10.4 Plant Reproduction

* Indicates Vocab Word

Stages of Plant Life Cycle Plants have complex life cycles that

include 2 different stages:

1) The sporophyte stage

2) The gametophyte stage

Plant Stages: *Sporophyte During this stage the plant produces

spores

These spores develop into the next stage: the Gametophyte

Plant Stages: *Gametophyte During this stage 2 kinds of sex cells are

made:

1) Sperm Cells 2) Egg Cells

Fill out the cycle on the next page when done copying

Plant Life CycleAll plants go through two stages in their life cycle. Which are the sporophyte and gametophyte stages?

Sporophyte Stage

Gametophyte Stage

Plant Life Cycles Plants are based on the length of their

life cycle There are three main types:

1)*Annuals 2)*Biennials 3)*Perennials

Plant Life Cycles *Annuals: flowering plants that

complete a life cycle within one growing season

Ex: marigolds, petunias, wheat, and Cucumbers

Plant Life Cycles *Biennials: Angiosperms that complete

their life cycle in two years 1st Year: The plant germinates and grows

roots, short stems and leaves 2nd Year: The stems lengthen, new

leaves grow, flowers and seeds are produced

Ex: Parsley, Celery, and foxglove

Plant Life Cycles *Perennials: Flowering plants that live

for more than two years (most flower every year)

Ex: Apples, Kale, Watercress

Plant Reproduction All plants undergo sexual reproduction

that involves fertilization

*Fertilization-occurs when a sperm cell unites with an egg cell

*Zygote-the name for a fertilized egg

Sexual Reproduction Fertilization can only occur in some

plants if water is present in the environment

The sperm cells swim to the egg via water Ex. Algae

Other plants have adaptions to fertilize in dry environments

Slower than Asexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction Many plants go through asexual

reproduction Only one parent and offspring are identical

to parent This does not involve flowers,

pollination, or seeds

Faster than Sexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction Because only 1 parent: populations grow

fast Negatives: no genetic variation

Grafting: part of a plants stem is cut and attached to another related plant species

Thus plants can now make more than 1 kind of fruit

Nonvascular and Seedless Vascular Plants Some plants need a very moist

environment to release spores The spores then grow to become

gametophytes When those produce eggs, the sperm needs

the moist environment to be able to swim to the eggs

Ex: Mosses, liverworts, hornworts, ferns, club mosses, horsetails

Nonvascular and Seedless Vascular Plants Spotlight: Fern The fronds are the sporophyte stage of

plant On the underside of mature ferns spores

develop in a spore case-wind/water carry these spores along distance

If the spore lands in moist shaded soil it will grow into a gametophyte

Gymnosperm Reproduction CycleExplain the steps of pollination and fertilization in the cycle.

*Cones-the reproductive structure of a gymnosperm

Pollination

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On Next PageFill in the chart For PollinationAnd Fertilization

Angiosperm Reproduction 1st pollen falls on a flowers stigma

Then the sperm cell and egg cell join together in the flowers ovule

After that the zygote develops into the embryo part of the seed

Angiosperms: Pollination A flower is pollinated when a grain of

pollen falls on the stigma

A flower is pollinated by the wind, or other animals (think back to pollinators from 10.3)

Angiosperms: Fertilization If the pollen falls on the stigma of a

similar plant fertilization can occur Sperm cells join with the egg cells inside

an ovule within the ovary A zygote then develops

Angiosperms: Fruit development and Seed Dispersal *Fruit- the ripened ovary and other

structures of an angiosperm that enclose one or more seeds

Fruits are the means by which angiosperm seeds are dispersed; animals dispers seeds when they eat in one place and defecate in an other

Ex: apples, cherries, tomatoes, squash

Angiosperm ReproductionReproduction in angiosperms begins with flowers.