10-24-05 the science of music 1 overview of recording october 24, 2005
TRANSCRIPT
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Overview of RecordingOverview of Recording
October 24, 2005October 24, 2005
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A Very Quick Review A Very Quick Review (Survey) of Electricity and (Survey) of Electricity and
MagnetismMagnetism
Essential InformationEssential Information
for recording devices.for recording devices.
You have seen this before in HS or in a physics class.
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ELECTROSTATIC RUBBINGSELECTROSTATIC RUBBINGSThink about this stuffThink about this stuff
- - - + - + - -
dead cat
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Forces Between ChargesForces Between Charges
QQ11 QQ22AttracAttractt
RepelRepel
++ ++ XX
++ -- XX
-- ++ XX
-- -- XX
Q1 Q2
F F
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Coulomb’s Law – the mathCoulomb’s Law – the math
The Unit of Charge is the The Unit of Charge is the Coulomb.. The constant k=9 x 10The constant k=9 x 1099 N-m N-m22/C/C22
or k=9,000,000,000 N-mor k=9,000,000,000 N-m22/C/C22
d is measured in meters.d is measured in meters.
221
d
QQkF
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Electrical ChargeElectrical Charge
The negative charge is identified with The negative charge is identified with electrons.electrons.
Electrons can be “pushed around” wired Electrons can be “pushed around” wired (circuits) with the use of a battery.(circuits) with the use of a battery.
““Resistors” impede this “current”Resistors” impede this “current” Ohm’s Law: V=iROhm’s Law: V=iR
Electrons are components of atoms. An Electrons are components of atoms. An Atom contains a nucleus of protons and Atom contains a nucleus of protons and other junk. The protons are the other junk. The protons are the fundamental positive charges.fundamental positive charges.
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Various Kinds of Electrical Various Kinds of Electrical MaterialsMaterials ConductorsConductors
Electrons move easilyElectrons move easily Some are poor conductors – Resistors!Some are poor conductors – Resistors!
InsulatorsInsulators Electrons are held tightly in place by their Electrons are held tightly in place by their
chemical bonds.chemical bonds. SemiconductorsSemiconductors
Intermediate propertiesIntermediate properties Basis of transistors.Basis of transistors.
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Charge stuffCharge stuff
Potential Difference or VoltagePotential Difference or Voltage The work per unit charge required to move a The work per unit charge required to move a
charge from one point to the othercharge from one point to the other CurrentCurrent
The amount of charge that passes a single The amount of charge that passes a single point in a circuit per unit time (1 sec).point in a circuit per unit time (1 sec).
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Plus …Plus …
ResistanceResistance The ratio of the potential difference The ratio of the potential difference
across a resistor (R=Ohms) to the across a resistor (R=Ohms) to the current flowing THROUGH the resistor.current flowing THROUGH the resistor.
This is Ohm’s LawThis is Ohm’s Law
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A MagnetA Magnet
S NS N +Q
OP Survey
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Magnets come in all shapes and sizes. Almost every refrigerator door has two to provide that
last, snug pull when it closes.
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A Changing Magnetic Field Induces a Current
Magnet Induces a Current in a Closed Circuit
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MagnetsMagnets
Magnets Do NOT attract chages.Magnets Do NOT attract chages. Magnetism is a very different Magnetism is a very different
phenomenon. phenomenon. Magnets have N and S polesMagnets have N and S poles Like poles repelLike poles repel Unlike poles attractUnlike poles attract Where have we seem this before??Where have we seem this before??
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Other ObservationsOther Observations
A magnet moving into a coil produces A magnet moving into a coil produces an electric current (and voltage!).an electric current (and voltage!).
A wire moving near a magnet will A wire moving near a magnet will have a current generated in it.have a current generated in it.
There is a “magnetic field” around a There is a “magnetic field” around a wire.wire.
A loop of wire acts like a small A loop of wire acts like a small magnet.magnet.
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What Reached the Ear?What Reached the Ear?
This is an ANALOG signal. The ear doesn’t respond to digital signals.
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The ProcessThe Process
Analog Source
Digital Storage Analog Storage
Convert to Analog Retain Analog
Speaker Speaker
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Storage MethodsStorage Methods
Analog StorageAnalog Storage Mechanical Electrical (Record, cylinder)Mechanical Electrical (Record, cylinder) Magnetic (Tape, Wire)Magnetic (Tape, Wire)
Digital StorageDigital Storage Magnetic (Tape)Magnetic (Tape) Optical (CD)Optical (CD) Electrical (MP3 file on your “Flash Electrical (MP3 file on your “Flash
Memory”)Memory”)
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IssuesIssues
We want the process to be fast.We want the process to be fast. We want to be able to widely We want to be able to widely
distribute the recorded product.distribute the recorded product. We want the product to reproduce, as We want the product to reproduce, as
well as possible, the original sound.well as possible, the original sound. We want to ENJOY the final We want to ENJOY the final
reproduction.reproduction.
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OLDEN DAYS – (Screech of OLDEN DAYS – (Screech of Chalk)Chalk)
Bell's ear Phonautograph was a very unusual variation on the basic technology. The recording mechanism was the human ear. By removing a chunk of skull including the inner ear from a human cadaver, and attaching a stylus to the moving parts of the ear, he was able to use this bio-mechanical device to make a recording of the sounds that entered a recording horn. It recorded on a moving glass strip, coated with a film of carbon, so there are probably no original recordings from it.
Sound
Hum
an
Ear
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GramophoneGramophoneThe graphophone in its original form was an improved form of the phonograph. One main difference, which Edison would soon adopt, was the use of a cardboard-coated wax cylinder instead of a sheet of tinfoil. The exact construction of the cylinders and the materials used changed considerably in later years, though the basic concept of recording into a soft, plastic material was retained. (image from NMAH)
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Development - PlatterDevelopment - Platter
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“HIS MASTERS VOICE”
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Western ElectricWestern Electric
Western Electric's recorder used electronic amplifiers to drive an electromagnetic cutting head, rather than relying on the acoustic horn. The result was a louder, clearer record.
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The Need for the The Need for the MicrophoneMicrophone
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An Old Carbon An Old Carbon MicrophoneMicrophone
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The MicrophoneThe Microphone
The microphone is a device that The microphone is a device that received the sound vibrationsreceived the sound vibrations
converts it to an electrical “signal”converts it to an electrical “signal” Which is then sent to the next stage Which is then sent to the next stage
in the process (later).in the process (later). The signal tends to be small and gets The signal tends to be small and gets
weaker as it travels down a long wire.weaker as it travels down a long wire.
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The Microphone ProcessThe Microphone Process
MicrophoneMicrophone
Signal onSignal ona wirea wire
MECHANCAL ---> ---------------MECHANCAL ---> --------------- ELECTRICAL ELECTRICAL
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Consider a powder ofConsider a powder ofmetalmetal
Particles of Metal are pressed closer together.
Resistance is reduced
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How does it work?How does it work?
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The “Crystal” The “Crystal” MicrophoneMicrophone
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The RecordThe Record
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Dynamic MicrophoneDynamic Microphone
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Back to the FutureBack to the FutureThe Dynamic MicrophoneThe Dynamic Microphone
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Movies??Movies??
StretchedStretchedHorizontallyHorizontally
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1920 Wire Recorder1920 Wire Recorder
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1930s Magnetic Tape1930s Magnetic Tape
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Playback
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TodayToday
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CDCD
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CDCD
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CD OPERATIONCD OPERATION
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Latest and Greatest 0.5 GB Latest and Greatest 0.5 GB FLASHFLASH
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FLASH MEMORYFLASH MEMORY
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Back to your headBack to your head
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Exploded ViewExploded View
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FULL CIRCLE!FULL CIRCLE!