215)The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)The Black Death (1348-1349)Wars of the Roses (1455-1485)

Page 21: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

The CrusadesBegan in 1097 for purpose of

recapturing Jerusalem from the infidels (varied with the crusade, mostly Muslims)

The amazing thing is the Crusades pulled together a disorganized chaotic population

Contact with Middle Eastern civilization MathematicsAstronomyArchitectureCrafts

Page 22: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

Crusades: Bad aspectsEach Crusade became ineffectiveMan died on way, taken and sold as slaves in

Egypt, or died in battleStarting a Crusade became a political thing for

lords to do; religious motive was secondary

Page 23: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

Crusades: Good AspectsOrganized people with a driving purposeChristianity grew to the major power in the

western worldOpened up trade between western world and

eastern worldIn part, responsible for the Renaissance

Page 24: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

Martyrdom of Thomas Becketc. 1118-1170Norman chancellor (prime

minister) to King Henry IIKing was a vassal to Christian

church; pope very powerfulHenry appointed Becket as

Archbishop of CanterburyBecket took his job seriously, sided

with popeFour of Henry’s knights murdered

Becket in the cathedral at Canterbury

Becket canonized as saint

Page 25: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

The Magna CartaKing John forced to sign

in 1215Granted certain rights to

his baronsBasis for English

constitutional lawTrial by juryLegislative taxationRestrictions on royal

power

Page 26: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

The Hundred Years’ WarEngland and FranceBased on weak claims to French throne by

Edward III (reigned 1327-1377) and Henry V (reigned 1413-1422)

Unsuccessful for English, but fostered development of British nationalism

Representation shifts from knight to yeoman; chivalry lives on mainly in romances

Page 27: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

The Black DeathReturned around 1346 ADProbably Bubonic plagueSpread by fleas from infected ratsReduced population of England by

1/3 Contributed to the end of Middle

Ages in EnglandLabor shortageLower classes had more bargaining

powerFreedom for serfs, end of feudalismPeasant Revolt 1381

Page 28: 1066-1485. Two things credited with saving western civilization after the fall of the Roman Empire: Monks in monasteries in Cork, Ireland, who learned

Wars of the RosesDispute over throne between children of

Edward IIIJohn of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster (red rose)Edmund Duke of York (white rose)

Civil War until Henry Tudor (distant cousin of Lancaster) married Richard III’s niece, uniting the families

Established the Tudor dynasty and ended the Plantagenet dynasty—which ushered in the Renaissance in England


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