10. kebijakan perdagangan
TRANSCRIPT
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PERTEMUAN KESEPULUH:Kebijakan Perdagangan
Nuhfil HananiRini Dwiastuti
2011
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Struktur Presentasi
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nuhfil hanani : web site : www.nuhfil.com, email : [email protected]
Tujuan Pemerintah Meningkatkan penerimaan
pemerintah. Membatasi produksi.
Siapa yang harus membayar pajak : Pembeli (konsumen) atau penjual (produsen)
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Welfare economicsWelfare economics is the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. Buyers and sellers receive benefits from
taking part in the market. The equilibrium in a market maximizes
the total welfare of buyers and sellers.
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Pajak konsumen
Pajak konsumen
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nuhfil hanani : web site : www.nuhfil.com, email : [email protected]
S1
$3.00
800
D1
Equilibrium tanpa pajak
Quantity
Price
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nuhfil hanani : web site : www.nuhfil.com, email : [email protected]
S1
$3.00
800
D1
Menurut pandangan penjual Pajak menyebabkan kurve demand bergeser ke bawah sebesar 50 cents.
$2.80
600
Price
Quantity
50 cents50 cents
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nuhfil hanani : web site : www.nuhfil.com, email : [email protected]
S1
$3.00
800
$3.30
600
Pajak mengakibatkan penerimaan pemerintah sebesar ( $3.30 – $2.8) x 600$2.80
D1
Quantity
Price
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nuhfil hanani : web site : www.nuhfil.com, email : [email protected]
S1
$3.00
800
$3.30
600
Pajak meningkatkan harga pasarDari $.30 menjadi $3.30.$2.80
D1Price
Quantity
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nuhfil hanani : web site : www.nuhfil.com, email : [email protected]
S1
$3.00
800
$3.30
600
Pajak menurunkanPenerimaan pada penjual sebesar $.20
$2.80
D1
Quantity
Price
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nuhfil hanani : web site : www.nuhfil.com, email : [email protected]
S1
$3.00
800
$3.30
600
Pajak membuat pembeli dan penjual menjadi dirugikan
$2.80
D1
Quantity
Price
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nuhfil hanani : web site : www.nuhfil.com, email : [email protected]
Bertambah tingginya elastisitas demand dan supply mengakibatkan konsumen membayar lebih dari pajaknya
Bertambah tingginya elastisitas demand dan supply mengakibatkan penjual membayar lebih dari pajaknya
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Pajak produsen
Pajak produsen
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Supply
Demand
$2.00
250
Price
Quantity
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nuhfil hanani : web site : www.nuhfil.com, email : [email protected]
S1
Demand
S2
Pajak spesifik $.20
$2.00
$2.15
200 250
Price
Quantity
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nuhfil hanani : web site : www.nuhfil.com, email : [email protected]
200
S1
Demand
S2
PAjak sepsifik $.20
$2.15
$2.00$1.95
250
Beban pajak pada produsen
Price
Quantity
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nuhfil hanani : web site : www.nuhfil.com, email : [email protected]
S1
Demand
S2
Pajak sepesifik $.20
$2.15
$2.00$1.95
200 250
Beban pajak pada konsumen
Price
Quantity
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Dampak Pajak thdp
kesejahteraan:•Consumenr’s surplus•Producer’s surplus•Deadweight loss
Dampak Pajak thdp
kesejahteraan:•Consumenr’s surplus•Producer’s surplus•Deadweight loss
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Pajak akan mempengaruhi aktifitas pasar. Jumlah barang yang dijual akan semakin kesedikit
Produsen dan konsumen akan terkena dampaknya
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How do taxes affect the economic well-being of market participants?
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It does not matter whether a tax on a good is levied on buyers or sellers of the good . . . the price paid by buyers rises, and the price received by sellers falls.
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Size of tax
Quantity0
Price
Price buyerspay
Price sellersreceive
Demand
Supply
Pricewithout tax
Quantitywithout tax
Quantitywith tax
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A tax places a wedge between the price buyers pay and the price sellers receive.
Because of this tax wedge, the quantity sold falls below the level that would be sold without a tax.
The size of the market for that good shrinks.
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Tax Revenue T = the size of the tax Q = the quantity of the good sold
TT QQ = the government’s = the government’s
tax revenuetax revenue
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Taxrevenue (T × Q)
Size of tax (T)
Quantitysold (Q)
Quantity0
Price
Demand
Supply
Quantitywithout tax
Quantitywith tax
Price buyerspay
Price sellersreceive
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A
F
B
D
C
E
Quantity0
Price
Demand
Supply
= PB
Q2
= PS
Pricebuyers
pay
Pricesellers
receive
= P1
Q1
Pricewithout tax
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Changes in Welfare A deadweight loss is the fall in total
surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax.
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The change in total welfare includes: The change in consumer surplus, The change in producer surplus, and The change in tax revenue. The losses to buyers and sellers exceed
the revenue raised by the government. This fall in total surplus is called the
deadweight loss.
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Taxes cause deadweight losses because they prevent buyers and sellers from realizing some of the gains from trade.
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Cost tosellersValue to
buyers
Size of tax
Quantity0
Price
Demand
SupplyLost gainsfrom trade
Reduction in quantity due to the tax
Pricewithout tax
Q1
PB
Q2
PS
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What determines whether the deadweight loss from a tax is large or small? The magnitude of the deadweight loss
depends on how much the quantity supplied and quantity demanded respond to changes in the price.
That, in turn, depends on the price price elasticitieselasticities of supply and demand.
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(a) Inelastic Supply
Price
0 Quantity
Demand
Supply
Size of tax
When supply isrelatively inelastic,the deadweight lossof a tax is small.
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(b) Elastic Supply
Price
0 Quantity
Demand
SupplySizeoftax
When supply is relativelyelastic, the deadweightloss of a tax is large.
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Demand
Supply
(c) Inelastic Demand
Price
0 Quantity
Size of taxWhen demand isrelatively inelastic,the deadweight lossof a tax is small.
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(d) Elastic Demand
Price
0 Quantity
Sizeoftax Demand
Supply
When demand is relativelyelastic, the deadweightloss of a tax is large.
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The greater the elasticities of demand and supply: the larger will be the decline in
equilibrium quantity and, the greater the deadweight loss of a
tax.
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The Deadweight Loss Debate Some economists argue that labor taxes are
highly distorting and believe that labor supply is more elastic.
Some examples of workers who may respond more to incentives:▪ Workers who can adjust the number of hours they
work▪ Families with second earners▪ Elderly who can choose when to retire▪ Workers in the underground economy (i.e., those
engaging in illegal activity)
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With each increase in the tax rate, the deadweight loss of the tax rises even more rapidly than the size of the tax.
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Tax revenue
Demand
Supply
Quantity0
Price
Q1
(a) Small Tax
Deadweightloss
PB
Q2
PS
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Tax revenue
Quantity0
Price
(b) Medium Tax
PB
Q2
PS
Supply
Demand
Q1
Deadweightloss
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Tax
rev
enue
Demand
Supply
Quantity0
Price
Q1
(c) Large Tax
PB
Q2
PS
Deadweightloss
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For the small tax, tax revenue is small.
As the size of the tax rises, tax revenue grows.
But as the size of the tax continues to rise, tax revenue falls because the higher tax reduces the size of the market.
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(a) Deadweight Loss
DeadweightLoss
0 Tax Size
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(b) Revenue (the Laffer curve)
TaxRevenue
0 Tax Size
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As the size of a tax increases, its deadweight loss quickly gets larger.
By contrast, tax revenue first rises with the size of a tax, but then, as the tax gets larger, the market shrinks so much that tax revenue starts to fall.
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The Laffer curve depicts the relationship between tax rates and tax revenue.
Supply-side economics refers to the views of Reagan and Laffer who proposed that a tax cut would induce more people to work and thereby have the potential to increase tax revenues.
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A tax on a good reduces the welfare of buyers and sellers of the good, and the reduction in consumer and producer surplus usually exceeds the revenues raised by the government.
The fall in total surplus—the sum of consumer surplus, producer surplus, and tax revenue — is called the deadweight loss of the tax.
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Taxes have a deadweight loss because they cause buyers to consume less and sellers to produce less.
This change in behavior shrinks the size of the market below the level that maximizes total surplus.
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As a tax grows larger, it distorts incentives more, and its deadweight loss grows larger.
Tax revenue first rises with the size of a tax.
Eventually, however, a larger tax reduces tax revenue because it reduces the size of the market.
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Eksplorasi (download) ttg :
1.Sejarah (historis) diberlakukannya
kebijakan perdagangan di Indonesia;
khususnya pada tanaman perkebunan
2.Nilai penerimaan pajak dari berbagai
bentuk implementasi kebijakan
perdagangan
Bahan Tutorial Minggu depan
Bahan Tutorial Minggu depan
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Penyelesaian :Komoditas perkebunan: sawit, tebu (gula), cacao & karetSetiap kelompok menetapkan satu komoditasIdentifikasi bentuk kebijakan perdagangan pd masing-masing komoditas & jelaskan mekanisme grafiknya
Penyelesaian :Komoditas perkebunan: sawit, tebu (gula), cacao & karetSetiap kelompok menetapkan satu komoditasIdentifikasi bentuk kebijakan perdagangan pd masing-masing komoditas & jelaskan mekanisme grafiknya