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100 µm 200 µm 20 µm (a) Reproduction (b) Growth and development (c) Tissue renewal 1

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20 µm. 100 µm. 200 µm. (a) Reproduction. (b) Growth and development. (c) Tissue renewal. 20 µm. 0.5 µm. Chromosomes. DNA molecules. Chromo- some arm. Chromosome duplication (including DNA synthesis). Centromere. Sister chromatids. Separation of sister chromatids. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: 100 µm

100 µm 200 µm 20 µm

(a) Reproduction (b) Growth and development

(c) Tissue renewal

1

Page 2: 100 µm

20 µm

2

Page 3: 100 µm

0.5 µm Chromosomes

Chromosomeduplication(including DNAsynthesis)

Chromo-some arm

Centromere

Sisterchromatids

DNA molecules

Separation ofsister chromatids

Centromere

Sister chromatids

3

Page 4: 100 µm

S(DNA synthesis)

MITOTIC(M) PHASE

Mito

sis

Cytokinesis

G1

G2

4

Page 5: 100 µm

G2 of Interphase

Centrosomes(with centriolepairs)

Chromatin(duplicated)

Nucleolus Nuclearenvelope

Plasmamembrane

Early mitoticspindle

Aster Centromere

Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids

Prophase Prometaphase

Fragmentsof nuclearenvelope

Nonkinetochoremicrotubules

Kinetochore Kinetochoremicrotubule

Metaphase

Metaphaseplate

Spindle Centrosome atone spindle pole

Anaphase

Daughterchromosomes

Telophase and Cytokinesis

Cleavagefurrow

Nucleolusforming

Nuclearenvelopeforming

5

Page 6: 100 µm

Microtubules Chromosomes

Sisterchromatids

Aster

Metaphaseplate

Centrosome

Kineto-chores

Kinetochoremicrotubules

Overlappingnonkinetochoremicrotubules

Centrosome 1 µm

0.5 µm

6

Page 7: 100 µm

EXPERIMENT

Kinetochore

RESULTS

CONCLUSION

Spindlepole

Mark

Chromosomemovement

Kinetochore

MicrotubuleMotorprotein

Chromosome

Tubulinsubunits

7

Page 8: 100 µm

Cleavage furrow100 µm

Contractile ring ofmicrofilaments

Daughter cells

(a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM) (b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (TEM)

Vesiclesformingcell plate

Wall ofparent cell

Cell plate

Daughter cells

New cell wall

1 µm

8

Page 9: 100 µm

Chromatincondensing

Metaphase Anaphase TelophasePrometaphase

Nucleus

Prophase1 2 3 54

Nucleolus Chromosomes Cell plate10 µm

9

Page 10: 100 µm

Origin ofreplication

Two copiesof origin

E. coli cellBacterialchromosome

Plasmamembrane

Cell wall

Origin Origin

10

Page 11: 100 µm

(a) Bacteria

Bacterialchromosome

Chromosomes

Microtubules

Intact nuclearenvelope

(b) Dinoflagellates

Kinetochoremicrotubule

Intact nuclearenvelope

(c) Diatoms and yeasts

Kinetochoremicrotubule

Fragments ofnuclear envelope

(d) Most eukaryotes

11

Page 12: 100 µm

Experiment 1 Experiment 2

EXPERIMENT

RESULTS

S G1M G1

M MSS

When a cell in theS phase was fused with a cell in G1, the G1 nucleus immediatelyentered the Sphase—DNA was synthesized.

When a cell in theM phase was fused with a cell in G1, the G1 nucleus immediatelybegan mitosis—aspindle formed andchromatin condensed,even though thechromosome had notbeen duplicated.

12

Page 13: 100 µm

SG1

M checkpoint

G2M

Controlsystem

G1 checkpoint

G2 checkpoint13

Page 14: 100 µm

G1

G0

G1 checkpoint

(a) Cell receives a go-ahead signal

G1

(b) Cell does not receive a go-ahead signal

14

Page 15: 100 µm

M G1S G2

M G1S G2

M G1

MPF activity

Cyclinconcentration

Time(a) Fluctuation of MPF activity and cyclin concentration during the cell cycle

Degradedcyclin

Cdk

G 1S

G 2

M

CdkG2

checkpointCyclin isdegraded

CyclinMPF

(b) Molecular mechanisms that help regulate the cell cycle

Cyclin

accum

ulation

15

Page 16: 100 µm

Petriplate

Scalpels

Cultured fibroblasts

Without PDGFcells fail to divide

With PDGFcells prolifer-ate

10 µm

16

Page 17: 100 µm

Anchorage dependence

Density-dependent inhibition

Density-dependent inhibition

(a) Normal mammalian cells (b) Cancer cells25 µm25 µm

17

Page 18: 100 µm

Tumor

A tumor growsfrom a singlecancer cell.

Glandulartissue

Lymphvessel

Bloodvessel

Metastatictumor

Cancercell

Cancer cellsinvade neigh-boring tissue.

Cancer cells spreadto other parts ofthe body.

Cancer cells maysurvive andestablish a newtumor in anotherpart of the body.

1 2 3 4

18


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