10 great myths of global civil...

10 GREAT MYTHS OF GLOBAL CIVIL

SOCIETY

Lester M. Salamon Johns Hopkins University

Japan Commerce Association of Washington

October 21, 2013

GOVERNMENT

SECTOR

FOR-PROFIT

SECTOR

CIVIL

SOCIETY

SECTOR

THE GLOBAL ASSOCIATIONAL REVOLUTION

10 GREAT MYTHS OF GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY

1. There is no such thing as a civil society or nonprofit “sector.”

SECTORS OF THE SNA SYSTEM

NPISH

sector

S.15

Households

sector

S.14

General

government

sector

S.13

Nonfinancial

corporations

sector

S.11

TYPE OF

INSTITUTIONAL

UNIT

Financial

corporations

sector

S.12

H Households

G Government units

C1 Corporations C2

N4 N3 N2 N1

Nonprofit

institutions (NPI) N5

TREATMENT OF NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS IN THE SNA

WHO WE ARE OUR METAPHOR

Kenya

Israel

Pakistan

Australia

Belgium

Italy

Slovakia Germany

United Kingdom

Denmark

France

Sweden

Norway

The Netherlands

Finland

Austria

Switzerland Czech Republic

Poland

Romania

Russia

Hungary United States

Mexico

Colombia

Brazil

Chile

Canada

Uganda Argentina

South Africa

Peru

Tanzania

Ghana Lebanon India

Thailand

New Zealand

Morocco

Portugal

Spain

Ireland

Egypt

Japan

Korea

The Philippines

Turkey

CNP PROJECT COUNTRIES

Organizations

Private—institutionally separate

from government

Non-profit-distributing

Self-governing

Noncompulsory

COMMON FEATURES OF NONPROFITS

Museums

Hospitals

Trade

associations

Universities

Environmental

groups Clinics

Human rights

organizations

Professional

organizations Sports clubs

Day care

centers

Foundations

Personal social

services



2. The civil society sector is mostly engaged in provision of

services.

ROLES AND FUNCTIONS

Service provision

Advocacy

Expression

Community-building / social capital

Value guardian / mobilization

Source: Lester M. Salamon, The State of Nonprofit America (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 2002)




services.

3. The civil society sector is a marginal actor economically.

AN OVERVIEW

OF THE U.S.

NONPROFIT

SECTOR

Lester M. Salamon

Source: Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Employment Data Project , 2003

13.5 4.5

0.5

1.2

4.2

6.0

7.6

14.1

15.4

18.0

UTILITIES

AGRICULTURE

TRANSPORTATION & WAREHOUSING

FINANCE & INSURANCE

CONSTRUCTION

MANUFACTURING

RETAIL TRADE

NONPROFIT SECTOR

MILLIONS OF FULL-TIME-EQUIVALENT WORKERS

Paid

Volunteers

NONPROFITS: A MAJOR ECONOMIC FORCE




services.

3. The civil society sector is a marginal actor economically.

4. Civil society organizations are chiefly an American

phenomenon and are far less in evidence in other countries.

5. There is no civil society sector for all intents and purposes in

the Scandinavian countries, where the welfare state is most

fully developed.

48.4 million full time equivalent jobs

4.6% of economically active population

THE SCALE OF NONPROFIT ACTIVITY, 40 COUNTRIES

48.4 NPIs

110.4

46.5

41.3

6.2

Manufacturing

Construction

Transportation

Utilities

N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S ( M I L L I O N S )

* Including volunteers

NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION WORKFORCE IN CONTEXT,

40 COUNTRIES

* Including volunteers and religious worship organization workforce, where available.

CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS*

48 MILLION

LARGEST PRIVATE COMPANIES

4 MILLION

EMPLOYMENT IN NPIs vs. LARGEST FIRMS, 37 COUNTRIES

2.4%

2.8%

2.6%

2.6%

3.2%

3.7%

4.3%

2.8%

2.2%

6.4%

4.9%

5.9%

5.9%

6.2%

2.5%

3.2%

8.6%

5.1%

10.3%

9.0%

9.7%

10.1%

3.3%

1.8%

1.5%

2.4%

3.1%

2.7%

3.0%

2.6%

4.5%

5.6%

1.5%

3.9%

2.9%

3.1%

3.0%

7.0%

6.4%

2.3%

5.8%

1.5%

3.2%

3.4%

5.8%

2.2%

4.3%

4.3%

5.0%

5.7%

5.9%

6.8%

6.9%

7.3%

7.8%

8.0%

8.8%

8.8%

9.0%

9.2%

9.6%

9.6%

10.9%

11.0%

11.8%

12.3%

13.1%

15.9%

5.5%

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20%

Italy

Spain

Chile

Finland

Argentina

Germany

Switzerland

Norway

Austria

Japan

Denmark

Australia

France

United States

Sweden

New Zealand

Ireland

United Kingdom

Israel

Canada

Belgium

Netherlands

43-country average

Paid workers

Volunteers

NONPROFIT WORKFORCE AS A SHARE OF

ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION, BY COUNTRY

1.4%

1.7%

1.3%

1.3%

1.7%

1.0%

3.1%

2.7%

1.7%

3.0%

2.5%

3.3%

0.8%

0.8%

1.2%

1.4%

0.8%

0.8%

1.5%

1.4%

1.7%

1.3%

1.7%

2.2%

0.7%

0.9%

1.0%

1.0%

1.2%

1.5%

1.5%

1.7%

1.9%

1.9%

2.0%

2.1%

2.1%

2.2%

2.3%

2.4%

3.2%

3.3%

3.4%

4.2%

4.2%

5.5%

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20%

Romania

Poland

Pakistan

Slovakia

Russia

Morocco

India

Czech Republic

Philippines

Tanzania

Hungary

Peru

Kenya

Mexico

Colombia

Uganda

Egypt

Brazil

South Africa

Portugal

Korea, Republic of

43-country average

Paid workers

Volunteers

NONPROFIT WORKFORCE AS A SHARE OF

ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION, BY COUNTRY

EMPLOYMENT IN NPIs vs. LARGEST FIRMS, 37 COUNTRIES WHO WE ARE NPI CONTRIBUTION to GDP,

INCLUDING VOLUNTEERS, BY COUNTRY, 2003

Source: The State of Global Civil Society and Volunteering: Latest findings from the implementation of the UN Nonprofit Handbook. (Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies, 2013).

7.1% 1.0% 8.1% Canada

0.8%

1.7%

2.0%

2.0%

2.2%

2.8%

1.9%

3.3%

3.6%

4.2%

2.8%

5.1%

5.5%

6.6%

6.7%

3.6%

0.8%

0.6%

2.7%

1.4%

1.3%

1.1%

2.5%

0.7%

1.0%

0.4%

0.9%

1.6%

1.9%

2.0%

2.2%

2.3%

3.4%

4.6%

4.7%

4.9%

5.2%

5.3%

5.8%

6.6%

6.7%

7.1%

4.5%

Thailand

Czech Republic

Portugal

Mexico

Kyrgyzstan

Brazil

Norway

France

Australia

Japan

New Zealand

Belgium

United States

Mozambique

Israel

16-country average

P E R C E N T O F G D P

PAID WORKERS

VOLUNTEERS

NPI SECTOR 8-COUNTRY AVERAGE

ELECTRICITY, GAS, &

WATER SUPPLY

CONSTRUCTION FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION

TRANSPORT, STORAGE AND

COMMUNICATION

5.0%

2.4%

5.1% 5.6%

7.0%

CONTRIBUTION TO GDP, NPI vs. OTHER INDUSTRIES,

8-COUNTRY AVERAGE

VALUE ADDED AS % OF GDP,

NPI vs. SELECTED INDUSTRIES, CANADA, 2000

7.9%

5.1%

6.1%

2.3%

1.5% 1.4%

NONPROFIT

SECTOR Retail

trade

Mining, oil, &

gas extractions Accommodation

& food services

Agriculture Motor vehicle

manufacturing

VOLUNTEERS

PAID WORKERS

%

OF

G

DP

52.9%

42%

66.2%

HEALTH

SOCIAL

SERVICES

SPORTS &

RECREATION

NPI SHARE OF BELGIAN VALUE ADDED,

SELECTED FIELDS, 2001


4. Civil society organizations are chiefly an American

phenomenon and are far less in evidence in other countries.

5. There is no civil society sector for all intents and purposes in

the Scandinavian countries, where the welfare state is most

fully developed.

6. Volunteers play a more important role in the civil society

workforce in developing than developed countries.

PAID WORKERS

56% VOLUNTEERS

44%

47.6 million

(including religion)

CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION

PAID VS. VOLUNTEER LABOR, 37 COUNTRIES

MI

LL

IO

NS

O

F

FT

E

JO

BS

20.8

VOLUNTEERS

5.2

UTILITIES (water, gas, electr.)

34.4

TRANSPORTATION

38.4

CONSTRUCTION

FTE VOLUNTEERS VS. EMPLOYMENT IN

SELECTED INDUSTRIES, 37 COUNTRIES

IF VOLUNTEERS WERE A NATION…

971.0 VOLUNTEERLAND

92.8

101.3

109.4

121.6

127.7

162.4

239.7

756.5

1,023.5

Pakistan

Bangladesh

Japan

Russia

Brazil

Indonesia

United States

India

China


M I L L I O N S O F P E O P L E 1 5 Y E A R S O R O L D E R

“VOLUNTEERLAND”—THE WORLD’S SECOND MOST POPULOUS NATION

38% ALL COUNTRIES

24%

30%

31%

32%

37%

55%

64%

ASIAN INDUSTRIALIZED

LATIN AMERICA

WELFARE PARTNERSHIP

CENTRAL EUROPE

ANGLO - SAXON

AFRICA

NORDIC

38% DEVELOPED

38% DEVELOPING

VOLUNTEERS AS % OF NPI WORKFORCE, BY COUNTRY

CLUSTER, 37 COUNTRIES

CONTRIBUTION TO GDP, VOLUNTEERS vs. SELECTED INDUSTRIES, CANADA

$14.1 billion

VOLUNTEERS

$12.8 billion

Agriculture Motor vehicle

manufacturing

$6.1 billion

WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING?

1,348 VOLUNTEERLAND

1,097

1,130

1,134

1,457

2,280

2,303

3,329

4,229

12,580

Italy

Spain

Canada

France

United Kingdom

China

Germany

Japan

United States

“VOLUNTEERLAND”—THE WORLD’S 7TH LARGEST ECONOMY

U S $ B I L L I O N S , 2 0 0 5


GIVING OF

CASH

32% GIVING OF

TIME

68%

Total value of private

philanthropy, including

religion = $564 bn.

VOLUNTEERING INPUT AS A SHARE OF TOTAL

PRIVATE PHILANTHROPY, 36 COUNTRIES




7. Paid staff drive out reliance on volunteers.

27%

57%

8%

8%

35%

65%

65% 35% 100%

PAID STAFF

VOLUNTEERS

Above average

Below average

Total

Total Below

average

Above

average

CIVIL SOCIETY PAID vs. VOLUNTEER STAFF AS % OF

TOTAL WORKFORCE, 37 COUNTRIES




7. Paid staff drive out reliance on volunteers.

8. Philanthropy is the chief source of civil society organization

revenue.

FEES

53% GOVERNMENT

35%

PHILANTHROPY

12%

SOURCES OF CIVIL SOCIETY REVENUE,

34-COUNTRY AVERAGE



revenue.

9. Philanthropy is at least the chief source of civil society revenue

in the United States.

14%

19%

13%

43%

3%

20%

18%

38%

23%

13%

6%

7%

15%

3%

9%

6%

12%

15%

4%

7%

11%

14%

6%

3%

39%

32%

36%

6%

45%

27%

27%

7%

22%

31%

36%

35%

24%

37%

29%

31%

18%

15%

24%

19%

15%

5%

9%

5%

47%

49%

51%

51%

52%

53%

55%

55%

55%

57%

58%

58%

60%

61%

62%

63%

70%

70%

71%

73%

74%

81%

85%

92%

FEE DOMINANT FEES, CHARGES PHILANTHROPY GOVERNMENT

ALL COUNTRIES 53 % 35 % 12%

% may not add to 100 due to rounding

Czech Republic Spain India

Pakistan Japan

Tanzania Hungary Uganda

Slovakia United States

Finland Norway Poland

Italy Sweden

Australia Peru

Colombia South Korea

Argentina Brazil

Kenya Mexico

Philippines

SOURCES OF CIVIL SOCIETY REVENUE, BY COUNTRY

24%

26%

9%

9%

6%

8%

2%

10%

3%

5%

7%

32%

29%

45%

39%

43%

35%

39%

26%

32%

19%

16%

44%

45%

47%

51%

50%

58%

59%

64%

64%

77%

77%

ALL COUNTRIES 53 %

GOVERNMENT DOMINANT

FEES, CHARGES PHILANTHROPY GOVERNMENT

35 % 12%

South Africa

Romania

United Kingdom

Canada

Austria

France

Netherlands

Israel

Germany

Belgium

Ireland

SOURCES OF CIVIL SOCIETY REVENUE, BY COUNTRY

% may not add to 100 due to rounding



revenue.

9. Philanthropy is at least the chief source of civil society revenue

in the United States.

10.The civil society sector is growing at a slower rate than the

private business sector.

5-COUNTRY AVERAGE

CZECH REPUBLIC 2002-2005

BELGIUM 2000-2004

CANADA 1997-2003

UNITED STATES

1997-2006

JAPAN 2000-2004

Does not include volunteer labor

TOTAL ECONOMY

NPI SECTOR

8.1%

16.6%

7.0% 6.4% 6.2%

4.4% 4.1%

6.7%

3.6%

5.4% 5.3%

-0.3%

AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH OF NPIS

vs. TOTAL ECONOMY, 5 COUNTRIES

GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY, VOLUME 2

UN HANDBOOK ON NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS

ILO MANUAL ON THE MEASUREMENT OF VOLUNTEER WORK

GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY & VOLUNTEERING: LATEST UN NONPROFIT HANDBOOK FINDINGS ON 16 COUNTRIES

LESTER M. SALAMON [email protected]

Website: ccss.jhu.edu

Twitter: @JHUCCSS

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