A SEMINAR ON TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE

SUBMITTED BY PULIVARTHI BHARGAVI(104P1A0139)

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction History Design Elements of Hindu temple Different styles of architecture Conclusion Glossary References

INTRODUCTION Every style of building construction

represents a particular culture and era. The word temple is from latin word

templum, it is a structure reserved for religious or spritual activities.

In other words temple is describe a “house of worship”.

The word architecture is from latin word architectura, is the both process & product & planning, designing of buildings.

INTRODUCTION The Hindu temples commonly known as

mandir in hindi & derived from sanskrit word mandira.

In some areas temple is also called as kovil or devasthana.

The Hindu temple architecture is developed from the creativity of sapthapatis and shilpis.

In India all Hindu temples follows the architecture defined in “shilpa shastras”.

HISTORY The temple is a representation of

macrocosm(the universe) as well as microcosm(the inner space).

Main forms and styles of hindu temples were established during 600-800 AD.

Magadha empire rose with the shishunaga dynasty around 650 BCE.

Vedic books describes the plan of temple to be square.

DESIGN The main article in designing the temple

is vastu shastra. Vastu shastra is a science of

construction which is based on directional alignments.

There are five basic elements of vastu shastra are pancha maha bhoota. (earth,water,air,fire,space)

The temple architecture is designed on by understanding the effectiveness of these pancha maha bhoota.

ELEMENTS OF HINDU TEMPLE In design/plan of a temple several

elements are considered, 1. JAGATI Jagati is a term used to refer a raised surface, platform upon which temple is placed. 2. ANTARALA

Antarala is a small antichamber between garbhagriha and mandapa, more typical of north Indian temples.

SIMPLIFIED SCHEME OF A HINDU TEMPLE

HINDU TEMPLE WITH ELEMENTS

ELEMENTS OF HINDU TEMPLE3.Mandapa

. Ardha mandapam

. Asthana mandapam

. Kalyana mandapam

. Maha mandapam

. Nandi mandapam4. Sreekovali or garbhagriha

This is the part in which the idol of diety in a Hindu temple is placed.

ELEMENTS OF HINDU TEMPLE5. Sikhara(or) vimanam

Sikhara or vimanam literally means mountain peak. Rising tower over the sanctum sanctorum where presiding deity is enshrined.6. Gopuram

Gopuras are elaborate gateway-towers of south Indian temples, not to be confused with sikharas.7. Urushringa

An urushringa is a subsidary sikhara, lower and narrower, tied against the main shikhara.

STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE

NAGARA ARCHITECTURE

NAGARA ARCHITECTURE

In nagara architecture tower gradually inclines inwards in a convex curve.

This style is widely distributed over a greater part of India.

The best example of nagara architecture is kandariya mahadeva temple.

DRAVIDIAN ARCHITECTURE

.Dravidian architecture having four different parts.

.vimana

.mandapas

.gopurams

.chaultris. Best example of Dravidian architecture is tirumala.

BADAMI CHALUKYA ARCHITECTURE Badami chalukya architecture originated during 450 CE in aihole and perfected in pattadakal and badami. Period of badami chalukyas was a glorious era in history of Indian architecture. Example virupaksha temple.

GADAG ARCHITECTURE The gadag style of architecture is also called western chalukya architecture. This style originated during the period of kalyani chalukyas. The best example of gadag is trikuteshwara temple.

KALINGA ARCHITECTURE The design which is flourished in eastern Indian style of architecture Best example of the kalinga architecture is jagannath temple in puri.

MARU-GUJARA TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE Maru-gujara temple architecture originated somewhere in 6th century in and around areas of Rajasthan. This architecture is entirely western Indian architecture and Is quite different from north Indian temple architecture.

CONCLUSION The diversity of Indian culture is evident

from the different forms of artistic expressions in its built heritage.

Among them is the temple architecture of India which has given India a truly magnificent form of architecture.

GLOSSARY Adhisthana ----- Moulded base or "plinth" of a Dravida

temple. Amalaka ----- A flat fluted disc like stone representative

of the holy fruit of "amala", usually at the summit of the Shikhara.

Antarala ----- Vestibule, chamber in front of shrine or cella.

Ardha Mandapa ----- Chamber before the min "mandapa" or hall. atman the soul

Garbhagriha ----- Literally "the womb", the most sacred inner sanctum of the temple where the deity is enshrined.

Gopurams ----- Monumental South Indian temple gateway shilpis ------ Sculptor sikhara ------ Literally mountain peak but generally the spire

or tower over north Indian Hindu temple. stapati ------ Chief architect Upanishad ----- The Hindu texts

REFERENCES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_templ

e_architecture http://www.indotemple.com/page/hindu-

temple-architecture http://www.cs.okstate.edu/~subhashk/E

arlyArchitecture.pdf