10-10-2013-1345-natural refrigerant geothermal heating and cooling solutions-lalit chordia
TRANSCRIPT
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8/18/2019 10-10-2013-1345-Natural Refrigerant Geothermal Heating and Cooling Solutions-Lalit Chordia
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Natural Refrigerant,
Geothermal Heating & Cooling Solutions
Lalit Chordia, PhD, Marc Portnoff
150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
www.thargeo.com
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
www.thargeo.com
Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
C O 2MFORT
ADVANTAGE
Nature’s
Talk Outline
• Introduction to Thar Geothermal
• Carbon Dioxide (R744) the
Environmental ly Except ional Refr igerant
• Thar Geothermal’s Direct Exchange System Advantage: • All Natural, Safe & Non-toxic Refrigerant• Highly Efficient Direct Exchange Design•
Better Return on Investment• Reduced Environmental Impact
• Conclusions
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
www.thargeo.com
Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
Evaporator
Condenser
Expansion
Valve
Compressor
Geothermal
Well Field
R744Refrigerant
Loop
CO2
WARMHOT
COLDCOOL
Cold Air Hot Air
Successful Demonstrations 2012-2013• Enhanced Energy Eff ic iency
• Reduced Enviro nmental Footpr in t
What differentiates Thar Geothermalfrom other commercial geothermal systems?
Commercial Scale,Direct Exchange Design
Carbon Dioxide (co2)R744 the Safe & Natural Refrigerant
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
www.thargeo.com
Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
Good Manufacturing Process,Super Critical Extraction,Pharmaceutical production system
25+ years commercializing “Green”supercritical fluid technologies
Designer and developer of
supercritical fluid processes,systems & major components
Industrial scale 24/7/365 installations,world wide:
Food Chemicals Neutraceutical Pharmaceutical Electronics industries
Numerous successful spin-offs
Techno logical Advantage:
Based on parent company’s core competencies
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
www.thargeo.com
Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
Cost and difficulty of evaluatingthe suitability of individualinstallation sites
High cost of geo-loop installation;~50-75% of total system
Degree of disruption associatedwith geo-loop installation
Thar Geothermal solutions arefocused on lowering these barriers!
Barriers to selecting a Conventional Geothermal System
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
www.thargeo.com
Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Safe & Natural Refrigerant
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
www.thargeo.com
Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
CO : THE NEW OLD REFRIGERANT
Peak UseDisplaced by CFCs Renewed Interest
- Environmentallyfriendly properties
Kilmarnock Scotlanddemonstration
History of Carbon Dioxide (R744) as Refrigerant
CO2 proposedas a refrigerant
Alexander Twining, British Patent
Circa 1900
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
www.thargeo.com
Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
Environmental Impact of Man Made Refrigerants
Total EquivalentWarming Impact
Commercial Food and Retail Application:Direct Leakage > Energy Consumption
Brown, Christopher, Exploring CO2: The Natural Choice
for Sustainable, Efficient Refrigeration Systems, Danfoss,
January 2013, www.danfoss.com/co2
DIRECTRefrigerant Leakage
(GWP)
INDIRECTEnergy Consumption
(COP)
IndirectDirect
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
www.thargeo.com
Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
Environmental ly Except ional
• Safe: Non toxic, Non flammable &Non corrosive
• Significantly less expensive
•
Does not affect the ozone layer• Orders of magnitude less impact
on global warming vs. man maderefrigerants (e.g. HFCs)
• Large carbon footprint reductions(>30% for refrigeration applications)
• No Phase-out Potential
• Unaffected by future legislation &taxation
Why R744 (Carbon Dioxide)?
0500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
R22R134A
R404AR410A
R744
(CO2)
G l o b a l W a r m i n g P o t e n t i a l
Refrigerant Type
R744(CO2)
Brown, Christopher, Exploring CO2: The Natural Choice for Sustainable,
Efficient Refrigeration Systems, Danfoss, January 2013,
www.danfoss.com/co2
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
www.thargeo.com
Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
Lower Liquid & Vapor viscosity• Less energy required for refrigerant flow
Higher Cooling Capacity•
Smaller lines and geo-loops• Smaller heat pump components
Higher Energy Density – more efficient heat transfer• Increased heat exchanger efficiency • Low Evaporator Temperature Deltas
ECO 2 Eff icient
for Geothermal Appl icat ion s
R744 Beneficial Refrigerant Properties
Relative sizing ofpipes (Dry Suction
Line) to give the
same capacity
CO2
R134a
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
www.thargeo.com
Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
• Demand increasing due toconcerns about globalwarming and interest in
“natural products”
• Major corporations aroundthe globe have deployed orare developing commercial
CO refrigerationtechnologies
CO
: THE NEW OLD REFRIGERANT
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
www.thargeo.com
Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
CO
: THE NEW OLD REFRIGERANT
• Used Wor ldw ide
• Variety of commercialapplications pr imar i ly in
Europe & Japan
Air Side Heat Pumps
Vending Machines
Grocery Store Coolers
Industrial Refrigeration Automotive AC
Dry Cleaning
Supermarket
Refr igerat ion
Instal lat ions
Over 5,000
Water Heaters
Over 3.5 m il l ion
Soda Pop
Machines
Over 2.5 m il l ion
Masson, N., Mainstreaming Natural Refrigerants, TheBusiness Case for North America, Shecco,ATMOsphere America: June 2013, Washington DC
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
www.thargeo.com
Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved Masson, N., Mainstreaming Natural Refrigerants, The Business Case forNorth America, Shecco, ATMOsphere America: June 2013, Washington DC
U.S.A. Supermarkets using R744 (CO2) Refrigerants
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
www.thargeo.com
Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
Conventional Ground Source GeothermalCOOLING MODE
ExpansionValve
Cold Air
Evaporator
Hot Air
Low Pres Liquid
Condenser
Compressor
R410aRefrigerant
Loop
High Pres Liquid
LowPres
Vapor
High Pres Vapor
WARMHOT
COOL COLD
R410a toWater HX
GeothermalWell Field
Warmer Water
CoolerWater
WaterPump
WaterLoop
Heat Flow
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
www.thargeo.com
Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
Simpler & Mo re
Eff ic ient Design
Thar All Natural – DIRECT EXCHANGEGround Source Geothermal - COOLING MODE
Evaporator
Low Pres Liquid
Condenser
Expansion
Valve
Compressor
GeothermalWell Field
R744Refrigerant
Loop
High Pres Liquid
Low PresVapor
High Pres VaporCO2
WARMHOT
COLDCOOL
Cold AirHot Air
Heat Flow
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
www.thargeo.com
Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
Simpler & Mo re
Eff ic ient Design
Thar All Natural – DIRECT EXCHANGEGround Source Geothermal – HEATING MODE
Evaporator
Low Pres Liquid
Condenser
Expansion
Valve
Compressor
GeothermalWell Field
R744Refrigerant
Loop
High Pres Liquid
Low PresVapor
High Pres VaporCO2
WARM HOT
COLD COOL
Cold Air Hot Air
Heat Flow
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
www.thargeo.com
Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
Thar All Natural – DIRECT EXCHANGEGround Source Geothermal
New PUMP COOLING MODE
Sens ible Load
EERs > 60
Evaporator
Low Pres Liquid
Condenser
GeothermalWell Field
R744 PUMP
RefrigerantLoop
Low Pres Vapor
WARM
COOL
Cool AirHot Air
Pump
Heat Flow
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
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Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
• Geo-loop well field installation based onsite geology, location, & available land
• Vertical systems are more sub-surfacespace efficient
• Horizontal systems are less expensive toinstall but more land is required
• Geology determines:
Soil thermal conductivity affects the lengthof geo-loop to handle the HVAC load (ft/ton)
Degree of drilling difficulty and costDrilling technique selectionHole diameter and depth
Ground Source Geothermal Heat Pump SystemsMost Common Installation Options
VerticalClosed-loop
Systemtcsgroup.eu.com
Horizontal
Closed-loopSystem
hydroheat.com
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
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Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
Smaller Holes Less earth removed Less waste – lower disposal $ Less grout Smaller equipment
Lower mobilization cost
Smaller Geo-loops can ReduceEnvironmental Footprint & Cost
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
6.03.0
1.5
Volume of 300 ft Borehole
Conventional1.25” Pipe (1.66” O.D.)
HDPE
Thar Geothermal
StainlessSteel
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
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Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
Thar R744 Geothermal Facility, Pittsburgh, PAWell Field Development
VerticalWell Field
#1
HorizontalWell Field
#1Vertical
WellField #2
Well Field #3
Radiant PatioWells
Mud Rotary
Down Hole Hammer
Sonic
Horizontal Directional
Horizontal Directional
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
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Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
Thar Geothermal systems are versatile and can
integrate with all types of standard HVAC systems
• Central or Distributed
• Air or Water Heat Exchangers
• Active Radiant (Chilled Beam)
• Passive Radiant
• Cassette
• Wall Mount
• Mini Air Handling Unit
1 0 G D i
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
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Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
Thar R744 Geothermal Facility, Pittsburgh, PASystem Integration & Development
Radiant
P a t i o
Manufacturing &Warehouse Space
Cooling & HeatingAir Handling Units
Shipping & ReceivingCooling & HeatingAir Handling Units
Front OfficesRadiant Floor
Compressor Pumps
Toll Process SpaceCooling & Heating
Air Handling Units
GeothermalLab & Workshop
150 G D i
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
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Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
Radiant Floor
OfficeCafé
150 G D i
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
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Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
Café
Patio
March 6, 2013 Thermal Image
Radiant Patio
150 Gamma Drive
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
www.thargeo.com
Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
Thar Geothermal Development Facility
Air Handling
Units
• Validate R744 DX heat pump cycle
• Component Testing and Evaluation
Microchannel Heat Exchanger Designs
Auto Expansion Control ValvesOil Management System
Control Software/Hardware
• Demonstration at commercial scale geothermal system (15-20 ton)
Air Side Heat Exchanger (heating and cooling)
Radiant Floor (heating and cooling)
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
100 200 300 400
T e m p ( d e g F )
A HU _2 _T E1 A HU _2 _T E2
150 Gamma Drive
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
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Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
Load model – Outputs
Four types of HVAC:
• Conventional Gas/AC• Air-to-air heat pump
•No water heating
• Freon-Indirect Geothermal HP• Thar CO2-DX Geothermal HP
Dehumidification
Change air Change air
Ain
Aout
Rout
Rin
TDout
93,778
203,020
93,778
203,020CFM
79 F
52 %RH76 F
55.0 %RH55.1 F
97.0 %RH
55.1 F
97.0 %RH
DD5.30 Kg/min
Heat/Humidify
DH
N/A
63.0 F
N/A
78.0 %RH
N/A
TCout
THout
Water
Water
Reheat
Pumped cooling
Water
DC 0.00 Kg/min
0.0 MM Btu/h
0.0 MM Btu/h
25 509 474 114 3.5
1,122
kW Internal Load
Kg/m
internal
moisture
HMHHWall St Ss
150 Gamma Drive
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
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Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
ECO 2 Eff icient
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
Gas&ACConv-GSHP
E
n e r g y C o s t ( $ / f t 2 )
G a s H e a t
& A / C
C o n
v e n t i o n a l G r o u n d
S o u r c e H e a t P u m p
T h a r G e
o t h e r m a l
D i r e c t E
x c h a n g e
210,000 ft2 Facility
Pittsburgh, PA
Enhanced Energy EfficiencyLower Energy Costs
150 Gamma Drive
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
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Thar Geothermal, LLC © 2013 │ All Rights Reserved
•Thar Geothermal Solutions are the next evolution inGround Source Heat Pump Systems providingEnhanced Econom ic & Environm ental Value
• All Natural, Safe & Non-toxic R744 (CO2) Refrigerant
Less expensive, Promotes ease of maintenance
• Direct Exchange Design More Efficient
• Improved Return on Investment Reduced Operating Costs Reduced Maintenance Costs Same or Lower Capital Costs
• Reduced Environmental Impact
Conclusions
C O 2MFORT
ADVANTAGE
Nature’s
150 Gamma Drive
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150 Gamma DrivePittsburgh, PA 15238
www.thargeo.com
Contact: [email protected]
orMarc PortnoffManager, New Technology Thar Geothermal 150 Gamma Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15238 412-963-6500 ext. 246
[email protected] www.thargeo.com