101 lecture 20 income inequality and poverty
TRANSCRIPT
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Microeconomics Lecture 20
Income Inequality and Poverty
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The internet is the most powerful idea creation and
testing factory
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011
Patents Population
Ideas Grow Faster than Population
Ideas grow exponentially
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Rate/Period 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2% 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.20 1.22
5% 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.16 1.22 1.28 1.34 1.41 1.48 1.55 1.63
10% 1.00 1.10 1.21 1.33 1.46 1.61 1.77 1.95 2.14 2.36 2.59
25% 1.00 1.25 1.56 1.95 2.44 3.05 3.81 4.77 5.96 7.45 9.31
50% 1.00 1.50 2.25 3.38 5.06 7.59 11.39 17.09 25.63 38.44 57.67
100% 1.00 2.00 4.00 8.00 16.00 32.00 64.00 128.00 256.00 512.00 1,024.00
The Power of Compounding
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0
300
600
900
1200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Rate/Period
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2% 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.20 1.22
5% 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.16 1.22 1.28 1.34 1.41 1.48 1.55 1.63
10% 1.00 1.10 1.21 1.33 1.46 1.61 1.77 1.95 2.14 2.36 2.59
25% 1.00 1.25 1.56 1.95 2.44 3.05 3.81 4.77 5.96 7.45 9.31
50% 1.00 1.50 2.25 3.38 5.06 7.59 11.39 17.09 25.63 38.44 57.67
100% 1.00 2.00 4.00 8.00 16.00 32.00 64.00 128.00 256.00 512.00 1,024.00
The Power of Compounding
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Intellectual
Financial Physical
Human
Culture
Entrepreneur
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What capital was used to create the iPhone?
Why wasn’t the iPhone created in Syria?
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Income isunequal
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Remember:income must be
created before it can be distributed or
redistributed
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Earning Income
Distributing IncomeWho makes it
Who gets it
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Distributing Income
Redistributing IncomeEarner distributes it
Government takes from earner and
distributes
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Fairness
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Milton Friedman(1912 - 2006)
Fairness is not an
objectively determined
concept
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Fairness
Two Definitions
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Redistributive Fairness
It is fair to equalize rewards.
Inequality is inherently
unfair.
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Meritocratic Fairness
Fairness means matching reward to merit.
Forced equality is inherently unfair
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The worst form of inequality is to try to make unequal things
equal.
– Aristotle
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THE REAL QUESTION is not whether fairness
mattersit does...
but which definition is correct for public policy.
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Quiz1. What is Redistributive Fairness?
2. What is Meritocratic Fairness?
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How you slice the pie
determines the size of
the pie
Culture
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Chinaswitched
the fairness definition in1989
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QuintileLine up by income
One-Fifth
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Perfect Equality
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
Bottom 20% 4th 20% 3rd 20% 2nd 20% Top 20%
45%
21%
15%
11%8%
Income Inequality by QuintileMiddle East North Africa (MENA)
Percentof
Income
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Poverty LineA level of income set by the government below which is deemed to be in poverty
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Poverty RateThe percentage of the
population living below the poverty line
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Percent Below Poverty Line
Egypt 20
Gaza 70
Iran 18
Iraq 25
Jordan 14
Syria 12
UAE 19
Yemen 45
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$0
Age
The Income Lifecycle
Born Die
Go to Work
Peak at 50
Retire-
+
LevelSpending
EarningVaries
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Consumption GapTop 20%
to Bottom 20%Unadjusted
Income 15 x
After Taxes 14 x
Consumption 4 x
Household Size 2 x
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What percent of millionaires inherited their
wealth?20% Inherited
80% Earned
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What would you rather be?
Rich in poor countryor
Poor in a rich country
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Who is richer?
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Price Drop since 1953 - 90 Percent
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Price Drop since 1953 - 90 Percent
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Contact Lenses
1971 95 hours
1997 4 hours
- 96%
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1954
30,000 SAR2013
3,000 SAR
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Cell Phone Internet Air Conditioner Jet Travel Medicine
2013 vs. 1953Entertainment Car Housing Food Opportunities
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Your Income
AverageIncome
A 100,000 100,000
B 200,000 300,000
C 50,000 25,000
Absolute or Relative?
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What should the government do about
income inequality?
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Government can make income more equal
Distorts incentivesAlters behavior
Less efficient allocation
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How much inequality?
What can government do?
How to help the poor
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Utilitarianismthe government
tries to maximize total utility
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Utilitya measure of happiness or satisfaction
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If you take from the rich and give to the
poorboth have less
incentive to work
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If you take 25% from the A student and give
to the F student
both have less incentive to study
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Libertarianismthe government should enforce contracts and punish crimes but not redistribute income
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Libertarianismthe process is more important than the
outcomes
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Libertarianismif the process is just
then the outcome is fair regardless of the
inequality