10 nov- part1- materials of construction stones[1]
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CRCH2011 II Focus on StoneSensitization Workshop towards
Conservation and Restoration of Built Stone Heritage
Module II : History and basic materials of construction 10 November 11 November 2011
Session: 1/2Materials in early construction
Construction technology
Terminology
Types of Rocks
Theory v/s practice in conservation
9 November 12 December 2011
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
Etymology
WALL Latin. VALLUM rampart
rampart
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
Etymology
WALL Latin. VALLUM rampart
LINE Latin. LINEA linen cord
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
Etymology
WALL Latin. VALLUM rampart
LINE Latin. LINEA linen cord
vertical as plumb lineLatin. PERPENDICULARISPERPENDICULAR
Latin. PERPENDERE balance carefully
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
Etymology
WALL Latin. VALLUM rampart
LINE Latin. LINEA linen cord
vertical as plumb lineLatin . PERPENDICULARISPERPENDICULAR
Latin. PERPENDERE balance carefully
bowl for mixingLatin. MORTARIUMMORTAR
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
Etymology
WALL Latin. VALLUM rampart
LINE Latin. LINEA linen cord
vertical as plumb lineLatin . PERPENDICULARISPERPENDICULAR
Latin. PERPENDERE balance carefully
bowl for mixingLatin. MORTARIUMMORTAR
small ladle/ dipperLatin. TRUELLATROWEL
stirring spoonLatin. TRUA
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
Etymology
WALL Latin. VALLUM rampart
LINE Latin. LINEA linen cord
vertical as plumb lineLatin . PERPENDICULARISPERPENDICULAR
Latin. PERPENDERE balance carefully
bowl for mixingLatin. MORTARIUMMORTAR
small ladle/ dipperLatin. TRUELLATROWEL
stirring spoonLatin. TRUA
to prop up/ supportLatin. fulcrum (FULCIRE)FULCRUM
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
Etymology
WALL Latin. VALLUM rampart
LINE Latin. LINEA linen cord
vertical as plumb lineLatin . PERPENDICULARISPERPENDICULAR
Latin. PERPENDERE balance carefully
bowl for mixingLatin. MORTARIUMMORTAR
small ladle/ dipperLatin. TRUELLATROWEL
stirring spoonLatin. TRUA
to prop up/ supportLatin. fulcrum (FULCIRE)FULCRUM
to prop / supportO Fr. eschafaut (ESCHARE)SCAFFOLD
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
Etymology
WALL Latin. VALLUM rampart
LINE Latin. LINEA linen cord
vertical as plumb lineLatin . PERPENDICULARISPERPENDICULAR
Latin. PERPENDERE balance carefully
bowl for mixingLatin. MORTARIUMMORTAR
small ladle/ dipperLatin. TRUELLATROWEL
stirring spoonLatin. TRUA
to prop up/ supportLatin. fulcrum (FULCIRE)FULCRUM
to prop / supportO Fr. eschafaut (ESCHARE)SCAFFOLD
ARCH a bowLatin. ARCUS
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
Etymology
WALL Latin. VALLUM rampart
LINE Latin. LINEA linen cord
vertical as plumb lineLatin . PERPENDICULARISPERPENDICULAR
Latin. PERPENDERE balance carefully
bowl for mixingLatin. MORTARIUMMORTAR
small ladle/ dipperLatin. TRUELLATROWEL
stirring spoonLatin. TRUA
to prop up/ supportLatin. fulcrum (FULCIRE)FULCRUM
to prop / supportO Fr. eschafaut (ESCHARE)SCAFFOLD
ARCH a bowLatin. ARCUSGROUT coarse mealO. Eng. GRUTA
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
Etymology
WALL Latin. VALLUM rampart
LINE Latin. LINEA linen cord
vertical as plumb lineLatin . PERPENDICULARISPERPENDICULAR
Latin. PERPENDERE balance carefully
bowl for mixingLatin. MORTARIUMMORTAR
small ladle/ dipperLatin. TRUELLATROWEL
stirring spoonLatin. TRUA
to prop up/ supportLatin. fulcrum (FULCIRE)FULCRUM
to prop / supportO Fr. eschafaut (ESCHARE)SCAFFOLD
ARCH a bowLatin. ARCUSGROUT coarse mealO. Eng. GRUTA
STREET paved wayLatin . VIA STRATA
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
Etymology
WALL Latin. VALLUM rampart
LINE Latin. LINEA linen cord
vertical as plumb lineLatin . PERPENDICULARISPERPENDICULAR
Latin. PERPENDERE balance carefully
bowl for mixingLatin. MORTARIUMMORTAR
small ladle/ dipperLatin. TRUELLATROWEL
stirring spoonLatin. TRUA
to prop up/ supportLatin. fulcrum (FULCIRE)FULCRUM
to prop / supportO Fr. eschafaut (ESCHARE)SCAFFOLD
ARCH a bowLatin. ARCUSGROUT coarse mealO. Eng. GRUTA
STREET paved wayLatin . VIA STRATA
TESSERAE fourIonic Greek . TESSERES
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
WHERE DID PRIMITIVE MAN LIVE?
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
Primitive man
lived in trees and caves
Native Americans - hunters and gatherers
Tepee- Young branches with animal skins
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
Native Americans - farmers ; cold climate
Wigwams or long houses
Tepees, IndianAmerican World Book encyclopedia
Wikipedia
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
Inspired by ant hill
Cob walls
Used for construction since prehistoric times
Clay based subsoil + straw + water + oxen to trample
24 thick walls were excellent thermal mass- cool in summerand warm in winter
Construction would progress depending on time required
for previous course to dry
Long life span- if tall foundation and large overhang
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
Inspired by ant hill
St. Francis Church Cob house- Mayne island, Canada
Cob walls
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Wattle and Daub
Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
Wattle: Woven lattice of
wooden stripsloose infill panels slotted
between timber frames
Used for construction for the past 6,000 years and still in use
Walls made of woven lattice daubed with sticky material of
wet soil, clay, sand and straw
Daub: mixture of binder, aggregate and reinforcement
Wattle : loose infill panels slotted between timber framing
Binders: hold mix together ex- clay, lime, chalk dustAggregates: bulk and dimensional stability ex-earth, sand
Reinforcement- holds mix together and prevents shrinkage
ex- straw, hair, hay
Whitewashed to increase resistance to rain
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
Adobe
sun dried blocks
Used by native Americans for thousands of years.
Wide use attributed to simplicity of design and economical
Lime based plaster used to protect from rain damage
Composite material of clay and water mixed with straw.
Best suited for hot and arid climates as the walls are a
good thermal reservoir
City of BAM, Iran
Slow drying in shade reduces shrinkage cracks
Not good for cold and damp areas as the walls will crumble
with continuous cycles of freezing and thawing
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
Indus Valley civilization
2500 BC
Deir el-Medina,
Ancient Egypt, 3000 BC
Pueblo village, New Mexico
1000- 1450 ADAdobe
sun dried blocks
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Availability of useful soil and design based on local climate
Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
Rammed Earth
Ancient building technique. Used all over the world
Simple to construct, thermally massive, strong and durable
Revival- sustainable building technique and natural material
Raw materials- earth, lime, chalk and gravel.
Controls humidity, density is good for soundproofing
Sub soil is used (clay: 5-15%), top soil retained for agriculture
Reduces need for lumber as formwork can be reused
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
The process
The mould The first layer- 1/3 height Ramming with plate
Create notches The product The continuation
d l i d b i i l f i i l i l i
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
Rammed Earth home by Paul Weiner
Chapel of Reconciliation, Berlin
Rammed Earth
M d l II Hi d b i i l f i M i l i l i
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
wooden houses with planked sides
Presence of thick forests,
mild climates
Wooden houses
M d l II Hi t d b i t i l f t ti M t i l i l t ti
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
Stone
Step Pyramid- 6 steps, limestone blocks
2650 BC, Egypt
Great Sphinx, c. 2500 BC, Egypt
Head and body- limestone formation,
Paws- limestone blocks
Abu Simbel Temple, limestone
c. 1250 BC, Egypt
Maya architecture, limestone
C. 500 AD, Central America
Mod le II Histor and basic materials of constr ction Materials in earl constr ction
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
Stone
Colloseum, brick and marble
80 AD, Rome
Cestius Pyramid, white marble
c.16 BC, Rome
Parthenon, marble
447 BC, Greece
Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
Vishwakarma cave temple, Basalt
7th- 8th C, Ellora
Stone Angkor Wat, sandstonec.1100 AD, Cambodia
Cave temple, red sandstone
6th C, Badami
Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
WHAT DID THESE ALL HAVE IN COMMON ?
Natural materials
Locally available
Gain experience with them
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
Industrial Revolution
1700s 1800s
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction Materials in early construction
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
Module II: History and basic materials of construction
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction
C RC H2 01 1- F oc us o n S to ne : S en si ti za ti on w or ks ho p t ow ar ds C on se rv at io n a nd R es to ra ti on o f B ui lt S to ne H er it ag e
I n t e r m i s s i o n . . .
Module II: History and basic materials of construction
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction
k h d d f l
Video: Levelling block tools. . .
Video:Ancient Egyptian building tools. . .