10. personality and emotions - cloud object storage · 2017-09-05 · regulating emotions...
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10. Personality and Emotions
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10.1 Temperament
10.2 Development of Emotions
10.3 Emotional Expression and Regulation
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10.4 Emotional Intelligence
10.5 Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory
10.6 Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
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10.7 Stability and Change
10.8 Attribution Styles
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10.1 Temperament
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Infant temperament • Thomas & Chess (early)
• Sanguine (active)
•Melancholic (quiet)
•Choleric (irritable)
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Infant temperament • Later categories
• Easy: adaptable
•Difficult: irritable; linked to antisocial
• Slow-to-warm: low energy; tend to withdraw
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10.2 Development of Emotions
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First emotions
•Newborns’ first (negative) emotion: distress
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First emotions
•Basic emotions (Ekman): •Anger •Disgust • Fear •Happiness • Sadness • Surprise
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Secondary emotions
• Shades and combinations of basic emotions
•Hurt = sad+angry
•Worried = sad+fear
•Curious = happy+surprise
• Startled = surprise+fear
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Secondary emotions
• Social emotions, e.g. embarrassment, empathy
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10.3 Emotional Expression and Regulation
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Regulating emotions
• Infants: self-soothing, find support when afraid
• Toddlers: self-soothing actions, retreat from stimuli
•Children: conscious social emotions and strategies for discomfort
• Teens: complex social awareness, strategies
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10.4 Emotional Intelligence
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Start: impulse control
•Marshmallow test predicts happiness and success
•Golman: EQ, not just IQ
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Start: impulse control
•Attributes of EI
• Self-awareness
• Self-regulation
• Social Skill
• Empathy
•Motivation
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10.5 Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory
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Unconscious motives
•Unconscious coping mechanisms from early childhood experiences
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Unconscious motives
• Personality layers • Id: animal urges • Ego: sense of self • Superego: authority ➔ Interplay determines function and dysfunction
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10.6 Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
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Eight stages of life • From Freud’s
unconscious coping mechanisms •Cognitive, social, and
emotional development
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Eight stages of life • Innate urges to
complete challenges/tasks at each stage of life • Stage success ➔
fulfillment, readiness for next stage
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Erikson: Stage I (0-1) • Trust vs. mistrust• Infant wants sense of
security in the world• Trust comes from
experience with caregivers• Success ➔ optimism and
hopefulness about life
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Erikson: Stage II (1-3) •Autonomy vs. shame • Toddler wants sense of
self-mastery while adults are monitoring and limiting everything
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Erikson: Stage II (1-3) •Related to walking,
speech, toilet training, experimenting• Success ➔
competence and independence
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Erikson: Stage III (3-6) • Initiative vs. guilt • Young child wants sense
of independence and self-expression
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Erikson: Stage III (3-6) •Related to early school
experience, time with new people away from family • Success ➔ confidence
and willingness to try new things
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Erikson: Stage IV (6-12)• Industry vs. inferiority •Older child wants sense
of competence and realism about abilities
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Erikson: Stage IV (6-12)•Related to school
subjects, peer relations, interactions with teachers and coaches • Success ➔ self-worth,
self-esteem, self-motivation
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Erikson: Stage V (Adolescence)• Identity vs. role
confusion• Teen wants sense of
own personal values and sexual orientation
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Erikson: Stage V (Adolescence)•Related to development
of sex organs and urges, social issues, cognitive changes • Success ➔ “Who I am”
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Marcia: Identity status •NOT stage theory •Categories based on
progress toward stable identity • Foreclosure = early decision•Diffusion = confused•Moratorium = experimenting•Achievement = settled
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Erikson: Stage VI (Early adulthood) • Intimacy vs. isolation• Young adult wants to
form close relations
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Erikson: Stage VI (Early adulthood) •Related to one-to-one
relations, social contacts, first employment• Success ➔ Ability to
love and commit
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Erikson: Stage VII (Middle adulthood) •Generativity vs. stagnation•Adult wants to create,
contribute, expand•Related to family (young &
old), career, community • Success ➔ Purpose and
generosity
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Erikson: Stage VIII (Older adulthood) • Integrity vs. despair •Wants to find
satisfaction and/or resolution with past •Accept decline of
cognitive processing skills
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Erikson: Stage VIII (Older adulthood) •Related to review of
family, work, priorities • Success ➔ Insight and
self-wisdom
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10.7 Stability and Change
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Is personality stable across the life span?• Some aspects seem to
stay the same • Some aspects seem to
be fluid
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Case for stability Holland’s personality types matched to employment •Realistic: animals, tools • Investigative: sell, persuade •Artistic: create • Social: helping • Enterprising: lead, sell •Conventional: order, plan
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Case for change Socioemotional theory (Carstensen) •With aging, people invest
in emotionally meaningful goals and activities • Shifts in motivation • Shifts in cognitive
processing • Shift toward positivity
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Case for both?Big Five model •Aggressiveness • Extraversion •Neuroticism •Openness •Conscientiousness (but
this one tends to increase over time)
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10.8 Attribution Styles
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Why do things happen? 2 Types of attribution
• External: People behave because of what happens and how things relate
• Internal: People behave because of what is in them and what they want
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Why do things happen? • Related to cultural bias Collectivist ➔ externalIndividualist ➔ internal