10-taxonomy and major groups of bacteria.ppt

7/23/2019 10-taxonomy and major groups of bacteria.ppt

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2/84

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mpcjnkrir

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rxjnhjph plolplnbl omp gj`mpjxmp{ khlnxkokbjxkmn mo `jbxlpkj


3/84

Bgjrrkokbjxkmn Qpmblrr mo jppjncknc mpcjnkrir' mn xfl `jrkr mo rfjplh

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&qf{gmcln{5 lvmg|xkmnjp{ fkrxmp{ opmi j bmiimn jnblrxmp+ krqplolpplh

omp hlxlpiknknc xfl qf{gmclnlxkb plgjxkmnrfkqr imglb|gjp`kmgmc{ xlbfnkz|lr jpl |rlh Kn qpmdjp{mxlr jnh omrrkg

plbmphr jpl ijkng{ |rlh kn l|djp{mxlr Fkrxmpkbjgg{ qpmdjp{mxlr slpl bgjrrkoklh mn xfl `jrkr mo

xflkp qflnmx{qlr &impqfmgmc{' rxjknknc pljbxkmnr'`kmbflikrxp{' r|`rxpjxlr-qpmh|bxr' jnxkclnr' lxb.+

Imhlpn bgjrrkokbjxkmn kr `jrlh mn xfl clnmil &clnlxkb

knompijxkmn bjppklh kn clnlr+ sfkbf qpmvkhlr knompijxkmnmn xfl qf{gmclnlxkbr mo mpcjnkrir fmimgmcm|r clnlr &clnlr fjvknc bmiimn jnblrxmp+'

rqlbkjgg{ mpxfmfmimgmcr &clnlr `lgmncknc xm hkoolplnxrqlbklr `|x plxjknlh xflkp mpkcknjg o|nbxkmn+' jpl |rlh

:?R pPNJ clnl qplrlnx kn xfl rijgg r|`)|ikx mo xfl

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4/84

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Cpm|qknc xmclxflp mo bgmrlg{ plgjxlh rxpjknr knxm j rqlbkl

Cpm|qknc plgjxlh rqlbklr knxm j cln|r' plgjxlh clnlpj knxm jojikg{' plgjxlh ojikgklr knxm jn mphlp' plgjxlh mphlpr knxm j bgjrr'plgjxlh bgjrrlr knxm j hkvkrkmn mp qf{g|i jnh plgjxlh qf{gj knxm j

dknchmi bjxjgmc|knc mpcjnkrir knxm j xjmnmikb fklpjpbf{*Xjmn &j cpm|q mp bjxlcmp{ mo plgjxlh mpcjnkrir+

Rqlbklr' cln|r' ojikg{' mphlp' bgjrr' qf{g|i' dknchmi ljbf mnlmo xflrl kr dnmsn jr j xjmn &qg. xjj+

rqlbklrkr xjmn jx xfl gmslrx glvlg jnh hmijkn mp dknchmi kr

xjmn jx xfl fkcflrx glvlg Gmslp glvlg xjj `lbmil knbg|hlh kn xfl fkcflp glvlg xjj

ili`lpr mo j gmslp glvlg xjmn &l.c.' rqlbklr+ jpl impl rkikgjp xmljbf mxflp xfjn xfmrl mo fkcflp glvlg xjmn

ili`lpr mo j xjj jpl impl rkikgjp xm ljbf mxflp xfjn xm xfmrl mo jhkoolplnx xjmn jx xfl rjil fklpjpbfkbjg glvlg

Ko xsm mpcjnkrir jpl ili`lpr mo j rjil xjmn' mnl bjn knolpblpxjkn rkikgjpkxklr `lxslln xfl xsm mpcjnkrir

Xjmnmi{


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Hloknkxkmn mo rqlbklr

Rqlbklr bmnblqx jqqgkbj`gl xm l|djp{mxlr kr nmx jqqgkbj`gl xm

qpmdjp{mxlr J l|djp{mxkb rqlbklr kr j cpm|q mo mpcjnkrir xfjx knxlp`pllhr

`|x hmlr nmx `pllh skxf knhkvkh|jgr mo jnmxflp rqlbklr

Hloknkxkmn mo j qpmdjp{mxkb rqlbklr kr z|kxl hkookb|gx mpcjnkrir`lgmncknc xm xfl rjil rqlbklr i|rx rfjpl ijn{ qpmqlpxklr skxfljbfmxflp xfjn skxf mpcjnkrir mo jn{ mxflp rqlbklr

I|rx fjvl rkikgjp imgjp qlpblnxjcl mo C$B

HNJ i|rx rfms j iknki|i mo 31, pljrrmbkjxkmn

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2 hmijkn bgjrrkokbjxkmn qgjblr qpmdjp{mxlr |nhlp xsmhmijknr &`jbxlpkj kn mnl hmijkn jnh Jpbfjlj kn xfljnmxflp+

Xfkr bgjrrkokbjxkmn kr `jrlh mn rlz|lnbl mo pPNJ kn pk`mrmilr'xPNJ' qgjrij ili`pjnl gkqkh rxp|bx|pl jnh rlnrkxkvkx{ xm jnxk`kmxkbr

@lpcl{r Ijn|jg mo R{rxlijxkb @jbxlpkmgmc{ qpmvkhlr jrxjnhjph plolplnbl omp xfl bgjrrkokbjxkmn mo qpmdjp{mxlr

Xjmnmi{


6/84

Xjmnmi{\rknc hkbfmxmim|r dl{

Knvmgvlr |rl mo rqlbkokb bpkxlpkj qmrlh jr z|lrxkmnr omp jrrkcnknc jn

mpcjnkri xm j rqlbkokb xjmn Bpkxlpkj jpl jppjnclh jr j hkbfmxmim|r dl{ jnh xfl z|lrxkmnr jpl

fklpjpbfkbjgg{ jppjnclh e|rx jr xfl xjmnmikbjg bjxlcmpklr

Ljbf mo xfl z|lrxkmnr i|rx mng{ fjvl xsm qmrrk`gl jnrslprjnrslp omp mnl z|lrxkmn hlbkhlr qjxf omp xfl nlx z|lrxkmn

N|ilpkbjg xjmnmi{

J ilxfmh mo bgjrrkokbjxkmn mo mpcjnkrir |rknc j qmmg bfjpjbxlpkrxkbr

Gjpclp n|i`lp mo bfjpjbxlpkrxkbr knbpljrl jbb|pjb{ mo hlxlbxkmn morkikgjpkxklr jimnc mpcjnkrir bfmmrknc clnlxkb bfjpjbxlpkrxkbrlnj`gl |nhlprxjnhknc lvln xfl mo lvmg|xkmnjp{ plgjxkmnrfkq

Nm mnl bfjpjbxlpkrxkb kr bmnrkhlplh jr impl kiqmpxjnx xfjn mxflpr )

jgg bfjpjbxlpkrxkbr jpl slkcfxlh lz|jgg{ Rkikgjpkx{ Bmlookbklnx kr om|nh `lxslln xfl bmiqjplh rxpjknr jnh

|rlh kn xfl bgjrrkokbjxkmn

Xfl mpcjnkri kr bmiqjplh jcjknrx rlvlpjg bmnxpmg rqlbklr omp ji|gxkx|hl mo bfjpjbxlpkrxkbr jnh plr|gxr jpl qplrlnxlh kn xfl ompi morbmplr `jrlh mn xfl rfjplh qpmqlpxklr cpm|qknc kr bjppklh m|x

Cpljxlp xfl rkikgjpkx{ bmlookbklnx' bgmrlp plgjxlhnlrr kr knolpplh.


7/84

Nmilnbgjx|pl

Xfl r{rxli mo jrrkcnknc njilr xm mpcjnkrir jnh xm xjj Njilr bjn `l opmi jn{ gjnc|jcl `|x xfl{ i|rx `l gjxknkulh

&njil kr kxjgkulh xm knhkbjxl xfjx kx kr gjxknkulh+

Njil bjn `l lkxflp hlrbpkqxkvl mp kx bjn `l kn fmnmp mo j plgjxlhrbklnxkrx

Rxjqf{gmbmbb|r j|pl|r&rxjqf{gmbmbb|r plolpr xm xflbg|rxlplh jppjnclilnx mo bmbbk blggr jnh j|pl|r plolpr xm xflbmgm|p mo xfl bmgmn{+

Lrbflpkbfkj bmgk &Lrbflpkbfkj plolpr xm xfl njil mo xflhkrbmvlplp Xflmhmp Lrbflpkbf jnh bmgk plolpr xm xfl knxlrxknjgfj`kxjx mo xfl mpcjnkri+

Rbklnxkokb nmilnbgjx|pl &`knmikjg nmilnbgjx|pl+ mompcjnkrir

Gknnjl|r kr plrqmnrk`gl

Ljbf mpcjnkri kr jrrkcnlh skxf xsm njilr &xsm gmslp glvlgxjj' cln|r jnh rqlbklr+

_kp|rlr jpl lblqxkmnr omp `knmikjg nmiknbgjx|pl

Xjmnmi{


8/84

P|glr omp jrrkcnknc njilr jpl lrxj`gkrflh-q|`gkrflh `{

Knxlpnjxkmnjg Bmiikxxll mn R{rxlijxkb @jbxlpkmgmc{ omp `jbxlpkj

Knxlpnjxkmnjg Bmhl omp @mxjnkbjg Nmilnbgjx|pl omp o|nck / jgcjl

Knxlpnjxkmnjg Bmhl mo Ummgmckbjg Nmilnbgjx|pl omp qpmxmumj

P|glr omp xfl `knmiknjg nmilnbgjx|pl

Kn xfl njil cln|r njil bmilr okprx' / xfln xfl rqlbklr njil

Okprx glxxlp mo cln|r njil rfm|gh `l bjqkxjgkulh jnh plrx mo xflnjil rfm|gh `l spkxxln kn gmslp bjrl glxxlpr

Lnxkpl njil rfm|gh `l lkxflp kxjgkbkulh mp |nhlpgknlh&Lrbflpkbfkj bmgk+

Cln|r njil bjn `l j``plvkjxlh `{ kxr okprx glxxlp &bjqkxjgkulh+

bjn `l j``plvkjxlh mng{ ko |rlh kn bmne|nbxkmn skxf rqlbklr njil

&k.l.' L. bmgk+ omp jvmkhknc ji`kc|kx{ qpkmp xm xfl j``plvkjxlh njil' sfln |rlh

okprx' xfl njil skxfm|x j``plvkjxkmn i|rx `l |rlh

Cln|r njil bjn jgrm `l |rlh jgmnl' `|x nmx xfl rqlbklr njil&k.l.' "Lrbflpkbfkj'" jgmnl kr glckxkijxl sfkgl "bmgk" kr nmx+

Rxpjknr jpl knhkbjxlh `{ jhhknc n|i`lp jnh-mp glxxlp

&L. bmgkD:04 L. bmgk1:


9/84

Fklpjpbfkbjg Bgjrrkokbjxkmn

Xjmnmikb fklpjpbf{ rfmsr lvmg|xkmnjp{ mp

qf{gmclnlxkb plgjxkmnrfkqr jimnc mpcjnkrir

Xjmn Njil NjilHmijkn @jbxlpkj @jbxlpkj

Qf{g|i Qpmxlm`jbxlpkj RqkpmbfjlxlrBgjrr Cjiijqpmxlm`jbxlpkj RqkpmbfjlxlrMphlp Lnxlpm`jbxlpkjglr RqkpmbfjlxjglrOjikg{ Lnxlpm`jbxlpkjbljl RqkpmbfjlxjbljlCln|r Lrbflpkbfkj RqkpmbfjlxjRqlbklr bmgk qgkbjxkgkrRxpjkn5 M:


10/84

Bfjpjbxlpkujxkmn mo Qpmdjp{mxlr

Qpmdjp{mxlr jpl bfjpjbxlpkulh `{ impqfmgmckbjg' qf{rkmgmckbjg'ilxj`mgkb jnh clnlxkb oljx|plr

Impqfmgmckbjg oljx|plr5 Oljx|plr mo mpcjnkrir vkr|jgg{ qlpblkvlh xfpm|cf rxjknknc jnh

ikbpmrbmqkb ljiknjxkmn

Omp qpmdjp{mxlr impqfmgmckbjg hkvlprkx{ kr vlp{ gkikxlh

Rkul jnh rfjql mo blggr4 rkul jnh rfjql mo bmgmnklr4 rqmplr4rfljxfr' bjqr|gl jnh jqqlnhjclr4 rxjknknc &cpji jnh jbkh ojrx+bfjpjbxlpkrxkbr' lxb.

Qf{rkmgmckbjg oljx|plr5 Pjncl mo qf{rkbjg jnh bflikbjg lnvkpmnilnxjg bmnhkxkmnr |nhlp

sfkbf mpcjnkrir r|pvkvl mp gkvl

Omp qpmdjp{mxlr qf{rkmgmckbjg hkvlprkx{ kr vlp{ fkcf

Xliqlpjx|pl' gkcfx' qplrr|pl' m{cln' qF' lxb.Ilxj`mgkb oljx|plr5 Plolp xm fms mpcjnkrir ijdl xflkp gkvknc &bjp`mn rm|pbl' lnlpc{

rm|pbl' lglbxpmn hmnmpr jnh jbblqxmpr' lxb. omp xfli+

Olpilnxjxkmn mo rlglbxlh n|xpklnxr4 Qfmxmj|xmxpmqf{ jnh

qfmxmflxlpmxpmqf{ &|nkz|l omp qpmdjp{mxlr+4 bflimj|xmxpmqf{&|nkz|l omp qpmdjp{mxlr+ jnh bflimflxlpmxpmqf{4 lxb.


11/84

Clnlxkb oljx|plr

Plqplrlnx xp|l jnh flpkxj`gl bfjpjbxlpr mo mpcjnkrir qplrlnx knclnlr &HNJ rlz|lnblr+

Jgg impqfmgmckbjg' qf{rkmgmckbjg jnh ilxj`mgkb oljx|plr jplijnkolrxlh kn clnlxkb oljx|plr

Omp dnmsknc clnlxkb oljx|plr rmqfkrxkbjxlh lz|kqilnx jnhimglb|gjp `kmgmc{ xlbfnkz|lr jpl plz|kplh

Qflnmx{qkb jnh clnmx{qkb oljx|plr Impqfmgmckbjg' qf{rkmgmckbjg jnh ilxj`mgkb oljx|plr jpl

qflnmx{qkb

Qflnmx{qkb oljx|plr hlqlnh mn xfl qjxxlpnr mo clnl lqplrrkmn

Clnlxkb hkoolplnblr jimnc mpcjnkrir hm nmx jgsj{r ijnkolrxknxm qflnmx{qkb hkoolplnblr &hkoolplnblr kn clnl lqplrrkmnqmrrk`gl+

Qflnmx{qkb hkoolplnblr m`rlpvlh ij{ nmx jgsj{r `l h|l xm clnlxkbhkoolplnblr

Qflnmx{qkb hkoolplnblr jimnc mpcjnkrir ij{ nmx jgsj{r `l

iljr|pj`gl

Bfjpjbxlpkujxkmn mo Qpmdjp{mxlr


12/84

Bfjpjbxlpkujxkmn omp impqfmgmckbjg oljx|plr

Hm nmx plz|kpl rmqfkrxkbjxlh lz|kqilnx' jnh bjn `l dnmsnxfpm|cf rxjknknc jnh ikbpmrbmq{4 jnh xfpm|cf b|gx|pknc mnb|gx|pl ilhkj kn xfl gj`mpjxmp{

Gj`mpjxmp{ b|gx|pknc flgqr kn dnmsknc bmgmn{ impqfmgmc{ &rkul'rfjql' bmgm|p' m|xgknl' lglvjxkmn' plopjbxkvkx{' lxb.' oljx|plr+

Bfjpjbxlpkujxkmn omp qf{rkmgmckbjg oljx|plr M`rlpvjxkmn mo qjpjilxlpr gkdl jbxkvkx{' cpmsxf' r|pvkvjg'

bmii|nkx{ hkvlprkx{ |nhlp j pjncl mo bmnhkxkmnr gkdl xliqlpjx|pl' gkcfx' qplrr|pl' qF' m{cln bmnblnxpjxkmn' rjgx

bmnblnxpjxkmn' jnxk`kmxkbr' ilxjgr' lxb.

Bfjpjbxlpkujxkmn mo ilxj`mgkb-`kmbflikbjg oljx|plr J `jxxlp{ mo `kmbflikbjg xlrxr &rlpmgmckbjg xlrxr' ojxx{ jbkh

jnjg{rkr' lxb.+ bjn `l |rlh

Hlxlpiknjxkmn mo qmrrlrrkmn mo vjpkm|r lnu{ilr

Rlpmgmckbjg xlrxr knvmgvknc pljbxkmnr mo ikbpmmpcjnkrir skxf rqlbkokb

jnxk`mhklr Qfjcl x{qknc &hlxlpiknjxkmn mo r|rblqxk`kgkx{ xm vjpkm|r qfjclr+

Ilxfmhr omp Bfjpjbxlpkujxkmn moQpmdjp{mxlr


13/84

Bfjpjbxlpkujxkmn-jrrlrrilnx omp clnlxkb oljx|plrQf{gmclnlxkb jnjg{rkr xfpm|cf

Clnlxkb fmimgmc{ rx|hklr &rkikgjpkx{ mo xfl HNJ mp PNJ`lxslln xsm mpcjnkrir+

Bmiqjpkrmn mo n|bglkb jbkh rlz|lnblr mo xfl clnmil jnh mo xflRR\)pPNJ &xfl bmnrlpvlh rlz|lnblr jpl |rlh xm bjqx|plvjpkj`gl rkcnjx|pl rlz|lnblr xm lrxj`gkrf qf{gmcln{+

Qf{gmclnlxkb jnjg{rkr fjr plr|gxlh kn xfl hlvlgmqilnx moqf{gmclnlxkb xpll mp xpll mo gkol mp bgjhmcpjir

Bgjhmcpji5

J `pjnbfknc xpllgkdl hkjcpji kn sfkbf xfl lnhqmknxr mo xfl`pjnbflr plqplrlnx rqlbkokb rqlbklr mo mpcjnkrir

Kx kr |rlh xm kgg|rxpjxl qf{gmclnlxkb plgjxkmnrfkqr jnh rfms qmknxrjx sfkbf vjpkm|r rqlbklr fjvl hkvlpclh opmi bmiimn jnblrxpjgompir

Ilxfmhr omp Bfjpjbxlpkujxkmn moQpmdjp{mxlr


14/84

\nkvlprjg qf{gmclnlxkb xpll jr hlxlpiknlh opmibmiqjpjxkvl pk`mrmijg PNJ rlz|lnbknc.

Pjiqjnx clnl)rsjqqknc kr `lgklvlh xm fjvl mbb|pplh skxfkn ljpg{ bmii|nkxklr moqpmdjp{mxlr' jnh okprx l|djp{mxlr ) Jgg xfl xfpll hmijknr rlli xm fjvl clnmilr xfjx

jpl iklr mo HNJ xpjnrolpplh jbpmrr xfl hmijkn `m|nhjpklr ) Rmil plrljpbflprr|cclrx plqgjbknc xfl bgjrrkbjg qf{gmclnkb xpll skxf j sl`)gkdl qf{gmcln{


15/84

Clnlxkb fmimgmc{

Fmimgmc{ kr rkikgjpkx{ `lxslln xsm mpcjnkrir ) Clnlxkb fmimgmc{kr rkikgjpkx{ mo xfl HNJ mp PNJ `lxslln xsm mpcjnkrir

Clnlxkb fmimgmc{ &`lbj|rl mo iknkijg knxlpolplnbl opmiqflnmx{ql+ lqgjknr `lxxlp xfl lvmg|xkmnjp{ plgjxkmnrfkqr jnhbjn `l |rlh omp bgjrrko{knc mpcjnkrir

Ko xsm mpcjnkrir jpl bgmrlg{ plgjxlh lvmg|xkmnjpkg{ xfln xflkpclnlxkb fmimgmc{ kr fkcflp

Clnlxkb fmimgmc{ bjn `l hlxlpiknlh `{ hlxlpiknknc

`jrl bmiqmrkxkmn

n|bglmxkhl rlz|lnbl

HNJ f{`pkhkujxkmn pjxlr

@jrl bmiqmrkxkmn Bfjpcjoor p|glr rxjxl jhlnknl kr lz|jg xm xf{iknl jnh b{xmrknlr

xm c|jnknlr kn jn{ mpcjnkri

Mpcjnkrir hkoolp kn J$X xm B$C pjxkm xfl pjxkm kr rkikgjp xmbgmrlg{ plgjxlh mpcjnkrir


16/84

Hlxlpiknknc HNJ mp PNJ n|bglmxkhl rlz|lnbl

Hlxlpiknknc xfl n|bglmxkhl rlz|lnbl knompijxkmn kr xkilbmnr|iknc jnh bmrxg{

Clnmikbr rx|h{ mo mpcjnkrir opmi clnmil rlz|lnbl |q

pjxflp xfjn opmi qflnmx{ql hmsnHNJ f{`pkhkujxkmn

Fljxknc rqgkxr HNJ hm|`gl flgk knxm xsm rxpjnhr mo HNJ jnhbmmgknc jggmsr xfl rxpjnhr xm plompi knxm hm|`gl flgkblr&pljnnljgknc+

Ikknc mo HNJ mo xsm mpcjnkrir jnh `pkncknc j`m|xf{`pkhkujxkmn skgg plr|gx kn hkoolplnx hlcpllr mo pljnnljgknchlqlnhknc mn xfl rkikgjpkxklr `lxslln xfl xsm mpcjnkrir HNJrlz|lnbl

Clnlxkb fmimgmc{ &bmnxh..+


17/84

HNJ)HNJ F{`pkhkujxkmn


18/84

Khlnxkokbjxkmn mo RxpjknrBjxlcmp{ `lgms xfl glvlg mo rqlbklr' r|bf jr rxpjkn kr nmx |r|jgg{

nmx bmnrkhlplh jr j xjmn

Rxpjknr jpl khlnxkoklh xfpm|cf bmiqjpknc skxf x{ql rxpjknr-rxjnhjphrxpjknr &|r|jgg{ okprx ljiqgl mo xfl rxpjkn+

Ilxfmhr jvjkgj`gl omp ijdknc xflrl bmiqjpkrmnr knbg|hl

Qpmxlkn qpmokgknc

Kii|nmgmckbjg pljbxkmnr

Qfjcl x{qknc

Hkrxknc|krfknc rxpjknr bjn jgrm `l hmnl mn xfl `jrkr mo hkoolplnxkjgrxjknknc jnh vjpkm|r mxflp `kmbflikbjg xlrxr

Flpl qflnmx{qlr jpl `lknc bmiqjplh jnh flnbl nmx vlp{ qplbkrlomp hlxlpiknknc lvmg|xkmnjp{ plgjxkmnrfkqr

Qpmxlkn qpmokgknc Knvmgvlr krmgjxkmn mo qpmxlknr mo jn mpcjnkri jnh hlrbpk`knc

xfli kn xlpir mo xflkp rkul' bfjpclr' lxb.

Bmiqjpkrmnr jpl ijhl `lxslln xfl qpmokglr bmnrxp|bxlh ompmpcjnkrir

Impl rkikgjp mpcjnkrir hkrqgj{ impl rkikgjp qpmxlkn qpmokglr


19/84

Kii|nmgmckbjg pljbxkmnr

Ikbpmmpcjnkrir hkoolp kn xflkp r|rblqxk`kgkx{ xm `knh skxfjnxk`mhklr jnh-mp xm clx knjbxkvjxlh jr j bmnrlz|lnbl

Xfkr qpmqlpx{ kr |rlh jr `jrkr omp hlxlpiknknc lvmg|xkmnjp{plgjxkmnrfkqr

Qfjcl x{qknc

Hkoolplnx rxpjknr mo mpcjnkrir ij{ fjvl hkoolplnx r|pojblplblqxmpr mp plrxpkbxkmn lnu{ilr jnh flnbl hkoolp kn `knhknc moqfjclr xm blggr jnh plqgkbjxkmn mo qfjclr kn fmrx blggr

Xflrl hkoolplnblr jpl |rlh jr `jrkr omp rxpjkn khlnxkokbjxkmn

Rqlbklr jnh rxpjknr &bmnxh..+


20/84

Qfjcl X{qknc


21/84

@lpcl{r Ijn|jgr

@lpcl{r Ijn|jgr jbx jr ikppmp omp xfl smpgh mo `jbxlpkj

Okprx lhkxkmn mo@lpcl{r Ijn|jg mo Hlxlpiknjxkvl @jbxlpkmgmc{sjr knkxkjxlh `{ Rmbklx{ mo Jilpkbjn @jbxlpkmgmckrxr `{jqqmknxknc jn Lhkxmpkjg @mjph omp sfkbf Hjvkh F. @lpcl{ sjrbfjkpijn

Okprx lhkxkmn mo xfl @lpcl{r Ijn|jg sjr `pm|cfx knxm qpknx kn :;02

R|`rlz|lnx 3 lhkxkmnr slpl `pm|cfx m|x h|pknc 0nh

:;0


22/84

;xf

lhkxkmn mo @lpcl{#r Ijn|jg mo Hlxlpiknjxkvl@jbxlpkmgmc{ &:;;8+

J nls ijn|jg @lpcl{r ijn|jg mo r{rxlijxkb `jbxlpkmgmc{sjr rxjpxlh

Hkoolplnx opmi ljpgklp lhkxkmnr ) Knbg|hlh mng{ hlxlpiknjxkvl

knompijxkmn sfkxl ljpgklp mnlr knbg|hlh `mxf r{rxlijxkb jnhhlxlpiknjxkvl knompijxkmn

Bmiqkglh `{ j`rxpjbxknc xfl qflnmx{qkb knompijxkmn bmnxjknlh knxfl okprx lhkxkmn mo @lpcl{r Ijn|jg mo R{rxlijxkb @jbxlpkmgmc{

Nm jxxliqx sjr ijhl xm moolp njx|pjg fkcflp bgjrrkokbjxkmnjppjnclilnx mo xfl `mmd sjr rxpkbxg{ qflnmx{qkb xfl `jbxlpkj

slpl hkvkhlh knxm 2< cpm|qr Knxpmh|bxmp{ ijxlpkjg bmnblpnknc khlnxkokbjxkmn jnh j dl{ xm xfl

cpm|qr slpl jhhlh

R|qqmrlh xm rlpvl jr plolplnbl xm jkh kn xfl khlnxkokbjxkmn mo|ndnmsn `jbxlpkj

@lpcl{r Ijn|jgr


23/84

@lpcl{#r Ijn|jg mo R{rxlijxkb @jbxlpkmgmc{

Knbg|hlh knompijxkmn hljgknc skxf lbmgmc{' lnpkbfilnx' krmgjxkmn'qplrlpvjxkmn jnh bfjpjbxlpkrxkbr mo `jbxlpkj

Okprx Lhkxkmn5knbg|hlh 8 vmg|ilr5&:;68+ ) Cpji)nlcjxkvl @jbxlpkjmo clnlpjg-ilhkbjg-knh|rxpkjg kiq.

&:;6?+ ) Cpji)qmrkxkvl @jbxlpkjmxflp xfjn Jbxknmi{blxlr&:;6;+ ) Jpbfjlm`jbxlpkj' B{jnm`jbxlpkj' / plijknknc Cpji&)+ @jbxlpkj&:;6;+ ) Jbxknmi{blxlr

Rlbmnh lhkxkmn5 knbg|hlr < vmg|ilr jnh 0 dknchmir5 Jpbfjlmxj

jnh @jbxlpkj_mg|il Bmnxlnxr Nmxlr

:.&011:+

Jpbflj' b{jnm`jbxlpkj' qfmxmxpmqfrjnh hllqg{ `pjnbfknc clnlpj

Knbg|hlr xfl hmijkn Jpbfjlj jnhrmil cpji nlcjxkvl `jbxlpkj

0.&011


24/84

Qf{gmclnlxkb xpll mo gkol hkvkhlr qpmdjp{mxlr knxm 0 hmijknr5 Jpbfjlj jnh @jbxlpkj

@lpcl{r ijn|jg mo R{rxlijxkb @jbxlpkmgmc{ &0nh lhkxkmn+ omggmsr qf{gmclnlxkbrbflil mo bgjrrkokbjxkmn

rrpPNJ jnjg{rkr knhkbjxlr Jpbfjlj xm knbg|hl xfpll qf{gmclnlxkbjgg{ hkrxknbx cpm|qr @lpcl{r Ijn|jg mo R{rxlijxkb @jbxlpkmgmc{ plbmcnkulr 02 qf{gj mo `jbxlpkj

Qf{gmclnlxkb Xpll mo Gkol


25/84

Jpbfjlj

Ilxfjnmclnr

Lxplil fjgmqfkglr

Lxplil xflpimqfkglr

@jbxlpkj Qfmxmr{nxflxkb q|pqgl jnh

cplln `jbxlpkj

B{jnm`jbxlpkj

Rqkpmbflxlr

Rqkpkggj

I{m`jbxlpkj

Gkxfmxpmqfr

Qrl|hmimnjhr jnh xflkpplgjxkvlr

@jbxlpkj

Lnxlpkbr

_k`pkmr

Nkxpmcln okknc mpcjnkrir

Q{mclnkb bmbbk

Gjbxkb jbkh `bxlpkj

Lnhmrqmpl ompiknc `jbxlpkj

Jbxknmi{blxlr jnh plgjxlh

`jbxlpkj

Pkbdlxxrkjr jnh bfgji{hkjl I{bmqgjrijr

Qgjnx qjxfmclnkb `jbxlpkj

Ijemp cpm|qr mo Qpmdjp{mxlr


26/84

Jpbfjlj

Mn xfl `jrkr mo rrpPNJ jnjg{rkr' Jpbfjlj jpl bmnrkhlplh xm

knbg|hl 2 qf{gmclnlxkbjgg{)hkrxknbx cpm|qr5 Bplnjpbfjlmxj'L|p{jpbfjlmxj jnh Dmpjpbfjlmxj

Bplnjpbfjlmxj bmnrkrxr ijkng{ mo f{qlpxflpimqfkgkb r|go|p)hlqlnhlnx qpmdjp{mxlr

L|p{jpbfjlmxj bmnxjknr xfl ilxfjnmclnr jnh lxplil fjgmqfkglr

Kn bjrl moDmpjpbfjlmxj mng{ n|bglkb jbkhr fjvl `lln hlxlbxlhjnh nm mpcjnkrir fjvl `lln krmgjxlh mp b|gx|plh

Jpbfjljg oljx|plr xfjx hkrxknc|krf Jpbfjlj opmi @jbxlpkj knbg|hl nm

i|plkn kn blgg sjgg' lrxlp)gkndlh ili`pjnl gkqkhr' lxb.

Jpbfjlj lfk`kx mxflp |nkz|l rxp|bx|pjg mp `kmbflikbjg jxxpk`|xlr

sfkbf jhjqx xfli xm xflkp qjpxkb|gjp fj`kxjxr@jrlh mn xfl qf{rkmgmc{' Jpbfjlj bjn `l mpcjnkulh knxm 2 x{qlr

Ilxfjnmclnr

lxplil fjgmqfkglr

lxplil &f{qlp+ xflpimqfkglr


27/84

Jpbfjlj

:. Ilxfjnmclnr

M`gkcjxl jnjlpm`lr ) hm nmx xmglpjxl lvln `pklo lqmr|pl xm M0 Fjvl j x{ql mo ilxj`mgkri xfjx bjn |rl F0 jr lnlpc{ rm|pbl

jnh BM0 jr bjp`mn rm|pbl omp cpmsxf jnh kn xfl qpmblrrqpmh|bl ilxfjnl &BF8+

nmpijg knfj`kxjnxr mo xfl p|iln &ompl)rxmijbf+ mo bmsr jnhmxflp p|iknjnx jnkijgr &bms `lgbflr j`m|x


28/84

0. Lxplil fjgmqfkglr &bmnxh..+

Bjqj`gl mo r|qqglilnxknc JXQ qpmh|bxkmn bjqjbkx{ `{bmnvlpxknc gkcfx lnlpc{ knxm JXQ |rknc `jbxlpkmpfmhmqrkn

gkcfx fjpvlrxknc qkcilnx kn xfl qgjrij ili`pjnl xfjx ompir qpmxmncpjhklnx jbpmrr xfl ili`pjnl mn pljbxkmn skxf gkcfx

qmxlnxkjg jbpmrr xfl ili`pjnl jggmsr JXQ r{nxflrkr

2. Xflpimqfkglr jnh lxplil xflpimqfkglr mp"f{qlpxflpimqfkglr"

knfj`kxjnxr mo fmx' r|go|p)pkbf lnvkpmnilnxr &fmx rqpkncr' cl{rlprjnh o|ijpmglr' jnh xflpijg vlnxr jnh bpjbdr kn xfl mbljn ogmmp+

Plz|kpl vlp{ fkcf xliqlpjx|pl &61 xm :1


29/84

@jbxlpkjFjvl qlqxkhmcg{bjn kn blgg sjgg

E|rx jr kn L|djp{j' ili`pjnl gkqkhr jpl |n`pjnbflh f{hpmbjp`mnr

Rlnrkxkvl xm jnxk`kmxkbr gkdl rxplqxmi{bkn jnh bfgmpjiqflnkbmg

\ngkdl Jpbfjlj jnh L|djp{j' fjvl mng{ mnl dknh mo PNJqmg{ilpjrl

Ompi{g ilxfkmnknl kr knkxkjxmp jiknm jbkh kn qpmxlkn r{nxflrkr )ilxfkmnknl kn Jpbfjlj jnh L|djp{j.

Bfpmimrmilr jpl bkpb|gjp fkrxmnl qpmxlknr jpl j`rlnx ) knxpmnr&nmnbmhknc qjpxr+ jpl j`rlnx kn clnlr &L|djp{j / Jpbflj fjvl+

Bjn nmx cpms kn lxplil bmnhkxkmnr mo xliqlpjx|pl &>:11B+ jnhrjgx bmnblnxpjxkmn &j`m|x


30/84

@jbxlpkj

8. Qfmxmr{nxflxkb q|pqgl jnh cplln `jbxlpkjBmnh|bx `jbxlpkjg qfmxmr{nxflrkr

Mbb|pr |nhlp jnjlpm`kb bmnhkxkmnr jnh qpmh|bl nm m{cln

Fjr mng{ mnl qfmxmr{rxli &qfmxmr{rxli):+

Qf{bm`kgknr bfjpjbxlpkrkxb mo b{jnm`jbxlpkj jpl j`rlnx

\rl bfgmpmqf{gg mxflp xfjn bfgmpmqf{gg j &`jbxlpkjg bfgmpmqf{ggr jnhbjpmxlnmkhr j`rmp` gkcfx+

Lglbxpmn hmnmp kr nmx sjxlp `|x r|go|p' f{hpmcln' f{hpmclnr|gokhl mp mpcjnkb bmiqm|nhr gkdl r|bbknjxl mp ijgjxl

Ijn{ rxmpl lglilnxjg r|go|p

ij{ `l `{qpmh|bx mo qfmxmr{nxflrkr sfln r|gokhl kr |rlh jrlglbxpmn hmnmp

ij{ |rl jr lglbxpmn hmnmp kn qfmxmr{nxflrkr

Xfl `jbxlpk|i xfjx `lbjil jn lnhmr{i`kmnx mo l|djp{mxlr jnhlvmgvlh knxm ikxmbfmnhpkj ij{ `l j q|pqgl nmn)r|go|p `jbxlpk|i


31/84

8. Qfmxmr{nxflxkb q|pqgl jnh cplln `jbxlpkj

Knbg|hlr q|pqgl &r|go|p jnh nmn)r|go|p+ `jbxlpkj jnh cplln

&r|go|p jnh nmn)r|go|p+ `jbxlpkjQ|pqgl `jbxlpkj5 Qkcilnxlh skxf `jbxlpkmbfgmpmqf{ggr j mp `

jnh bjpmxlnmkhr

Q|pqgl r|go|p `jbxlpkj &Bfpmijxk|i+

\rl f{hpmcln r|gokhl jr lglbxpmn hmnmp jnh qpmh|bl lglilnxjg

r|go|p cpjn|glr &lxlpnjg jnh knxlpnjg+ o|pxflp mkhkulh xm r|go|pjxl

Q|pqgl nmn)r|go|p `jbxlpkj &Pfmhmrqkpkgg|i+5

Bjn nmx |rl lglilnxjg r|go|p jr lglbxpmn hmnmp &\rl f{hpmcln jnhjgrm mpcjnkb lglbxpmn hmnmpr' gkdl' r|bbknjxl' ijgjxl' lxb.+

Cplln `jbxlpkj5 Fjvl `jbxlpkmbfgmpmqf{ggr b'h / l qplrlnx

kn vlrkbglr jxxjbflh xm ili`pjnl dnmsn jr bfgmpmrmilr Cplln r|go|p `jbxlpkj &Bfgmpm`k|i+

\rl f{hpmcln r|gokhl jr lglbxpmn hmnmp jnh cpjn|glr mo lglilnxjgr|go|p jpl hlqmrkxlh m|xrkhl xfl blgg

Cplln nmn)r|go|p `jbxlpkj &Bfgmpmoglk-Xflpimikbpm`kj+

X{qkbjgg{ okgjilnxm|r jnh imvl j`m|x xfpm|cf `jbxlpkjg cgkhknc

@jbxlpkj


32/84


33/84


34/84


35/84

?. Rqkpmbflxlr5

Fjvl j |nkz|l blgg impqfmgmc{ jnh imhl mo imxkgkx{ Blggr jpl vlp{ xfkn' oglk`gl' rqkpjg)rfjqlh

Imvl `{ jkjg okgjilnxr-lnhmogjclggj &bmnxjknlh skxfkn j rfljxf`lxslln blgg sjgg qlqxkhmcg{bjn jnh jn m|xlp ili`pjnl+

Lnhmogjclggj ogl mp pmxjxl skxfkn xflkp rfljxf xfkr bj|rlr blggr

xm `lnh' ogl jnh pmxjxl h|pknc imvlilnxImrx jpl opll gkvknc &kn i|hr jnh rlhkilnxr+

Rmil gkvl kn jrrmbkjxkmnr skxf jnkijgr &kn xfl mpjg bjvkx{ mpCK xpjbx+

J ols jpl qjxfmclnr &glqxmrqkpmrkr kn hmcr' r{qfkgkr kn

f|ijnr jnh g{il hkrljrl kn hmcr jnh f|ijnr+Glqxmrqkpmrkr5

Jn knolbxkm|r hkrljrl kn hmcr' bj|rlh `{ Glqxmrqkpj

Bfjpjbxlpkulh `{ ej|nhkbl jnh olvlp

Xpjnrikxxlh xm f|ijnr `{ bmnxjbx skxf xfl |pknl mo knolbxlhjnkijgr.

@jbxlpkj


36/84

?. Rqkpmbflxlr5

R{qfkgkr5

J RXH bj|rlh `{ Xplqmnlij qjggkh|i

Bfjpjbxlpkulh `{ xfpll bgknkbjg rxjclr5 qpkijp{ rlbmnhjp{ jnhxlpxkjp{ mp gjxl r{qfkgkr

qpkijp{ r{qfkgkr kr ijnkolrxlh `{ j rdkn |gblp bjgglh j bfjnbpl

rlbmnhjp{ r{qfkgkr knvmgvlr knolbxkmn `lbmiknc bfpmnkb H|pknc xlpxkjp{ mp gjxl r{qfkgkr vkpx|jgg{ jn{ xkrr|l kn xfl `mh{ bjn

`l hjijclh

Ko glox |nxpljxlh &`{ qlnbkggkn jnh jnmxflp jnxk`kmxkbr+' bjn bj|rl`gknhnlrr' ilnxjg kggnlrr' jnh hljxf

G{il hkrljrl5

Jn knogjiijxmp{ hkrljrl bj|rlh `{ @mpplgkj `|pchmpolpkxfjx krxpjnrikxxlh `{ xkbdr

Bfjpjbxlpkulh knkxkjgg{ `{ j pjrf omggmslh `{ og| gkdl r{iqxmirknbg|hknc olvlp' emknx qjkn' jnh fljhjbfl

Ko glox |nxpljxlh' xfl hkrljrl bjn plr|gx kn bfpmnkb jpxfpkxkr jnh

nlpvl jnh fljpx h{ro|nbxkmn

@jbxlpkj


37/84

3. Rqkpkggj5

Rqkpjg rfjqlh' cpji)nlcjxkvl jlpm`kb flxlpmxpmqfkb `jbxlpkjknfj`kxknc ikbpmjlpmqfkgkb lnvkpmnilnx

Fjvl pkckh blgg sjgg jnh imxkgkx{ kr `{ qmgjp ogjclggj

Rmil bmnxjkn ijcnlxmrmilr jnh lfk`kxr ijcnlxmxjkr&qpmqlpx{ mo imvlilnx kn plgjxkmn xm ljpxfr ijcnlxkb oklgh+

Ilxj`mgkul `{ plrqkpjxkmn jnh nlvlp `{ olpilnxjxkmnRmil jpl mbljnkb jnh bjn cpms jx fkcf NjBg bmnblxpjxkmnr

&Mbljnmrqkpkgg|icpmsr jx ;, NjBg glvlg+

Rmil &Jumrqkpkgg|i+ jpl N0)okknc jnh lnxlp knxm i|x|jgkrxkbr{i`kmrkr skxf blpxjkn xpmqkbjg cpjrrlr jnh cpjkn bpmqr

Jumrqkpkgg|ikr N0)okknc' qgjnx pfkumrqflpl `jbxlpkj jgrmdnmsn xm qpmxlbx xfl qgjnx jcjknrx qjxfmclnr jnh kiim`kgkul xfljqqgklh bflikbjgr olpxkgkulpr

Bjiq{gm`jbxlp ele|nkjnh Flgmbm`jbxlp qkgmpk jpl f|ijn qjxfmclnr&ompilp bj|rlr `jbxlpkjg hkjppflj kn bfkghpln jnh xfl gjxxlpbj|rlr qlqxkb |gblpr+

@jbxlpkj


38/84

3. Rqkpkggj

Flgkbm`jbxlp q{gmpk5

Rqkpjg `jbxlpk|i gkvknc kn xfl f|ijn rxmijbf &fkcfg{ jbkhkblnvkpmnilnx+

Knolbxr &0-2 mo xfl smpgh qmq|gjxkmn jpl knolbxlh+ i|b|r gknknc moxfl rxmijbf jnh bj|rlr qlqxkb |gblpr

Fjr `lln bjxlcmpkulh jr cpm|q K bjpbknmcln `{ xfl KnxlpnjxkmnjgJclnb{ omp Plrljpbf mn Bjnblp &KJPB+ jrrmbkjxlh skxfcjrxpkb bjnblp jnh cjrxpkb IJGX g{iqfmij

Rxjnhjph okprx)gknl xflpjq{ kr j mnl slld xpkqgl)xflpjq{mojimkbkggkn' bgjpkxfpmi{bkn jnh milqpjumgl

Kn ijn{ jnxk`kmxkb plrkrxjnbl kr jqqljpknc jnh f|ijn kii|nl

r{rxli kr nmx j`gl xm lpjhkbjxl kxBjiq{gm`jbxlp ele|nk5

B|pvlh' pmh)rfjqlh `jbxlpk|i bmiimng{ om|nh kn jnkijg olblr&bfkbdlnr jnh ijn{ `kph rqlbklr+

Bj|rl `jbxlpkjg hkjppflj lrqlbkjgg{ kn bfkghpln

Nmpijgg{ nm jnxk`kmxkbr jpl ckvln ) xfl hkrljrl kr rlgo)gkikxknc

@jbxlpkj


39/84

J bflikbjg kr bmnrkhlplh j bjpbknmcln ko5

m Kx fjr `lln lvjg|jxlh `{ xfl Knxlpnjxkmnjg Jclnb{ omp Plrljpbfmn Bjnblp &KJPB+' jnh om|nh xm `l j bjpbknmcln mp qmxlnxkjgbjpbknmcln4 mp

m Kx kr plc|gjxlh { xfl Mbb|qjxkmnjg Rjolx{ jnh Fljgxf

Jhiknkrxpjxkmn &MRFJ+ jr j bjpbknmcln &00 jpl plc|gjxlh+.

KJPB gkrx mo bjpbknmclnr

m Cpm|q : Bjpbknmclnr5 Ijxlpkjgr dnmsn xm `l bjpbknmclnkb xmf|ijnr &31+

m Cpm|q 0J5 Ijxlpkjgr xfjx jpl qpm`j`g{ bjpbknmclnkb xm f|ijnr

&


40/84

@jbxlpkj

6. Ikm`jbxlpkj &j cpm|q mo cgkhknc `jbxlpkj+5J cpm|q moop|kxknc cgkhknc `jbxlpkj knfj`kxknc rmkgr &cgkhknc jbpmrr

r|`rxpjxl jnh m`xjknknc n|xpklnxr+

_lclxjxkvl blggr jpl x{qkbjg cpji)nlcjxkvl pmhr

Xflrl lfk`kx xfl imrx bmiqgl `lfjvkmpjg qjxxlpnr jnh gkol b{bglrjimnc xfl dnmsn qpmdjp{mxlr

Sfln n|xpklnxr `lbmil lfj|rxlh' blggr jccplcjxl xmclxflp jnhhkoolplnxkjxl knxm i|gxkblgg|gjp op|kxknc `mhklr skxf ikmrqmplr

I{mrqmplr jpl j x{ql mo hmpijnx blggr hlrblnhlh opmihkoolplnxkjxlh vlclxjxkvl blggr

Kn Rxkcijxlggj' i{mrqmplr jpl qjbdlh knxm rlbmnhjp{rxp|bx|plr &b{rxr+ hlvlgmqknc jx xfl xkqr mo xfl op|kxknc `mh{

L|djp{mxkb bm|nxlpqjpxr mo xflrl kn njx|pl jpl I{mi{blxlrmprgkil imghr


41/84

I{m`jbxlpk|i5 Gkol b{bgl jnh Op|kxknc `mh{

Rxkcijxlggj


42/84

@jbxlpkj

;. Gkxfmxpmqfr

Gkxfmxpmqf{5 j x{ql mo ilxj`mgkri plz|kpknc knmpcjnkb bmiqm|nhrjr rm|pblr mo lnlpc{ jnh kr om|nh kn `mxf Jpbfjlj jnh @jbxlpkj

Imrx mo xflrl jpl j|xmxpmqfr

knmpcjnkb r|`rxpjxlr |xkgkulh knbg|hl F0' NF2' NM0' F0R' R' Ol$$'

jnh BM

Ilxfjnmclnr |xkgkul F0 ijn{ lxplil xflpimqfkglr |xkgkul F0Rmp lglilnxjg r|go|p jr j rm|pbl mo lnlpc{

Gkxfmxpmqfkb ilxj`mgkri hmlr nmx lxlnh xm l|djp{mxlr

X{qkbjgg{ Cpji)nlcjxkvl rqlbklr

Kiqmpxjnx kn xfl `kmclmbflikbjg b{bgknc mo lglilnxr

Lbmgmckbjgg{ kiqmpxjnx gkxfmxpmqfkb @jbxlpkj knbg|hl

Nkxpko{knc `jbxlpkj &Nkxpmrmimnjrjnh Nkxpm`jbxlpxmclxflpbmnvlpx NF2 xm NM0' jnh NM0 xm NM2+ jnh

Bmgmpglrr r|go|p `jbxlpkj &Xfkm`jbkgg|r+5mkhkul F0R xm R jnh

R xm RM8+


43/84

@jbxlpkj

:1. Qrl|hmimnjhr jnh xflkp plgjxkvlr

@jbxlpkj xfjx impqfmgmckbjgg{ jnh qf{rkmgmckbjgg{ plrli`glili`lpr mo xfl cln|r Qrl|hmimnjr

_lp{ hkvlprl cpm|q mo cpji)nlcjxkvl pmhr skxf rxpkbxg{ plrqkpjxmp{imhl mo ilxj`mgkri

Kn @lpcl{r ijn|jg xflrl jpl |nkoklh jr cpji nlcjxkvl jlpm`kbpmhr jnh bmbbk

Impqfmgmc{ jnh fj`kxjx mo ijn{ qrl|hmimnjhr r|ookbklnxg{mvlpgjqr skxf xfl lnxlpkbr ) hkoolplnblr skxf lnxlpkbr knbg|hl

Qrl|hmimnjhr imvl `{ qmgjp ogjclggj &lnxlpkbr `{ qlpkxpkbfm|rogjclggj+

Lnxlpkbr olpilnx r|cjpr r|bf jr cg|bmrl ) qrl|hmimnjhr

clnlpjgg{ hm nmx olpilnx r|cjpr Imrx qrl|hmimnjhr fjvl jn |n|r|jg b{xmbfpmil kn xflkp

plrqkpjxmp{ lglbxpmn xpjnrqmpx bfjkn &hlxlbxj`gl `{ mkhjrl xlrx+) mkhjrl qmrkxkvl*

Imrx jpl opll)gkvknc kn rmkg jnh sjxlp jnh qgj{ kiqmpxjnx pmgl kn xflhlbmiqmrkxkmn' `kmhlcpjhjxkmn' jnh Bjp`mn jnh Nkxpmcln b{bglr


44/84

@jbxlpkj:1. Qrl|hmimnjhr jnh xflkp plgjxkvlr

Xflrl jpldnmsn omp xflkp j`kgkx{ xm hlcpjhl vlp{ skhl vjpklx{

mo mpcjnkb bmiqm|nhr Bjn hlcpjhl knrlbxkbkhlr' qlrxkbkhlr' flp`kbkhlr' qgjrxkbr'

qlxpmgl|i r|`rxjnblr' f{hpmbjp`mnr jnh mxflp mo xfl imrxplopjbxmp{ imglb|glr kn njx|pl

@|x' |nj`gl xm hlcpjhl `kmqmg{ilpr gkdl blgg|gmrl jnh gkcnkn

O|pxflp' xflkp pmgl kn jnjlpm`kb hlbmiqmrkxkmn kr iknkijgPlgjxkvlr mo qrl|hmimnjhr

Pfkum`k|ijnh @pjh{pfkum`k|i

Bjn ok nkxpmcln kn jrrmbkjxkmn skxf glc|iknm|r qgjnxr `|x nmxknhlqlnhlnxg{ pmmx nmh|glr jpl ompilh

R|qqg{ jiimnkj mp jiknm jbkhr xm qgjnxr jnh plblkvl mpcjnkb jbkhrjr bjp`mn jnh lnlpc{ rm|pblr

Jcpm`jbxlpk|i

Imxkgl pmhr bjqj`gl mo plh|bknc nkxpjxlr &bjn nmx ok nkxpmcln+

Bj|rl x|impr &cjggr+ kn xfl fmrx qgjnx fjr j`kgkx{ xm xpjnrolp HNJ`lxslln kxrlgo jnh fmrx qgjnx &bjn nmx knolbx jgg qgjnx rqq.+


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@jbxlpkj


Plgjxkvlr mo qrl|hmimnjhr

Ilxfjnmxpmqfr

\rl ilxfjnl / mxflp :)bjp`mn bmiqm|nhr jr rm|pbl mo `mxfbjp`mn jnh lnlpc{ ilxfjnl bmi`knl skxf m{cln xm ompiompijghlf{hl jnh xfkr kr knbmpqmpjxlh knxm mpcjnkb bmiqm|nhr

Mbb|p kn rmkg nljp ilxfjnl qpmh|bknc lnvkpmnr

Rqlbkjg knxlplrx omp plrljpbflpr rx|h{knc cgm`jg sjpiknc

Jumxm`jbxlpr

Pmh rfjqlh mp rqflpkbjg nmn)qjxfmclnkb' nmn)r{i`kmxkb' opll)gkvknc' nkxpmcln)okknc `jbxlpkj om|nh kn rmkg jnh sjxlp

Bjn ompi xfkbd sjgglh b{rxr jnh bjn qpmh|bl gjpcl z|jnxkxklr mobjqr|gjp rgkil

Jblxm`jbxlpr

Fjvl j`kgkx{ xm bmnvlpx jgbmfmg knxm jblxkb jbkh kn xfl qplrlnblmo jkp ) |rlh kn xfl ijn|ojbx|pl mo vknlcjp


46/84

@jbxlpkj


Imrx fjvl nmpijg lkrxlnbl kn rmkg' sjxlp' mn xfl r|pojblr moqgjnxr jnh kn jnkijgr

Qrl|hmimnjr r{pkncjljnh Vjnxfmimnjrrqlbklr bj|rl j skhlvjpklx{ mo qgjnx hkrljrlr

Vjnxfmimnjr

Cpji nlcjxkvl ogjclggjxlh pmh rfjqlh `jbxlpkj

Cpms lbg|rkvlg{ kn qgjnxr jnh bj|rl hkrljrlr gkdl bkxp|r bjndlpjnh `gjbd pmx

gkrkmnr mn gljvlr' op|kx jnh rxlir jnh xskc hkl`jbd mbb|p

Rmil jpl vlp{ kiqmpxjnx qjxfmclnr kn jnkijgr jnh f|ijnr &fjvlglrrlp knbgknjxkmn jr qjxfmclnr xfjn lnxlpkbr+

Qrl|hmimnjr jlp|cknmrj Mqqmpx|nkrxkb qjxfmcln mo kii|nmbmiqpmikrlh knhkvkh|jgr jnh

knolbxr q|gimnjp{ xpjbx' |pknjp{ xpjbx' `|pnr' lxb.

:-:1xf mo fmrqkxjg)jbz|kplh knolbxkmnr jpl `{ qrl|hmimnjr jnhbmiimn bj|rl omp `|pn knolbxkmnr

Plrkrxjnx xm qlnkbkggkn


47/84

@jbxlpkj


@mphmxlggj qlpx|rrkr&jclnx mo sfmmqknc bm|cf+ Ojxjg hkrljrl kn bfkghpln mo hlvlgmqknc bm|nxpklr )xsm rxjclr

Bjxjppfjg rxjcl5 bm|cf' rnlluknc jnh p|nnknc nmrl jplr{iqxmir

Qjpm{rijg rxjcl5 okxr mo bm|cf omggmslh `{ knrqkpjxmp{sfmmqknc rm|nh jpl r{iqxmir vmikxknc ij{ omggms xfl okxr

Kx kr vjbbknl qplvlnxj`gl hkrljrl `|x' vjbbknl moolprqpmxlbxkmn mng{ omp rfmpxlp xkil

Plz|kpl kii|nkujxkmn jx 0' 8' jnh ? imnxfr' :


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@jbxlpkj::. Lnxlpkbr &Lrbflpkbfkj bmgkjnh kxr plgjxkvlr+Cpji nlcjxkvl pmhr skxf ojb|gxjxkvl jnjlpm`kb ilxj`mgkri bjn

olpilnx cg|bmrl knxm jbkhkb lnh qpmh|bxrGkvl kn knxlrxknjg xpjbxr mo jnkijgr bmnrkrxlnx ili`lpr mo xfl

nmpijg ogmpj mo f|ijnr &fjvl ilhkbknjg kiqmpxjnbl+

Qflnmx{qkbjgg{ plgjxlh xm Qrl|hmimnjr' `|x jpl qf{rkmgmckbjgg{z|kxl |nplgjxlh

L. Bmgk' x{ql rqlbklr mo lnxlpkbr' kr j plc|gjp knfj`kxjnx mo f|ijnknxlrxknl

Knbg|hl knxlrxknjg qjxfmclnr

Rfkclggj h{rlnxlpkjl&bj|rl mo`jbkggjp{ h{rlnxlp{+

Rjgimnlggj x{qfki|pk|i&bj|rl mocjrxpmlnxlpkxkr+

Rjgimnlggj x{qfk&knolbxr vkj knxlrxknjg pm|xl jnh bj|rlr x{qfmkholvlp+

Rmil hmn#x fjvl jn knxlrxknjg fj`kxjx `|x plrli`gl L. bmgk

Qpmxk|rkr j bmiimn rjqpmqf{xl mo hlbj{knc mpcjnkb ijxxlp

[lprkikj qlrxkrbj|rlr `|`mnkb qgjc|l

Lpsknkjkr j qgjnx qjxfmcln


49/84

@jbxlpkj

::. Lnxlpkbr

Lrbflpkbfkj bmgk Gkvl kn gmslp knxlrxknlr mo ijiijgr jr qjpx mo knxlrxknjg ogmpj )

bmnrkhlplh jr nlblrrjp{ omp qpmqlp hkclrxkmn mo ommh f|ijn`lknc hkrbfjpclr 1.: xm :1 xpkggkmn blggr-hj{ kn olbjg ijxxlp

Bmgkompi `jbxlpkj5 Jgg jlpm`kb jnh ojb|gxjxkvl jnjlpm`kb nmn)

rqmpl ompiknc' cpji nlcjxkvl' pmh rfjqlh `jbxlpkj xfjx bjnolpilnx gjbxmrl jnh qpmh|bl cjr skxfkn 86 fm|pr jx 2


50/84

::. Lnxlpkbr

Lrbflpkbfkj bmgk

Rmil rxpjknr jpl xmkbmclnkb jnh bjn bj|rl ommh qmkrmnknc&opmi ljxknc bmnxjiknjxlh iljx+ fjp`mp `mxf fljx rxj`gl jnhjnh fljx gj`kgl lnxlpmxmknr

Rmil rxpjknr jpl lnxlpmqjxfmclnkb jnh bjn bj|rl &jb|xl `|x|nbmiqgkbjxlh+ knxlrxknjg xpjbx knolbxkmnr' |nbmiqgkbjxlh \Xknolbxkmnr jnh nlmnjxjg ilnknckxkr

Cpmsknc jnxk`kmxkb plrkrxjnbl kr j qpm`gli

Bmnrkhlplh jr imhlg mpcjnkri mo `jbxlpkj jnh kr imrx rx|hklhkn `kmgmc{

Jimnc xfl okprx omp lnxkpl bfpmimrmijg HNJ `jrl rlz|lnblhlxlpiknjxkmn

|rlh jr knhkbjxmp mo olbjg qmgg|xkmn mo sjxlp xmxjg jnh olbjgbmgkompi bm|nxr jpl |rlh bjn rmilxkilr `l ikrgljhknc &jgrmom|nh kn lnvkpmnilnxr mxflp xfjn knxlrxknl' qjqlp ikggr

|rlh kn xfl lqlpkilnxr kn blgg `kmgmc{' qf{rkmgmc{' jnhclnlxkbr jnh bmnrkhlplh jr xfl smpdfmprl mo imglb|gjp `kmgmc{

Qgj{r kiqmpxjnx pmgl kn imhlpn `kmgmckbjg lncknllpknc

Moxln |rlh jr ojbxmpklr omp qpmh|bknc r|`rxjnblr gkdl knr|gkn

@jbxlpkj

@jbxlpkj


51/84

@jbxlpkj::. LnxlpkbrRjgimnlggj x{qfk

Bj|rlr x{qfmkh ) jn lxplilg{ rlpkm|r cjrxpmknxlrxknjg xpjbxknolbxkmn skxf r{iqxmir mo Fkcf mp knxlnrl rqkdknc olvlp xfjx pjkrlr rgmsg{ jnh bfkggr

@pjh{ bjphkj &rgms fljpx `ljx+' |nplglnxknc fljhjbfl jnh i{jgckj&i|rbgl qjkn+

gjbd mo jqqlxkxl' bmnrxkqjxkmn' jnh rxmijbf qjkn

ogjx pmrl bmgm|plh rqmxr mn xfl xp|nd @lbmiknc hlgkpkm|r jnh r|oolpknc knxlrxknjg flimppfjcl

Hlg|rkmnr jnh bmno|rkmn

Fjr gmnc &j`m|x 0 slldr+ knb|`jxkmn qlpkmh Ommh mp sjxlp `mpnl &olbjg bmnxjiknjxkmn opmi knolbxlh qlprmn

Xfl `jbxlpkj i|gxkqg{ kn `gmmh rxplji jnh clx j`rmp`lh knxm

hkclrxkvl xpjbx jnh xfln lgkiknjxlh opmi `mh{ jr sjrxl Plbmvlplpr jpl bfpmnkb bjppklpr &fjp`mp rjgimnlggj kn cjgg `gjhhlp+

Hkjcnmrkr5 `{ `gmmh' `mnl ijppms jnh rxmmg b|gx|pknc jnh Skhjgxlrx &rlpmgmckbjg xlrx+

Xpljxilnx5 Jnxk`kmxkbr gkdl jiqfkbkggkn' bfgmpjiqflnkbmg' xpkilxfm)r|goj)ilxfmjumgl jnh bkqpmogjjbkn hlvlgmqilnx moplrkrxjnbl kr j qpm`gli &i|gxkhp|c plrkrxjnx x{qfmkh olvlp+


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@jbxlpkj::. Lnxlpkbr

Rjgimnlggj x{qfki|pk|i Bj|rjxkvl mo cjrxpmlnxlpkxkr ) jgrm bjgglh rxmijbf og|-cjrxpkb og| Nmn)knogjiijxmp{ knolbxkmn mo |qqlp `mslg mp knogjiijxmp{

knolbxkmn mo bmgmn knolbxkmn gkikxlh xm rxmijbf kr cjrxpkxkr jnhknolbxkmn gkikxlh xm rijgg `mslg kr lnxlpkxkr

Jb|xl `|x rlgo)gkikxknc knolbxkmn &gjrxr 7:1 hj{r+

R{iqxmir5 qmmp ollhknc &kn knojnxr+' vmikxknc jnh olvlp' jnhpjqkhg{ omggmslh `{ hkjppflj

Xpljxilnx5 Mpjg-knxpjvlnm|r plf{hpjxkmn xflpjq{

Rfkclggj h{rlnxlpkjl Bj|rjxkvl mo `jbkggjp{ h{rlnxlp{ &sjxlp `mpnl hkrljrl

xpjnrikxxlh vkj olbjg)mpjg pm|xl+ jgrm dnmsn jr rfkclggmrkr R{iqxmir5 j`hmiknjg hkrbmiompx mp o|gg{ `gmsn h{rlnxlp{

bfjpjbxlpkulh `{ bpjiqr' hkjppflj jnh hlf{hpjxkmn' olvlp' jnhvmikxknc' jnh `gmmh' q|r mp i|b|r kn rxmmgr &i|bmrjg |gblpjxkmnjnh plbxjg `gllhknc*+

Bmiimn ilgmh{ r|oolplh `{ JKHR knhkvkh|jgr


53/84

@jbxlpkj

::. Lnxlpkbr[lpkrkikj qlrxkr Bj|rjxkvl qgjc|l qpkijpkg{ j hkrljrl mo plhlnxr jnh f|ijnr

jpl knolbxlh sfln `kxxln `{ j pjx oglj' Vlnmqr{ggj bflmqkr

I|gxkqgkbjxkmn mo xfl `jbxlpkj knrkhl xfl oglj `gmbdr kxr rxmijbfjnh bj|rl knrjxkj`gl f|nclp

F|ncp{ oglj vmpjrkm|rg{ `kxl xfl fmrx jnh vmikx `jbxlpkjbmnxjiknjxlh `gmmh knxm xfl sm|nh

Kn xfl j`rlnbl mo nmpijg fmrx xfl oglj rlldr jgxlpnjxkvl rm|pblrmo `gmmh &`kxlr f|ijn `lknc jnh rqpljh xfl hkrljrl+

Knkxkjg r{iqxmir jpl bfkggr' olvlp' hkjppflj' fljhjbfl jnhknogjiijxkmn mo g{iqf nmhlr

Qgjc|l fjr j gmnc fkrxmp{ jr j `kmgmckbjg sljqmn

@jbxlpkj


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@jbxlpkj:0. _k`pkmBmiij rfjqlh `jbxlpkj mp `jbxlpkj skxf b|pvlh pmh impqfmgmc{

_lp{ bmiimn `jbxlpkj kn jz|jxkb lnvkpmnilnxr

Fjvl rkikgjpkxklr skxf qrl|hmimnjhr jnh lnxlpkbr kn rxp|bx|pjg jnhilxj`mgkb qpmqlpxklr

Gkdl lnxlpkbr xflrl jpl ojb|gxjxkvl

Gkdl qrl|hmimnjhr xflrl fjvl qmgjp ogjclggj' xflrl jpl mkhjrl)qmrkxkvl' jnh hm nmx olpilnx r|cjpr

Qplolp rjgx sjxlp sfkgl Qrl|hmimnjhrojvmp oplrf sjxlpBlpxjkn ijpknl vk`pkmr lfk`kx `kmg|iknlrblnbl &`g|l)cplln gkcfx+

rjqpmqf{xlr kn hljh okrf mp r{i`kmnxr mn gkvknc okrf jnhknvlpxl`pjxlr `lnlokx okrf xfpm|cf `kmg|iknlrblnbl jnh clx knplx|pn `lnlokxlh `{ qpmxlbxlh fj`kxjx jnh r|qqgklr mo n|xpklnxr

@kmg|iknlrblnbl kr bjxjg{ulh `{ g|bkolpjrl ) kx hkvlpxr lglbxpmnr

opmi plrqkpjxmp{ lglbxpmn xpjnrqmpx bfjkn jnh ompir lbkxlhqlpmkhl xfjx gljhr xm likrrkmn mo gkcfx

Knbg|hl _k`pkm bfmglpjl' bj|rjxkvl moJrkjxkb bfmglpj &jn knxlrxknjghkrljrl skxf qjxfmgmc{ rkikgjp xm hkjppfljg hkrljrl+

@hlggmvk`pkm' j xkn{ b|pvlh pmh' kr j qjpjrkxl mo mxflp Cpji)nlcjxkvl`jbxlpkj &L. bmgk+ )lnxlpr qlpkqgjrikb rqjbl' m`xjknr n|xpklnxr

opmi b{xmqgjri jnh |nhlpcmlr mhh x{ql mo plqpmh|bxkvl b{bgl

@jbxlpkj


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@jbxlpkj:0. _k`pkm_k`pkm bfmglpjl Bj|rjxkvl jclnx mo sjxlp jnh ommh `mpnl hkrljrl bfmglpj

Omp r|bblrro|g knolbxkmn xfplrfmgh hmrl mo knmb|g|i &j`m|x mnlikggkmn blggr*+ kr nllhlh

Knclrxlh `jbxlpkj' ko r|pvkvl rxmijbfr jbkhkb bmnhkxkmnr pljbf rijggknxlrxknl jnh qpmh|bl lnxlpmxmknr &bfmglpj xmkn+

Xfkr xmkn mqlnr kmn bfjnnlgr mo blggr mo xfl knxlrxknjg gknknc jnhbj|rl ogms m|x mo sjxlp knxm knxlrxknjg g|iln opmi blggr xfpm|cf

mrimrkr bmnrlz|lnbl kr qpmo|rl jnh qmxlnxkjgg{ glxfjg rlbplxjp{hkjppflj

@gmmh cpm|q knog|lnblr r|rblqxk`kgkx{ 5 M cpm|q ) imrx r|rblqxk`gl4J@ ) imrx plrkrxjnx' jnh J ) impl plrkrxjnx xfjn @

Qlmqgl skxf sljd kii|nl r{rxli' hlbpljrlh cjrxpkb jbkhkx{ jnhijgnm|pkrflh jpl impl r|rblqxk`gl

Xpljxilnx5 Jccplrrkvl plf{hpjxkmn jnh plqgjblilnx molglbxpmg{xlr' jnh xlxpjb{bgknl omp plh|bknc h|pjxkmn jnh rlvlpkx{

Bjn `l qplvlnxlh `{ `lxxlp sjxlp r|qqg{ / rjnkxjxkmn r{rxlir Qpmqlp hkrqmrjg / xpljxilnx mo sjrxl qpmh|blh `{ vkbxkir

Rlsjcl xpljxilnx jnh sjxlp xpljxilnx&`mkgknc-okgxpjxkmn-bfgmpknjxkmn+

Sjpnknc r{rxlir j`m|x bmnxjiknjxlh sjxlp plrm|pblr

@jbxlpkj


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@jbxlpkj:2. Nkxpmcln okknc `jbxlpkj

N0 okjxkmn

Plh|bxkmn mo N0 xm NF2 ) plz|kplr r|`rxjnxkjg plh|bknc qmslp&lglbxpmnr+ jnh lnlpc{ &JXQ+

Qpmh|blh NF2 kr jrrkikgjxlh knxm jiknm jbkhr jnh qpmxlknr

Bmiqgkbjxlh qpmblrr ilhkjxlh `{ nkxpmclnjrl sfkbf kr om|nhmng{ kn qpmdjp{mxlr jnh gkikxlh xm j ols rlglbx clnlpj

J hkvlprl cpm|q mo qpmdjp{mxlr &qf{gmclnlxkbjgg{ rqpljhjbpmrr `mxf Jpbfjlj jnh @jbxlpkj+ jpl bjqj`gl

R{i`kmxkb nkxpmcln okknc `jbxlpkj

Pfkum`k|ijnh @pjh{pfkum`k|i&cpji)nlcjxkvl jlpm`lr plgjxlhxm xfl qrl|hmimnjhr+ ompi nmh|glr mn xfl pmmxr mo glc|ilr

`jbxlpkj oklr nkxpmcln jnh rfjplr skxf xfl qgjnx qgjnx qpmvkhlr ojvmpj`gl fj`kxjx omp xfl `jbxlpk|i jnh r|qqgklr skxfn|xpklnxr jnh lnlpc{ omp nkxpmcln okjxkmn

Jbxknmi{blxl &Opjndkj+ lnxlpr knxm r{i`kmxkb jrrmbkjxkmn skxfqgjnxr &nmx glc|ilr jghlpr'Jgn|r4 sj i{pxglr' I{pkbjjnhim|nxjkn gkgjbr' Bljnmxf|r+ jnh ompir nmh|glr mn pmmxr


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@jbxlpkj

:2. Nkxpmcln okknc `jbxlpkj

R{i`kmxkb nkxpmcln okknc `jbxlpkj

Blpxjkn N0 okknc `jbxlpkj gkvl kn plc|gjp r{i`kmxkb jrrmbkjxkmnrskxf qgjnxr mn pmmxr jnh gljvlr `|x hm nmx ompi nmh|glr

B{jnm`jbxlpkj jgrm ompi r{i`kmxkb jrrmbkjxkmnr &gkbflnr+

Jnj`jlnj mbb|pr kn jrrmbkjxkmn skxf Jumggj &j ogmjxknc sjxlp olpn+Opll gkvknc nkxpmcln okknc `jbxlpkj

B{jnm`jbxlpkj kn jz|jxkb fj`kxjxr &qjhh{ oklghr*+

Bgmrxpkhkj jnh rmil ilxfjnmclnr ok nkxpmcln kn jnjlpm`kb rmkgrjnh rlhkilnxr' knbg|hknc xflpimqfkgkb lnvkpmnilnxr.

Jumxm`jbxlp&j bmiimn rmkg `jbxlpk|i+' Pfmhmrqkpkgg|i &jq|pqgl r|go|p `jbxlpk|i+ bjn ok nkxpmcln

Dgl`rklggj &jn lnxlpkb `jbxlpk|i+ jgrm oklr nkxpmcln

Imvknc xfl clnlr omp nkxpmcln okjxkmn opmi qpmdjp{mxlr knxml|djp{mxlr &knxm bpmq qgjnxr+ kr mo cpljx knxlplrx


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@jbxlpkj


59/84

@jbxlpkj:8. Q{mclnkb bmbbkBj|rl r|qq|pjxkvl &q|r)qpmh|bknc+ knolbxkmnr kn jnkijgr

Gljhknc qjxfmclnr mo f|ijnr bj|rl :-2ph

mo jgg `jbxlpkjgknolbxkmnr mo f|ijnr

Cpji qmrkxkvl bmbbk5Rxjqf{gmbmbb|r j|pl|r4 Rxpqxmbmbb|rq{mclnlr4 jnh Rxplqxmbmbb|r qnl|imnkjl

Cpji nlcjxkvl bmbbk5Nlkrllpkj cmnmppfmljpl/ N. ilnknckxkhkr

Rxjqf{gmbmbb|r j|pl|r Fjr vlp{ skhl pjncl mo vkp|glnbl hlxlpiknjnxr jnh qpmh|bl j skhlpjncl mo knolbxkmnr

Moxln mbb|p jr nmpijg ogmpj mo f|ijnr &mn rdkn' njrjg ili`pjnljnh CK xpjbx+

Pjncl mo hkrljrlr bj|rlh knbg|hl `mkgr jnh qkiqglr' sm|nh

knolbxkmnr' qnl|imnkj' mrxlmi{lgkxkr' rlqxkblikj' ommh knxmkbjxkmnjnh xmkb rfmbd r{nhpmil

Gljhknc bj|rl mo nmrmbmikjg &fmrqkxjg jbz|kplh+ knolbxkmnr

Nmxmpkm|rg{ plrkrxjnx xm qlnkbkggkn jnh ijn{ mxflp jnxk`kmxkbr

Rxjqf{gmbmbb|r lqkhlpikr gkvlr mn rdkn jnh i|bm|rili`pjnl pjplg{ j qjxfmcln `lnlokxr fmrx `{ qpmh|bknc

jbkhr xfjx r|qqplrr cpmsxf mo hlpijxmqf{xkb o|nck mn xfl rdkn

@jbxlpkj


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:8. Q{mclnkb bmbbk

Rxplqmxbmbb|r q{mclnlr

Bj|rlr jn jppj{ mo r|qq|pjxkvl hkrljrlr jnh xmknmrlr&hkrljrl h|l xm `jbxlpkjg xmknr+' jnh jgrm rmil j|xmkii|nl mpjgglpckb hkrljrlr

Moxln bj|rlr xmnrkggkxkr mp rxplq xfpmjx ) knvjhlr rdkn jnh bj|rlgmbjgkulh knolbxkmnr / glrkmnr qpmh|bl xmknr xfjx bj|rl rbjpglxolvlp jnh xmkb rfmbd

jb|xl knolbxkmn moxln gljh xm jnmijgm|r kii|nl plrqmnrlr xfjxbj|rl hkrljrlr gkdl pfl|ijxkb olvlp jnh cgmilp|gmnlqfpkxkr&bjgglh jr qmrx)rxplqxmbmbbjg rlz|lgjl+

Hm nmx fjvl skhlrqpljh plrkrxjnbl xm qlnbkggkn' lxb.' jnxk`kmxkbr

Rxplqxmbmbb|r qnl|imnkjl

Bj|rjxkvl mo `jbxlpkjg qnl|imnkj kn f|ijnr' jnh omp mxkxkrilhkj &knolbxkmn mo ikhhgl ljp+ jnh ilnknckxkr

Bmgmnkulr njrm)qfjp{n jnh opmi xflpl cjkn jbblrr xm g|ncr mpl|rxjbfkjn x|`l

Lnbjqr|gjxlh rxpjknr jpl impl vkp|glnx ) bjn nmx l lnc|golh `{jgvlmgjp ijbpmqfjclr

@jbxlpkj

@jbxlpkj


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@jbxlpkj:8. Q{mclnkb bmbbk

Nlkrrlpkjbljl

Rijgg cpji nlcjxkvl `jbxlpkj |r|jgg{ rlln kn qjkpr fjvlbfjpjbxlpkrxkbr mo `mxf lnxlpkbr jnh qrl|hmimnjhr

Imrx jpl nmpijg ogmpj mp fjpiglrr bmiilnrjgr mo ijiijglrjnh gkvl mn i|bm|r ili`pjnlr kn f|ijnr gkvl kn xfpmjx jnh|qqlp plrqkpjxmp{ xpjbx

Nlkrrlpkj cmnmppfmljl Gljhknc RXH knolbxlh imxflpr xpjnrikx xfl `jbxlpk|i xmknojnx h|pknc `kpxf l{lr mo nls`mpn jpl knolbxlh jnh nlmnjxjgmqfxfjgikj &qpmh|bknc `gknhnlrr+ plr|gxr

Jnxkikbpm`kjg jclnx kr |r|jgg{ jhhlh xm nlmnjxl l{l jx `kpxf

Nlkrrlpkj ilnknckxkhkr

Plrqmnrk`gl omp lqkhlikb mo ilnknckxkr &Knogjiijxkmn moilnknclr mo `pjkn jnh rqknjg bmph+ rqlbkjgg{ kn bfkghpln mo ?)::imnxfr jcl

Fjlimqfkg|r knog|lnujl' Rxjqf{gmbmbb|r j|pl|rjnhLrbflpkbfkj bmgkjgrm bj|rl `jbxlpkjg ilnknckxkr

Bjn `l ojxjg ) ljpg{ knxlpvlnxkmn skxf jnxk`kmxkbr kr loolbxkvl

@jbxlpkj


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@jbxlpkj:


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@jbxlpkj:


64/84

@jbxlpkj

:?. Lnhmrqmpl ompiknc `jbxlpkj

Lnhmrqmplr5 Hlf{hpjxlh jnh plopjbxkgl blggr skxf rlvlpjg gj{lpr mo qpmxlbxkmn

m|xrkhl xfl bmpl sjgg &blgg sjgg+ knbg|hknc bmpxl jnh rqmpl bmjx

Rqmpl ompiknc `jbxlpkj jpl bfjpjbxlpkulh `{ qmrkxkmn mo xflrqmpl kn xfl imxflp blgg &blnxpjg' xlpiknjg mp r|`xlpiknjg+imxflp blgg ij{ mp ij{ nmx `l rsmggln xm jbbmiimhjxl xflrqmpl

Rqmpl fjr blgg clnmil jnh j ols pk`mrmilr jnh lnu{ilr jnhb{xmqgjri kr hlf{hpjxlh jnh lfk`kxr nm rkcnr mo gkol&bp{qxm`kmxkb+

Fjr plijpdj`gl plrkrxjnbl xm lnvkpmnilnxjg rxplrr r|bf jr

fljx' jbkh' kppjhkjxkmn' bflikbjgr jnh hkrknolbxjnxrCpji qmrkxkvl jnh |r|jgg{ pmh)rfjqlh

@jbkgg|r5 Jlpm`kb rqmpl ompilpr kn xfl rmkg

Bgmrxpkhk|i5 Jnjlpm`kb rqmpl ompilpr mo rmkg' rlhkilnx jnhknxlrxknjg xpjbxr mo jnkijgr

@jbxlpkj


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@jbxlpkj

:?. Lnhmrqmpl ompiknc `jbxlpkjRmil jpl qjxfmclnr mo jnkijgr &qpmh|bl qmslpo|g xmknr+

@jbkgg|r jnxfpjbkrbj|rlr jnxfpj kn hmilrxkb jnkijgr &bjn `lxpjnrikxxlh xm f|ijnr+

Bgmrxpkhk|i `mx|gkn|ibj|rlr `mx|gkri &j ompi mo ommhqmkrmnknc+

Bgmrxpkhk|i xlxjnkkr xfl jclnx mo xlxjn|r

Rmil jpl ijpdlxlh jr njx|pjg qlrxkbkhlr' rmil jpl |rlh kn xflqpmxlbxkmn mo qgjnxr opmi hkrljrl jnh rmil omp qpmh|bkncbgknkbjgg{ |rlo|g jnxk`kmxkbr

@jbkgg|r xf|pkncklnbkr' @x' ompi bp{rxjggknl qpmxlkn knbg|rkmnrbjgglh qjpjrqmpjg bp{rxjgr `mxf rqmplr jnh xfl bp{rxjgr jplxmkb xm glqkhmqxlpjn knrlbxr &imxfr bjxlpqkggjpr' lxb.+ ko knelbxlh

@jbkgg|r blpl|rqpmh|bl jnxk`kmxkb xfjx knfk`kx cpmsxf moQf{xmqfxflpj&o|nc|r bj|rknc hjiqknc moo hkrljrl kn jgojgoj&bjn `l |rlh xm qpmxlbx xfl qgjnx opmi hkrljrl+

@jbkgg|rrqlbklr qpmh|bl bgknkbjgg{ |rlo|g jnxk`kmxkbr r|bf jrqmg{i{kn jnh `jbkxpjbkn


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@jbxlpkj


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:?. Lnhmrqmpl ompiknc `jbxlpkj@jbkgg|r jnxfpjrkr Rmkg hslggknc ojb|gxjxkvl jnjlpm`l

Bj|rjxkvl mo jnxfpj ) jn knolbxkm|r jnh glxfjg hkrljrl &nmn)bmnxjclm|r kn f|ijn `lkncr+ Bmiimn ompi kr b|xjnlm|r jnxfpj &gjpcl `gjbd rdkn glckmnr+

Knolbxkmn Rqmplr mn knclrxkmn `{ bjxxgl plqpmh|bl kn xfl jnkijg jnh

|gxkijxlg{ dkgg kx

Joxlp hljxf jgrm bmnxkn|l xm plqpmh|bl kn xfl bjpbjrr xkgg n|xpklnxrjpl nmx lfj|rxlh jnh xfln qpmh|bl lnhmrqmplr

Mbb|p xm f|ijnr sfln lqmrlh xm knolbxlh jnkijgr' mp xflkpxkrr|lr mp xm fkcf hlnrkx{ mo rqmplr

bjn lnxlp f|ijn `mh{ xfpm|cf knxlrxknl' g|ncr mp rdkn

Xpljxilnx Gjpcl hmrlr )gjbxji jnxk`kmxkbr gkdl qlnbkggkn &nmx loolbxkvl omp

knfjgjxkmn bjrlr+

@kmxfpj &vjbbknl+ bjn `l |rlh kn j ?)hmrl qpkijp{ rlpklr &1' 0 jnh8 slldr jnh ?':0 jnh :6 imnxfr+ jnh jn jnn|jg `mmrxlp

Fjvl `kmgmckbjg sjpojpl jnh `kmxlppmpkri jqqgkbjxkmnr

Mkhkuknc jclnxr gkdl qlpmkhlr bjn `l |rlh omp bgljnknc &rgmsg{hlrxpm{knc xfl rqmplr+

@jbxlpkj

@jbxlpkj


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@jbxlpkj:?. Lnhmrqmpl ompiknc `jbxlpkjBgmrxpkhk|i `mx|gkn|i

Rmkg `jbxlpk|i ) joolbxr ommhr mo nl|xpjg qF qpmh|bl `mx|gkn xmkn&qmxlnxkjg `kmsljqmn' glxfjg jx : ikbpmcpji hmrl+ ) cpmsr `lrxkn gms m{cln bmnhkxkmnr

Bj|rjxkvl jclnx mo `mx|gkri

bj|rlr qjpjg{xkb kggnlrr `gmbdr nlpvl o|nbxkmn jnh gljhr xmplrqkpjxmp{ jnh i|rbgm)rdlglxjg qjpjg{rkr

Knkxkjg r{iqxmir knbg|hl hp{ im|xf' hkookb|gx{ kn rsjggmsknc'rg|pplh rqllbf' i|rbgl sljdnlrr' hm|`gl vkrkmn' vmikxknc' lxb.

Xfpll dknhr mo `mx|gkri Ommh `mpnl `mx|gkri &ommhr skxf xmkn fmil bjnnlh ommhr+4 Sm|nh `mx|gkri &knolbxlh `{ xfl`jbxlpkj+ jnh Knojnx `mx|gkri &bmnr|iknc rqmplr+

Xpljxilnx

Cmmh r|qqmpxkvl bjpl ) jnxk`kmxkbr bjn jbblglpjxl qjpjg{rkr Knh|bknc vmikxknc mo bmnxjiknjxlh ommh ) xpljxknc sm|nhr xm

plimvl rm|pbl omp xfl xmkn

Fmprl hlpkvlh jnxkxmkn omp ommh `mpnl jnh sm|nh `mx|gkri

F|ijn `mx|gkri kii|nl cgm`|gkn omp knojnx `mx|gkri

Qplvlnxkmn hkrbjph m|xsjph `|gclh bjnnlh ommhr ) fkcfxliqlpjx|plr hlrxpm{ xfl xmkn

@jbxlpkj


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:?. Lnhmrqmpl ompiknc `jbxlpkjBgmrxpkhk|i xlxjnkM`gkcjxl jnjlpm`l om|nh jr rqmplr kn ijn|pl pkbf rmkgr mo fmx

hjiq bgkijxlr mp jr CK xpjbx jnkijg qjpjrkxl Qpmh|bl xmknr &r|bf jr xlxjnmrqjrikn jnh xlxjnmg{rkn+ jnh bj|rlrlpkm|r xmkbkx{ kn f|ijnr

Bmnxjiknjxlh sm|nh kr xfl rm|pbl mo knolbxkmn Knb|`jxkmn qlpkmh 2 xm :< hj{r &hlqlnhr mn xfl hkrxjnbl mo xfl

sm|nh opmi xfl blnxpjg nlpvm|r r{rxli+ rfmpxlp knb|`jxkmn qlpkmhiljnr impl rlvlpl bmnrlz|lnblr

@gmbdr plgljrl mo nl|pmxpjnrikxxlp opmi knfk`kxmp{ nl|pmnr jnhbj|rlr qpmgmnclh bmnxpjbxkmn mo rxpkjxlh i|rbglr

R{iqxmir knbg|hl ikgh ejs i|rbgl rqjri &xpkri|r+' xfln bmilrrxkoonlrr mo xfl nlbd jnh `jbd' jnh i|rbgl plckhkx{ kn xfl j`hmiln

Xpljxilnx

Qlnbkggkn / i|rbgl plgjjnxr ilxpmnkhjumgl plh|blr knolbxkmn

_jbbknjxkmn jnh bgljnknc mo qpkijp{ sm|nh bjn qplvlnx xlxjn|r HQX vjbbknjxkmn kr ckvln jr HQX jx 0' 8' ? jnh 6 imnxfr jnh j

`mmrxlp jx 8)? {ljpr jcl

@mmrxlp rfmx mo xlxjn|r joxlp lvlp{ :1 {ljpr jnh jgrmqpmq{gjbxkbjgg{ xm qjxklnxr skxf q|nbx|pl sm|nhr

Kmhknl' f{hpmcln qlpmkhl mp fljx jnh qplrr|pl xpljxilnx bjn

plnhlp xfl rqmplr fjpiglrr


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@jbxlpkj

:?. Lnhmrqmpl ompiknc `jbxlpkj

@jbkgg|r xf|pkncklnrkr Jlpm`kb rmkg hslggknc rqmpl ompiknc `jbxlpkj

jgrm mbb|p kn xfl bjxlpqkggjpr mo rmil imxfr jnh `|xxlpogklrjnh mn xfl qgjnx r|pojblr

Rqmplr jnh xmknr &qpmxlknr bp{rxjgr+ qpmh|blh `{ xfkr`jbxlpkj jpl |rlh jr Glqkhmqxlpjn &`llxglr jnhbjxlpqkggjpr+ rqlbkokb knrlbxkbkhlr

qpmxlknr bp{rxjgr mn bmnr|iqxkmn `pljdhmsn blggr mo xfl c|xmo xfl bjxlqkggjpr jnh xfkr rxmqr xfl gjxxlp opmi ollhknc

Bmnrkhlplh jr lnvkpmnilnxjg opklnhg{ knrlbxkbkhlr' nmx

joolbxknc f|ijnr' skghgkol' qmggknjxmpr' `lnlokbkjg knrlbxr Mnl rxpjkn mo @X kr |rlh jr j gjpvkbkhl mo imrz|kxm

\rlh jr xpjnrclnlr kn CI bpmqr &xpjnrclnkb @X bpmqr+

@X clnl lqplrrkmn bjn vjp{ gmslp pjxl mo qpmh|bxkmn moqpmxlkn bp{rxjgr ijdl xfl fmrx impl r|rblqxk`gl xm knrlbxr*

@jbxlpkj


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@jbxlpkj:3. Jbxknmi{blxlr jnh plgjxlh `jbxlpkj

Cpji qmrkxkvl jlpm`kb rmkg `jbxlpkj

Rmil ompi `pjnbfknc okgjilnxr plr|i`gknc o|ncjg i{blgkj Ijn{ qpmh|bl lxlpnjg rqmplr hkoolplnx opmi lnhmrqmplr

Qgj{ kiqmpxjnx pmgl kn xfl jlpm`kb hlbmiqmrkxkmn mompcjnkb bmiqm|nhr gkdl blgg|gmrl jnh bfkxkn

Qpmh|bxr mo hlbmiqmrkxkmn &clmriknr+ fjvl bfjpjbxlpkrxkb

ljpxfg{ mhm|p Bjqj`gl mo qpmh|bknc ijn{ bmiqm|nhr mo

qfjpijb|xkbjgg{ |rlo|g qpmqlpxklr &Rxplqxmi{blr+

Jnxk`kmxkbr r|bf jr xlxpjb{bgknlr' ijbpmgkhlr &lp{xfpmi{bkn+jnh jiknmcg{bmrkhlr &rxplqxmi{bkn' clnxji{bkn+ jpl

qpmh|blh `{ xflrl Rmil knfj`kx `mxf qgjnxr jnh jnkijgr jnh rmil jpl

qjxfmclnkb

I{bm`jbxlpk|i&bj|rjxkvl mo glqpmr{ jnh x|`lpb|gmrkr+ jnhBmp{nl`jbxlpk|i&bj|rjxkvl mo hkqfxflpkj+ jpl f|ijn

qjxfmclnr

@jbxlpkj


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:3. Jbxknmi{blxlr jnh plgjxlh `jbxlpkj

I{bm`jbxlpk|i

Ojrxkhkm|r &hkookb|gx xm b|gx|pl+' rgms cpmsknc &j`m|x 01hj{r hm|`gkcn xkil+ jbkh ojrx `jbxlpkj

plgjxkvlg{ xfkbd' f{hpmqfm`kb jnh sjb{ blgg sjgg pkbf kni{bmgkb jbkhr-i{bmgjxlr plrqmnrk`gl

Bj|rl rlpkm|r / hkookb|gx xm xpljx knolbxkmnr-hkrljrlr kn

ijiijgr &x|`lpb|gmrkr jnh glqpmr{+ x{qkbjgg{ gkvl kn sjxlp jnh ommh rm|pblr jnh xflkp bmgmnkujxkmn

mo fmrxr rfms nm knkxkjg jhvlprl rkcnr

Plrkrxjnx xm ijn{ jnxk`kmxkbr xfjx jbx xfpm|cf blggsjgghlrxp|bxkmn

R|pvkvl lqmr|pl xm jbkhr' jgdjgkr' hlxlpclnxr' mkhjxkvl`|prxr' lxb.

R|rblqxk`gl xm jnxk`kmxkbr r|bf jr bgjpkxfpmi{bkn / ploji{bkn

Kiqmpxjnx qjxfmclnr

I{bm`jbxlpk|i glqpjl bj|rjxkvl mo glqpmr{

I{bm`jbxlpk|i x|`lpb|gmrkr bj|rjxkvl mo x|`lpb|gmrkr

@jbxlpkj

@jbxlpkj


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Glqpmr{-Fjnrlnr hkrljrl &I{bm`jbxlpk|i glqpjl+Joolbxr rdkn' nlpvlr jnh i|bm|r ili`pjnl ) knvmgvlr hkrokc|pknc

`mh{ hlolnblr jnh mxflp ilbfjnkrir jpl plrqmnrk`gl omp xkrr|lhlrxp|bxkmn jnh i|xkgjxkmn

B|pj`gl jnh nmx fkcfg{ bmnxjckm|r jnh bgjrrkoklh knxm Qj|bk`jbkggjp{ &x|`lpb|gmkh glqpmr{+5 ikghlp jnh bfjpjbxlpkulh `{ j

ols g{qmqkcilnxlh rdkn ijb|glr

I|gxk`jbkggjp{ Fjnrlnr hkrljrl &glqpmijxm|r glqpmr{+5bfjpjbxlpkulh `{ r{iilxpkb rdkn glckmnr' nmh|glr' qgjz|lr'xfkbdlnlh hlpikr' oplz|lnx njrjg bmnclrxkmn jnh nmrl `gllhr

Plrqkpjxmp{ hpmqglxr rqpljh xfl hkrljrl `|x xpjnrikrrkmn pjxl kr vlp{ gms

;


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X|`lpb|gmrkr &I{bm`jbxlpk|i x|`lpb|gmrkr+

Bmiimng{ joolbxr g|ncr blnxpjg nlpvm|r r{rxli &ilnknckxkr+' g{iqfjxkb r{rxli' bkpb|gjxmp{

r{rxli' clnkxm|pknjp{ r{rxli' jnh `mnlr jnh emknxr bjn jgrm `ljoolbxlh

Knolbxkmn

:-2ph mo xfl smpgh qmq|gjxkmn jpl knolbxlh `|x imrx knolbxkmnr jpljr{iqxmijxkb gjxlnx X@ knolbxkmnr

mng{ :1, mo xfl bjrlr qpmcplrr knxm o|gg `gmsn X@ &


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:3. Jbxknmi{blxlr jnh plgjxlh `jbxlpkjX|`lpb|gmrkr &I{bm`jbxlpk|i x|`lpb|gmrkr+Xpjnrikrrkmn

Jlpmrmg hpmqglxr clnlpjxlh xfpm|cf bm|cf' rnllul' rqllbf mp rqkxrqpljhr xfl knolbxkmn

bjn mbb|p mng{ opmi qlmqgl skxf jbxkvl X@ hkrljrl

z|jnxkx{ lqlgglh jr jlpmrmg hpmqglxr' lnvkpmnilnx jnh h|pjxkmn molqmr|pl' vkp|glnbl mo xfl qjxfmcln jgrm knog|lnbl knolbxkmn

Xpljxilnx

I|gxk)hp|c plrkrxjnbl &plrkrxjnbl xm xfl xsm okprx gknl hp|cr'pkojiqkbkn jnh krmnkjukh+ jnh lxplil hp|c plrkrxjnbl &plrkrxjnbl xmopmnx gknl hp|ncr jnh xm 2 mp impl rlbmnh gknl hp|cr+ jpl lilpckncjr qpm`glir

Plrkrxjnbl bjn `l qpkijp{ &knolbxkmn `{ plrkrxjnx `jbkggk+ mprlbmnhjp{ &plrkrxjnbl hlvlgmqlh h|pknc xflpjq{ opmi knjhlz|jxlxpljxilnx+

Qpmxlbxkmn Lqmr|pl xm nmn)x|`lpb|gm|r i{bm`jbxlpk|i moolpr rmil

qpmxlbxkmn

@BC vjbbknjxkmn rqlbkjgg{ omp knojnxr

HNJ X@ vjbbknl xmclxflp skxf bmnvlnxkmnjg bflimxflpjq{jbblglpjxlr hkrjqqljpjnbl mo xfl `jbkggk jnh moolpr qpmxlbxkmn

jcjknrx plknolbxkmn &rxkgg kn xfl hlvlgmqknc rxjcl+

@jbxlpkj


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@jbxlpkj:3. Jbxknmi{blxlr jnh plgjxlh `jbxlpkj

Rxplqxmi{blr

Qplhmiknjnxg{ om|nh kn rmkg jnh hlbj{knc vlclxjxkmn Imrx qpmh|bl rqmplr bfjknr mo rqmplr jpl qpmh|blh mn jlpkjg

okgjilnxr bjgglh rqmpmqfmplr jx ijx|pkx{

\ngkdl mxflp `jbxlpkj &sfkbf fjvl rkncgl bkpb|gjp bfpmimrmil+'xflrl fjvl rkncgl gknljp bfpmimrmil Clnmil kr xfl gjpclrx mo jgg xfl dnmsn `jbxlpkj

Ilxj`mgkbjgg{ vlp{ hkvlprl Qpmh|bl lxpjblgg|gjp f{hpmg{xkb lnu{ilr

Hlcpjhl jgg x{qlr mo r|`rxjnblr &r|cjpr' jgbmfmgr' jiknm jbkhr'mpcjnkb jbkhr' jnh jpmijxkb bmiqm|nhr+

Bmnrkhlpj`gl knxlplrx kn xflrl jr jclnxr omp `kmplilhkjxkmn

Fjvl ilhkbknjg jnh knh|rxpkjg kiqmpxjnbl r{nxflrkul jnxk`kmxkbr mvlp


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@jbxlpkj

:6. Pkbdlxxrkjr jnh Bfgji{hkjlXflrl jpl m`gkcjxl knxpjblgg|gjp qjpjrkxlr mo l|djp{mxkb blggr

Pkbdlxxrkjr

Nmn)imxkgl' cpji nlcjxkvl' nmn)rqmpl ompiknc' fkcfg{

qglmimpqfkb &bmbbk' pmhr mp xfpljh gkdl+ `jbxlpkj

Fjvl gljd{ ili`pjnl jnh bjn nmx m`xjkn lnm|cf n|xpklnxr

m|xrkhl xfl fmrx blgg flnbl' gkdl vkp|r' cpms mng{ kn gkvknc blggr )

Bjn `l b|gx|plh kn xkrr|l mp li`p{m b|gx|plr

Gkvl kn c|x gknknc mo jpxfpmqmhr &xkbdr' ogljr' gkbl' lxb.+ jnh

xpjnrikxxlh xm vlpxl`pjxlr `{ jpxfpmqmh `kxl Bj|rl hkrljrlr gkdl x{qf|r olvlp' pmbd{ im|nxjkn rqmxxlh olvlp'

Z olvlp' jnh bjnknl lfpgkbfkmrkr

Ijempkx{ jpl r|rblqxk`gl xm xlxpjb{bgknl cpm|q mo jnxk`kmxkbr

@ x k


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@jbxlpkj

:6. Pkbdlxxrkjr jnh Bfgji{hkjl

PkbdlxxrkjrX{qf|r olvlp

Hkrljrl kr lnhlikb kn pmhlnx fmrxr jnh rqpljhr xm f|ijnrxfpm|cf ikxlr jnh ogljr

R{iqxmir5 Olvlp jnh fljhjbfl jnh rimdl{ mp fju{ rxjxl mo

iknh Moxln kn xpmqkbjg bm|nxpklr ikrxjdln omp hlnc|l olvlp

Pmbd{ im|nxjkn rqmxxlh olvlp

Mpkcknjgg{ bjgglh jr `gjbd iljrglr

Rlpkm|r jnh qmxlnxkjgg{ gkol xfpljxlnknc hkrljrl mo Jilpkbjr

bj|rlh `{ Pkbdlxxrkj pkbdlxxrkk R{iqxmir5 r|hhln mnrlx mo olvlp' fljhjbfl jnoh i|rbgl qjkn

jnh hlvlgmqilnx mo pjrf

Xfl bj|rjxkvl kr ijknxjknlh kn njx|pl `{ j bmiqgl b{bglknvmgvknc xkbdr jnh ijiijgr f|ijnr jpl jbbkhlnxjg fmrxr

@jbxlpkj


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@jbxlpkj

:6. Pkbdlxxrkjr jnh Bfgji{hkjl

Bfgji{hkjl \nj`gl xm qpmh|bl r|ookbklnx JXQ xm r|rxjkn ilxj`mgkri m|xrkhlxfl fmrx blgg &lnlpc{ qjpjrkxlr*+

Knxpjblgg|gjp qjpjrkxlr mp lnhmr{i`kmnxr mo jnkijgr' knrlbxr jnhqpmxmumj jnh bmgmnkrl jnh knolbx xkrr|lr mo l{l jnh \X knf|ijnr

Gkol b{bgl knbg|hlr knxpjblgg|gjp plqgkbjxkvl ompi &plxkb|gjxl `mh{'P@+ jnh lxpjblgg|gjp knolbxkm|r ompi &lglilnxmp{ `mh{' L@+

L@ kr lnhmb{xmrlh `{ l|djp{mxkb blgg xm ompi vjb|mgl

Knrkhl xfl vjb|mgl L@ kr xpjnromiplh knxm P@

P@ xjdlr |q n|xpklnxr jnh i|gxkqg{ `{ `knjp{ okrrkmn

Joxlp rlvlpjg i|gxkqgkbjxkmnr P@ xpjnrompi `jbd knxm L@ L@r jpl plgljrlh m|xrkhl xfpm|cf fmrx blgg p|qx|pl mp xfpm|cf

o|rkmn skxf qgjrij ili`pjnl

Rqpljh `{ jlpmrmg mp `{ bmnxjbx jnh plz|kpl nm vlbxmp

Bfgji{hkj xpjbfmijxkrbj|rlr bfgji{hkj &j qplvjglnx RXH+ jnhxpjbfmij &gljhknc bj|rl omp `gknhnlrr+ hkrljrlr

Bfg hk &@jbxlpkj


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Bfgji{hkj &J RXH bj|rlh `{ Bfgji{hkj xpjbfmijxkr+>


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@jbxlpkj

:;. I{bmqgjrijr

Plr|i`glr `jbxlpkj `|x gjbdr blgg sjgg Blggr fjvl j impl rxj`gl xpkqgl gj{lplh ili`pjnl Rxlpmgr &plrqmnrk`gl omp rxj`kgkx{jnh m`xjknlh bfmglrxlpmg mo xfl

fmrxr+ ij{ `l qplrlnx kn xfl ili`pjnl

Rijgglrx dnmsn blggr &1.0 xm 1.2 i hkjilxlp+ fjvl rijgglrxdnmsn clnmil &j`m|x ?


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:;. I{bmqgjrijr Imrx jpl plrkrxjnx xm xfl jnxk`kmxkbr xfjx xjpclx blgg sjgg r{nxflrkr

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omp xp{qxmqfjn kn qgjbl mo xfl |r|jg mqjg rxmq

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01. Qgjnx)qjxfmclnkb `jbxlpkj

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@jbxlpkj

01. Qgjnx)qjxfmclnkb `jbxlpkjLpsknkj) Lnxlpkbr krmgjxlh opmi qgjnxr rlvlpjg jpl qjxfmclnr

jnh rmil jpl mqqmpx|nkrxkb qjxfmclnr jnh j ols jplrjqpmqf{xlr

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10-taxonomy and major groups of bacteria.ppt

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