10.1 © 2004 pearson education, inc. exam 70-290 managing and maintaining a microsoft® windows®...

10.1 © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Exam 70-290 Managing and Maintaining

a Microsoft® Windows® Server 2003 Environment

Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP

Goals

Understand networking concepts Understand network protocols Identify the fundamentals of TCP/IP Configure TCP/IP Examine IP addressing in TCP/IP Troubleshoot TCP/IP Examine Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

(DHCP)





Introducing Networking Concepts

Basic concepts and terminology To understand how communication occurs in a Windows

Server 2003 network, you must first understand some basic networking concepts, including several definitions ProtocolPacketsNetwork interface card (NIC)Network Driver Interface Specifications (NDIS)

(Skill 1)





Introducing Networking Concepts (2)

Basic concepts and terminology Protocol

Provides a set of rules and standards for data transfer Computers must share at least one common protocol to

exchange data Defines the methods of formatting data into discrete units, called

packets (also known as datagrams, segments, or frames), transfers these units across networks, and provides the rules for interpreting them

IP packet Consists of three sections: header, data, and footer (also known

as the trailer) Packets are sent and received through network media

(Skill 1)






Basic concepts and terminology Network media

Consists of physical wiring that can be made of copper, fiber-optic, or even wireless (radio wave-based or infrared) media

This wiring is connected to a network interface card in the computer

Network interface card (NIC) A computer can have more than one NIC installed Each NIC has a unique address called the media access control

(MAC) address assigned by the manufacturer of the NIC Each NIC has a set of software drivers, which follow the NDIS

standard for API development, to encode and decode data

(Skill 1)





Figure 10-1 Packet Structure

(Skill 1)






Basic concepts and terminology Binding

A process that configures a protocol to make use of a specific NIC

Provides information about available network services that client computers can use to make connections over a network

During the installation of Windows Server 2003, each protocol that is installed is bound to the NIC

Network Driver Interface Specifications (NDIS) allows you to bind multiple protocols to a NIC and enables each protocol to send information on the same network

(Skill 1)






Basic concepts and terminology Binding order

Establishes the protocol to use first when a network connection is established

The client computer in an exchange determines the protocol to use to establish the connection

You can manually change the binding order of the protocols to enhance network performance

(Skill 1)






Basic concepts and terminology Networks are classified into three types based on the

location and proximity of the computersLocal Area Network (LAN): Used to connect computers,

printers, and other devices in the same physical location or within a limited geographic area, such as an office building

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): When you connect two or more LANs within the same city, the resulting network is known as a MAN

Wide Area Network (WAN): When you connect two or more geographically separated LANs or MANs, the resulting network is called a WAN

(Skill 1)






Basic concepts and terminology Network topologies

The cables that join computers in a network can have different layouts called network topologies

Network topologies are often separated into two typesPhysical network topology describes how the devices are

cabled Logical network topology describes the logical path each

packet will take across the network

(Skill 1)







In a bus/bus (physical bus, logical bus) topology, such as 10Base-2 or Thin Ethernet, the nodes (all devices that are capable of communicating on the network) are wired in a bus, meaning they all connect to the same physical cable

This type of physical topology requires that each end of the bus be terminated to prevent signals from rebounding at the end of each bus and causing signal errors

This is also a logical bus, because each data transmission must pass through each computer regardless of the final destination

(Skill 1)





Introducing Networking Concepts ( 9)


In a physical ring topology, adjacent devices are connected and the nodes are arranged in a circular shape

Each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it, and no terminator is necessary, which is sometimes referred to as a closed loop configuration

Messages travel around the ring and each node will receive all messages, but each node only listens to messages that are addressed to it

(Skill 1)





Figure 10-2 Changing the binding order

Use the Up and Down arrow

buttons to change the order in

which protocols are bound to the

NIC

(Skill 1)





Figure 10-3 Bus network topology

(Skill 1)





Figure 10-4 Ring network topology

(Skill 1)






Basic concepts and terminology Routable protocols

Can route through LANs and WANs via a router Examples include TCP/IP and NWLink

Routable protocolsCan only be used on a local subnetExamples include NetBEUI and Data Link Control (DLC),

which are quickly becoming obsolete

(Skill 1)






Basic concepts and terminology Transport protocols

Connection-oriented protocol Establishes a confirmed connection with the destination computerTransfers data in three steps: connection establishment, data

transfer, and connection releaseConnectionless protocol

No connection is established between the communicating devicesNo notification that the data packets were receivedConnectionless protocols are like delivering mail where a letter is

dropped into the mailbox without confirming that the letter has reached its destination

(Skill 1)





Figure 10-5 DLC Protocol for Windows XP

Supported by Windows XP,

Windows XP Professional, and

Windows Server 2003

(Skill 1)





Figure 10-6 Connection-oriented protocols

(Skill 1)





Introducing Network Protocols

All versions of Windows Server 2003 support the installation of the following protocolsTCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)AppleTalkNWLink IPX/SPX/NetBIOS Compatible Transport protocolMicrosoft TCP/IP version 6Network Monitor DriverReliable Multicast Protocol

(Skill 2)





Figure 10-7 Windows Server 2003 network protocols

(Skill 2)





Identifying the Fundamentals of TCP/IP

TCP/IP protocol Consists of a suite of protocols used to provide

connectivity across operating systems and hardware platforms

Is scalable, which means you can implement it in different types of networks, from small offices to large corporations

Is the core protocol for the Internet Provides reliable data transfer because it is a routable

protocol

(Skill 3)





Identifying the Fundamentals of TCP/IP (2)

TCP/IP suite of protocols Based on a four-layered conceptual model called the

DOD (Department of Defense) model Layers

Network Interface Layer Internet LayerTransport Layer Application Layer

(Skill 3)





Figure 10-8 The DOD model

(Skill 3)






Network Interface Layer (DOD model) Physical layer Places TCP/IP packets on the network medium and

receives them off the network medium Also known as the Network Access Layer Located at the base of the DOD model

(Skill 3)






Internet Layer (DOD model) Responsible for addressing and routing IP datagrams Each packet being sent or received is called an IP datagram An IP datagram contains information about the source and destination

addresses that are used to transfer data between computers on a network and across networks

Supported protocols Internet Protocol (IP) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)

(Skill 3)






Transport Layer (DOD model) Provides the Application layer with session and datagram

communication services The connection is established between the

communicating computers using the following protocolsTCPUDPPragmatic General Multicast (PGM)

(Skill 3)






Application Layer (DOD model) Located at the top of the DOD model Enables applications to access the services of the other

layers Defines the protocols that applications must use to

exchange data Common Application Layer protocols

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Telnet

(Skill 3)






OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model Another model used to conceptualize network

communications Uses a seven-layered networking framework In this model, data transmission begins at the Application

layer in the sending device and moves layer by layer to the bottommost Physical layer

Each layer in the DOD model corresponds to one or more layers in the OSI model

(Skill 3)






OSI model layers Application (Layer 7) provides services to applications Presentation (Layer 6) converts data Session (Layer 5) enables data transport Transport (Layer 4) supplies control for all communications Network (Layer 3) manages logical addressing and routing Data Link (Layer 2) supplies error control and handles data frames Physical (Layer 1) connects the networking component to the media

used to transmit data

(Skill 3)





Figure 10-9 The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model

(Skill 3)





Figure 10-10 Data flow in the OSI model

(Skill 3)





Figure 10-11 The OSI model and the TCP/IP protocol suite

(Skill 3)






Application layer (DOD model) Corresponds to the Application, Presentation and

Session layers is the OSI model Provides services that are used to access and manage

resources on TCP/IP networksDNS (Domain Name System)Routing Information Protocol (RIP)Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

(Skill 3)






Application layer (DOD model) Allows applications to access the services provided by

TCP/IP protocols through application programming interfaces (APIs)An API consists of a set of functions and commands that

are called by an application code to perform network functions

Examples of APIs Windows Sockets (Winsock) .NET Framework classes

(Skill 3)





Configuring TCP/IP

TCP/IP protocol is installed by default during the installation of Windows Server 2003

You need to configure the TCP/IP parameters to enable communication between hosts on your network

Two addressing schemesStatic IP addressing scheme in which you have to

manually assign IP addresses to every network hostDynamic IP addressing, in which an IP address is assigned

to a host each time it logs on to the network

(Skill 4)





Configuring TCP/IP (2)

Static IP addressing TCP/IP parameters to configure

IP address: A 32-bit number divided into 4 octets with two parts Network ID (also known as the network address) identifies all hosts

on the network Host ID identifies a specific host

Subnet mask: A 32-bit value that distinguishes the network ID from the host ID, regardless of whether classful or classless IP addresses are being used

Default gateway: The default router for a TCP/IP host, which is used to access any network that is not specifically defined in the host’s routing table

(Skill 4)





Configuring TCP/IP (3) Names associated with a computer

Host name is used for computers that use DNSNetBIOS name is used for older Windows networks

Name resolution is a process used to map computer names to IP addresses

NetBIOS name resolution methodsBroadcastLMHOSTs fileWINS

Host name resolution methods HOSTs fileDNS

(Skill 4)





Configuring TCP/IP (4)Guidelines for planning the IP addressing scheme The IP address range 127.0.0.0-127.255.255.254 cannot be used

It is set aside for IP loopback function, which is used to diagnose network connectivity problems

Use the Ping utility with any loopback address to determine if the local host is correctly configured to connect to the TCP/IP network

There are several groups of reserved IP addresses (private addresses) These can only be used on private networks They cannot be used on the Internet

IP addresses in the range of 169.254.0.0-169.254.255.255 are reserved for Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)

(Skill 4)





Figure 10-13 The Local Area Connection Properties dialog box

Click to open the Internet

Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties

dialog box

(Skill 4)





Figure 10-14 The Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box

Use to manually enter a static IP

Address for a preferred and an

alternate DNS server

(Skill 4)





Introducing IP Addressing in TCP/IP

Computers that use the TCP/IP protocol must have an IP address that identifies them on the networkAn IP address is a 32-bit number that is written as four

octets separated by periods Each octet is an 8-bit binary number, which represents a

decimal number in the range 0-255To convert an IP address to a binary number, you must

understand that each octet is written in base 10 and must be converted to base 2

(Skill 5)





Introducing IP Addressing in TCP/IP (2)

Classful IP addressing The first major addressing scheme used for the Internet Address classes

Class A: Has an 8-bit network ID hosts per network; supports up to 126 networks with up to 16,777,214 hosts per network

Class B: Has a 16-bit network ID; supports up to 16,384 networks with up to 65,534 hosts per network

Class C: Has a 24-bit network ID; supports up to 2,097,152 networks with up to 254 hosts per network

Class D: Used for multicasting applications Class E: Used for experimental purposes

(Skill 5)






Subnet mask Breaks up an IP address into the network ID and host ID To determine the network ID, you perform what is

referred to as a logical AND operation between the IP address and the subnet mask

You can add additional bits to the default subnet mask for a particular class to subnet a network

When you subnet a network, you are simply splitting it up into smaller networks

(Skill 5)






Classless IP addressing When you use an IP address with a subnet mask that is not one of

the defaults and you perform the logical AND operation, the result is that the host bits are broken up into two parts: a subnet ID and a host ID

This type of IP addressing is called classless IP addressing Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

The Internet routing method that uses classless IP addressing to allow for the more flexible and efficient allocation of IP addresses

CIDR notation uses a slash followed by the number of bits in the network ID; the number following the slash notation is referred to as the network prefix

(Skill 5)





Figure 10-15 Converting Decimal to Binary

(Skill 5)





Figure 10-16 Each resource on a network has a different host ID

(Skill 5)





Figure 10-17 Classless IP Addressing

(Skill 5)





Figure 10-18 Determining Subnets

(Skill 5)





Figure 10-19 Subnet Ranges

(Skill 5)





Troubleshooting TCP/IP

Troubleshooting utilities Included with Windows Server 2003 to solve

communications problems Hostname Ping Pathping Ipconfig Tracert Arp Route

All run from the command prompt

(Skill 6)





Troubleshooting TCP/IP (2)

Hostname displays the host name for the local computer Ping

Verifies the host computer can connect to the TCP/IP network

Diagnoses network connectivity problemsYou enter the IP address or the name of the computer you

are testing for connectivity using the syntax ping IP_address or ping host_name

(Skill 6)





Figure 10-20 The ping loopback command

(Skill 6)






Arp is used to display and modify the IP address to physical address (MAC address) translation tables used by Address Resolution Protocol

IpconfigProvides information about the host computer

configuration, IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway

You can display a summary of the TCP/IP configuration of your computer by typing ipconfig at the command prompt

(Skill 6)





Figure 10-21 Using the arp –a command to view the contents of the ARP cache

(Skill 6)





Figure 10-22 Using the Ipconfig command to display a summary

of the TCP/IP configuration

(Skill 6)






TracertUsed to search the route taken when data is transferred

between communicating devicesProvides information about the links where communication

failedDisplays the Fully Qualified Domain Name, if possible, and

IP address of each gateway along the route to a remote host

(Skill 6)






PathpingA combination of Ping and TracertProvides a statistical analysis of results over a period of

time, generally around 25 seconds per hopThe time period can vary depending upon how many jumps

must be analyzedDisplays the computer name and IP address for each jump Calculates the percentage of lost/sent packets to each

router or link, making it easier to determine where the network problem is located

(Skill 6)






Route Used to display and modify the local routing tableYou can use it to set the route you want packets to take to

a particular network, including the default gatewayTo display the routing table on your computer, type route

print at the command prompt

(Skill 6)





Figure 10-23 Using Route print to display the routing table on your computer

(Skill 6)





Figure 10-24 Ipconfig /all

(Skill 6)





Figure 10-25(a) Using Tracert—two different paths to same end host

(Skill 6)





Figure 10-25(b) Using Tracert—two different paths to same end host

(Skill 6)





Figure 10-26(a) Using Pathping—two different paths to same end host

(Skill 6)





Figure 10-26(b) Using Pathping—two different paths to same end host

(Skill 6)





Introducing Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

Many network administrators prefer to automate the process of assigning IP addresses Avoids assigning duplicate IP addressesSaves time

You automate, centralize, and simplify the process of allocating IP addresses using the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

(Skill 7)





DHCP server database information Pool of IP addresses (the scope) Configuration parameters, such as the address of a

default gateway, a DNS server, and a WINS server either for each scope or for all scopes

Duration of the lease for each scope offered by the DHCP server

Introducing Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) (2)

(Skill 7)





With a DHCP server installed and configured on your network, DHCP clients can obtain their IP address and related configuration parameters dynamically each time they boot up and when half of the DHCP lease time has expired

A DHCP lease is the amount of time that the DHCP server allows the DHCP client to use a particular IP address

The DHCP lease process occurs in four stepsDHCPDISCOVERDHCPOFFERDHCPREQUESTDHCPACKnowledgement

Introducing Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) (3)

(Skill 7)





Figure 10-27 Releasing and renewing an IP address

(Skill 7)





Figure 10-28 Adding a networking service

Click to open the

Networking Services

dialog box

(Skill 7)





Figure 10-29 Adding the DHCP service

(Skill 7)





Figure 10-30 Creating a new scope

(Skill 7)





Figure 10-31 The IP Address Range screen

Enter the start and

end IP addresses

for the scope

(Skill 7)





Figure 10-32 The Domain Name and DNS Servers screen

Click to resolve the DNS

server name to its IP

address, and enter it in the IP

address text box

(Skill 7)





Figure 10-33 Activating a scope

(Skill 7)





Figure 10-34 Authorizing the DHCP server

(Skill 7)

10.1 © 2004 pearson education, inc. exam 70-290 managing and maintaining a microsoft® windows®...

Documents

network skill

microsoft windows server

basic networking concepts

network protocols

network media skill

terminology network

environment lesson

pearson education