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1. 2. 2.1 17 18 : 2.2 2.3 Lamarck, Erasmus Darwin 3. 3.1 Darwin Wallace 3.2 4. Darwin 20 5. : 20 21 5.1 20 - - 5.2 20 - 5.3 - 21 6. 6.1 : 7. 8. 9.

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. . Goethe Herder11. , , (1). Werner12 Hutton13 , . , Lyell14 (5).

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2.3 O Lamarck, o Erasmus Darwin

18 19 . Jean Baptiste de Monet ( Lamarck) Georges Leopold Cuvier (5). Lamarck Flore Francaise, . Buffon Jardin du Roi , .

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(5). Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Sans Vertebres : -1 : . -2 : . -3 : . -4 : ,

( ).

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Lamarck

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) Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, . Cuvier, . Lamarck Saint-Hilaire . : , , . . , Cuvier ,

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. 1820, Lamarck , Charles Darwin. (5, 23c). Lamarck, Erasmus Darwin, Lichfield, Royal Society15.

, Lavoisier16 Lunar Society17. The Economy of Vegetation Zoonomia, (5). Erasmus . ,

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. Erasmus, Hutton, : , , , , , (5). Erasmus, .

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Lyell, . Principles of Geology, . Lyell . Elements of Geology, .

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Lyell Darwin . Darwin . Darwin Wallace , , (5, 17, 1).

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3.1 Darwin Wallace

19 Darwin . , , . Lyell . Lamarck, . (5, 17). , Darwin Wallace,

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. (5, 17) Darwin , , , . , HMS Beagle , Wallace . (6, 7, 8). The Origin of Species . 19 (22).

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(17). Pasteur24 Virchow Schwann ( ). A (13, 14). , 20 Sutton . 1960 (13, 14, 17). Morgan25 McClintock26 . Lederberg, Tatum Griffith27

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DNA (13, 14). 1953 Watson Crick28 DNA Chargaff

( ) Franklin Wilkins29 (13,14,17).

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5.1. 20 Mendel , . , , - , , . Morgan, Mendel. ,

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, . , , , , (9, 10, 17). Dobzhansky35 , Fisher, Haldane Wright36. 1937 Dobzhansky, Genetics and the origin of Species, . Mayr, G.G. Simpson, Rensch, Stebbins Ford (13,14).

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. Oparin37 (12, 13). Fox38 . (13). , , . (22).

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1

8.

1Dennis Diderot (1713- 1784): , , . Diderot . . (2)2

2Claude Adrian Helvetius () (1715- 1771): , . . (1758) 18 . (2)3

Carl Linnaeus () (1707- 1778): . . , Species Plantarum. . (5)4

: 18 . , . (17)5

: (18 ) , . (17)6

(1698- 1759): Buffon. , . . (17)7

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744- 1829): , Buffon. Lamarck Darwin.(5)8

Georges- Louis Leclerk, Buffon (1707- 1794): , 36 ( 8 ). , Buffon . , . . . (23c)9

Lord Monboddo: 18 , . . (2)10

Gottfried Leibnitz (1646- 1716): Newton. , , . (2)11

Johann Gottfried Herder: , . The Proper Study of Mankind . (2)

12

Abraham Werner (1794- 1817): . . (5)13

Scott James Hutton (1726- 1797): . Theory of the Earth . , o. (5)14

Charles Lyell: . Principles of Geology, . Lyell . Elements of Geology, . Darwin . (5)15

Royal Society of Science: . Newton, Dirac, Darwin, Kelvin . (5)16

Antoine- Laurent Lavoisier (1743- 1794): , , . Elements of Chemistry . (5)17

Lunar Society: 19 Erasmus Darwin, James Watt Benjamin Franklin. (5)18

: . Thomas Malthus , , . (2)19

Herbert Spencer (1820- 1903): , .(9)20

Thomas Haxley: 19 . . (5)21

Linnean Society 1788 , James Smith . Smith 3150 . (5)22

Mendel , . 1 (1 Mendel) 1 (2 Mendel). (13, 14 )23

Claude Bernard . , 19 . (17)24

Louis Pasteur (1822- 1895) . . (17)25

25 Mendel Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866- 1945). Drosophila ( ) . (13)

26

Barbara McClintock, , . Nobel 1983. (13)27

Lederberg Tatum (DNA) E. Coli. O Griffith DNA . (13, 14)28

James Watson Francis Crick: . 1953 DNA . Maurice Wilkins Nobel 1962. (13)29

Rosemund Franklin Maurice Wilkins: . DNA 1953 King s College Watson Crick. 1962 Wilkins Nobel Watson Crick, Franklin . Nobel . (13)30

DNA . . (17)31

1889 de Vris(1848- 1935) Intracellular Pangenesis Darwin . pangens, Darwin pangenesis. (13)32

: . . . (16)33

, . . (16) 34 Ernst Mayr (1904- 2005): Harvard. , 700 , Balzan Japan 20 . (9)35

Dobzhansky 1937 Genetics and the Origin of Species . : . (16)36

Fisher, Haldane Wright . (16)37

. . : 20 . , . . (12,13)38

Fox . (12, 13)39

. .40

Richard Dawkins (1941-): . . . Dawkins

. : , . (3)41

Motoo Kimura . . Crow. (3)42

. Northern blot, Southern blot . (13, 14)43

. (15)44

, , . (15)45

Theodor von Heldreich (1822-1902) . . 1851, , 1902. (15)46

( ). , . 1850 1854. (15)47

(1852- 1919) . 3 . ( ), : . (15)48

(1856- 1928) (1872- 1876), . 1926, . , . (15)49

Immanuel Kant (1724- 1804): . , , . . (2)50

Pierre Simon Laplace (1749- 1827): , , . . (5)51

Ernst Haeckel (1834- 1919) . . (9)

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8. Darwin C.: , , 2007 9.Mayr E.: , , 2002 10. Mayr E.: , , 2005 11. T. Lewens: Darwin, Routledge, 2007 12. . .: , , 1962 13. Darnell J. et al.: Molecular Cell Biology, 2nd edition, Scientific American Books, 1990 14. .: , 3 , 1995 15. .: , , 1993 16. .: , , 1998 17. Buican D.: , , 1996 18. The Works of Charles Darwin: Journal of Researches, Vol 2- 3, N.Y.U.P., 1987 19. Ospovat D.: The Development of Darwin s Theory, C.U.P., 1981 20. Sober E.: Philosophy of Biology, Westview Press, 1993 21. Young D.: The Discovery of Evolution, C.U.P., 1992

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Howard

J.:

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,

, 2006 23. Wikipedia The free encyclopedia Articles on: a. Charles Darwin b. Georges Louis Leclerc c. Jean - Baptiste Lamarck d. The Voyage with The Beagle 24. Salmon M. H. et al: , ... , 2005

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