1 year - midnapore college (ug).pdf · 2nd year semester – iii ... epimerism. cyclic structures...

PROPOSED SYLLABUS FOR UNDER GRADUATE THREE YEARS HONOURS COURSE IN

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

1st Year

SEMESTER – I

Paper – I Full Marks – 50

Topics Number of Lectures

a) Cell– The Unit of Human Body 8

b) Biophysical Phenomenon 10

c) Chemistry of Bio molecules (Carbohydrate,

Lipid, Protein, Nucleic Acids, Lipids, Vitamins,

Minerals) 34

d) Physiology of Nerve & Muscle 12

64

Paper – II Full Marks – 50


a) Physiology of Respiration 22

b) Renal Physiology 24

c) Enzyme 08

d) Receptors & Bio signalling 10

64

SEMESTER – II

Paper – III Full Marks – 50


a) Blood and Body Fluids 18

b) Physiology of Heart 12

c) Vascular Physiology 08

d) Regional Circulation 12

e) Genetics 14

64

Paper – IV Full Marks – 50


a) Metabolism of Carbohydrate 22

b) Metabolism of Vitamins & Minerals 18

c) Digestive System 16

d) Nutrition & Dietetics 08

64

Paper – V Full Marks – 50

Practical Number of Lectures

a) Biochemistry – Qualitative Analysis 15

b) Histology 15

c) Viva – voce 10

d) Clinical Physiology 10

50

2nd

Year

SEMESTER – III

Paper – VI Full Marks – 50


a) Organization & Functions of Nervous System 08

b) Neural Pathways 10

c) Control of Posture & Movement 08

d) Cognitive functions of brain 08

e) The Autonomic Nervous System 30

64

Paper – VII Full Marks – 50


a) Metabolism of Lipids, Protein, Purine & Pyrimidin 40

b) Immunology 12

c) Molecular Biology 12

64

Paper –VIII Full Marks – 50

Practical


a) Histochemistry 10

b) Biochemistry – Quantitative Analysis 10

c) Viva – voce 10

d) Haematology 10

e) Excursion Report 10

50

SEMESTER – IV

Paper – IX Full Marks – 50


a) Endocrinology 32

b) Circadian Rhythms 08

c) Reproductive Physiology 24

64

Paper – X Full Marks – 50


a) Sensory Physiology& Pain Sensation 08

b) Physiology of Vision 12

c) Physiology of Hearing 14

d) Physiology of Olfaction & Gestation 14

e) Skin & Body Temperature 16

64

Paper –XI Full Marks – 50


a) Experimental Physiology 15

b) Quantitative Analysis of Food Stuffs 15

c) Viva – voce 10

d) Staining of Microbes 10

50

3rd

Year

SEMESTER – V

Paper – XII Full Marks – 50


a) Work & Sports Physiology 18

b) Physiology of Stress 06

c) Yoga & Rehabilitation 08

d) Biology of Aging 08

e) Occupational Health 10

50

Paper – XIII Full Marks – 50


a) Application of Statistics in Physiology 15

b) Application of Computer in Physiology 10

c) Physiological Applications & Instrumentation 15

d) Bio Informatics 10

50

Paper –XI V Full Marks – 50


Practical

a) Blood Biochemistry 15

b) Analytical Biochemistry 10

c) Chromatographic Study 10

d) Viva – voce 05

e) Human Experiment 10

50

SEMESTER – VI

Paper – XV Full Marks – 50


a) Physiology of Microbes and Microbiology 8

b) Biotechnology and its application 05

c) Environmental Physiology 14

d) Social Physiology & Community Health 13

e) Pharmacology – Basic Concept 10

50

Paper – XVI Full Marks – 50


Practical

a) Experimental Physiology 15

b) Biostatistics & Computer Application 10

c) Environmental Physiology & Clinical Physiology 10

d) Diet Survey Report as per ICMR Specification 10

e) Viva – voce 05

50

THREE- YEAR HONOURS & GENERAL

DEGREE SYLLABI

(1ST

SEMESTAR)

DEPARTMENT

OF PHYSIOLOGY

MIDNAPORE COLLEGE

(AUTONOMOUS)

MIDNAPORE

1st SEMESTER (100 Marks)

PAPER-I - PHYH101

Theory-(40+10) Marks

I) Organization of Human body:

Structure, classification, distribution, functions of different tissues. Organization of different organs and

systems of the human body, Planes of body, Orientation and directional terms.

ii) Cell biology:

Plasma Membrane: Bio-chemical components and their arrangement, membrane asymmetry and fluidity,

Spectrin, Glycophorin, Selectins, Fluid mosaic models, Membrane transport: Passive,

Facilitated diffusion, Uniport, Symport, Antiport, active and carrier mediated transport,

Carrier Proteins, Ionophores, Ion channels. Artificial membrane: liposome and Erythrocyte

ghost. EM structure and functions of Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi body, basic concept

of vesicular traffic in the secretory and Endocytic pathway. Lysosome: Polymorphism and

functions. Peroxysomes and its function. EM structure and functions of Nucleus. Ribosome:

Concept of free and membrane bound ribosome. Ultra structure and functions of ribosome,

basic concept on protein targeting. Structure and functions of Mitochondria. Cytoskeleton and

Centrosome: Microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments. Structure of

Cytoskeleton and its role in stabilization of cell shape. Role of microtubules in cellular

movements and secretions. Cell Cycle: Events of Cell cycle and regulatory role of cyclin, cell

differentiation. Elementary idea of apoptosis and malignant growth. Cell-cell interaction: cell

adhesion molecules, tight and gap junctions, extracellular matrix, integrins.

iii) Biophysical and Biochemical Principles:

Stabilizing interactions: Covalent bonds, Ionic and hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals forces and

hydrophobic interactions. Law of mass action and orders of reactions.

Biophysical phenomenon: Diffusion, surface tension and viscosity- their characteristics, factors

influencing and biological applications. Osmosis: osmotic pressure-laws, determination -

freezing point depression method and application.

PH and Buffer: Proteolysis of water: Acids and bases as proton donors and acceptors. Conjugate acid-

base pairs, pH- definition, explanation, determination and significance, Henderson-

Hasselbalch equation.

Buffers: Definition, types and functions of buffers. Role of kidney, erythrocyte and lungs for maintaining

body pH. Indicators and its applications.

Colloids: Classification and properties: Physical, Optical, Electrical and Electrokinetic, sol and gel,

lyophilic and lyophobic sol. Isoelectric pH and isoelectric precipitation. Physiological

importance of colloid. Dialysis and Ultrafiltration. Gibbs-Donnan membrane equilibrium,

Thermodynamics: Type of surroundings and system. Living body as a thermodynamic system. First and

second laws of thermodynamics, Concepts of Internal energy, enthalpy and entropy,

Maintenance of physiological steady state. Gibbs concept of free energy. Free energy change,

Radioactivity: Radioactive emissions, radioactive decays, radioisotopes and their importance in clinical

and applied research.

iv) Blood and Body Fluids:

Body fluid: Basic idea of body fluid compartments. Composition of body fluids, Water balance and its

regulations. Dehydration and oedema. Overview on composition and functions of blood. Bone

marrow- Types and functions. Plasma proteins: Classification, origin and functions and fate.

Plasmapheresis. Hemopoiesis: Sites of hemopoiesis, Linage of blood cell. Concept of

progenitor cell. Regulation of hemopoiesis. Erythrocytes: Morphology, Steps of

erythropoiesis, Role of different factors on erythropoiesis. Fate and functions of erythrocytes.

Fragility of RBC. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, Reticulocyte count. Normal value and

clinical significance of ESR, TC, DC, PCV, MCH, MCHC, MCV. Polycythemia. Blood

groups: ABO system, Rh-antigens and MN system. Blood transfusion and its hazards.

Leucocytes: Leucopoiesis, Morphology, classification, and functions. Arneth count, Schilling

index. Platelet- Morphology and functions. Significance of platelet count. Hemoglobin:

chemistry, biosynthesis, catabolism and functions. Derivatives like oxyhemoglobin,

methemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin and glycated hemoglonbin. Abnormal haemoglobin:

thalassemia, sickle cell anemia. . Anemia: Megaloblastic and microcytic, pernicious, aplastic,

hypo-chromic. Hemostasis: Coagulation factors, biochemical mechanism of blood

coagulation. Regulation of blood coagulation. Disorders of coagulation; anticoagulants

(natural and artificial) and their mode of action, coagulation time, bleeding time, prothombin

time, Fribinolysis- mechanism and its importance. Blood volume: Normal values,

determination by dye method and isotope method. Factors influencing blood volume.

Regulation of blood volume. Lymph and tissue fluid: Anatomical organization of lymphatic

system, Structure and functions of lymph nodes. Formation, composition, circulation,

functions and fate of lymph and tissue fluid. Obstruction of lymphatics as in filaria.

v) Chemistry of Bio molecules:

Carbohydrates: Definition and classification.

Monosaccharides – Classification, structure, stereoisomerism, optical isomerism, optical activity,

epimerism. Cyclic structures - Pyranose and furanose forms, anomerism, mutarotation and its

mechanism. Chemical reactions of monosaccharides (Glucose & Fructose)- Reactions with

concentrated mineral acids, alkali, phenylhydrazine and their biochemical importance.

Derivatives of monosaccharides: Amino sugars, deoxy sugars, sugar alcohols, sugar acids,

sugar esters, their biochemical and physiological importance.

Disaccharides – Maltose, Lactose and Sucrose: Occurrence, Structure, bio-chemical properties and

Physiological importance.

Polysaccharides – Starch, Glycogen, Dextrin, Cellulose, Glycosaminoglycans, Glycoproteins, Sialic

acids, Lectins, Blood group polysaccharides.

Lipids: Definition and classification. Fatty acids- Classification, systemic nomenclature and structure.

Mono-, Di- and Triglycerides. Properties of Fat and Fatty acids- Hydrolysis, Saponification,

Saponification number, Iodine number, Acetylation - Acetyl number. Hydrogenation,

Rancidity - Acid number, Reichert-Meissl number. Cis-trans isomerism. Eicosanoids,

Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Sphingolipids, Cholesterol & its ester - their structure and

physiological importance. Lipoproteins - Structure, classification and physiological

importance. Prostaglandins, PUFA, omega fatty acids.

Amino acids and Proteins: Classification, Structure, Nomenclature and Optical properties. Protonic

equilibrium of amino acids – amphoteric nature, Zwitterions, Isoelectric point, Reactions with

ninhydrin and formaldehyde. Structure and properties of peptide bonds - Phi and Psi angles.

Reactions with Sanger’s and Edman’s reagent. Biuret reaction. Different levels of protein

structure: Primary, Secondary (α-helix and β-pleated sheet), Tertiary and Quaternary. Forces

stabilizing the structures. Denaturation and Renaturation.

Nucleic Acid: Purine and Pyrimidine: Structure, nomenclature and tautomerism, Nucleosides and

Nucleotides -- structure. Polynucleotides. DNA double helix - Primary, Secondary and

Tertiary structure. A-DNA, B-DNA and Z-DNA. RNA - Structure and types. Denaturation

and annealing of DNA. Hyperchromicity, melting temperature and half COt value

VI) Nerve-Muscle Physiology:

Nerve Physiology: Structure, classification and functions of neurons and neuoglia. Cytoskeletal elements

and axoplasamic flow. Myelinogenesis. The resting membrane potential. Receptor Potential,

The action potential. Current of injury. Propagation of nerve impulse in different types of

nerve fibers, compound action potentials. Conduction velocity of nerve impulse in relation to

myelination and diameter of nerve fibers. Properties of nerve fibres: excitability,

conductivity, all-or-none law, accommodation, adaptation, summation, refractory period,

indefatigabiligy. Chronaxie and rheobase and utilization time. Synapses: types, structure.

Mechanism of synaptic transmission of the impulse, synaptic potentials (EPSP and IPSP).

Neurotransmitters, Co-transmitter and neuromdulators. Injury to peripheral nerves-

degenerations and regeneration in nerve fibre, changes in the cell body, transneuronal

degeneration, denervation hypersensitivity. Nerve growth factors.

Neuromuscular junction: Structure, transmission, end-plate potential, MEPP, Post–tetanic

potential. Motor unit. Motor point.

Muscle Physiology: Electron microscopic structures of striated, smooth and cardiac muscles.

Muscle proteins and sarcotubular system. Red muscle and white muscle fiber. Single unit and

multi unit smooth muscle. Fast and slow twitch muscle fibres. Muscle Groups: antagonists

and agonists, flexor and extensor, Properties of muscle: Excitability and contractility, all or

none law, summation of stimuli and contractions, genesis of tetanus, onset of fatigue, re-

fractory period, tonicity, conductivity, extensibility and elasticity. Mechanism of skeletal and

smooth muscle contraction and relaxation. Excitation contraction coupling. Dihydropyridine

receptor and Ryanodine receptor. Concept of origin and insertion. Isometric and isotonic

contractions-muscle length, tension and velocity relationships. Chemical, thermal and

electrical changes in striated muscle during contraction and relaxation. Electromyography.

PAPER-II - PHYH102

50Marks

Practical

A. Histology: 10 Marks

Staining and Examination of fresh tissues: Squamous, ciliated columnar epithelium (methylene

blue), node of Ranvier (silver nitrate), adipose tissue (sudan III or IV), voluntary

muscle (methylene blue),Cardiac muscle.

B. Hematology: 15 Marks

Preparation of haemin crystal. Determination of coagulation time by capillary method. Bleeding time (Duke

method), Blood grouping, Rh typing. Preparation and staining of human blood film (Leishman);

Identification and measurement of WBC. Differential count of WBC, Arneth count, platelet count,

total count of RBC and WBC. Staining of reticulocyte. Estimation of hemoglobin (visual method)

and cyanmethaemoglobin method. Determination of hematocrit value, Calculation of red blood cell

indices (MCV, MCH and MCHC). Study of bone marrow for identification of megakaryocytes.

C. Biochemistry: 10 Marks

Qualitative analysis of biochemical molecules: Carbohydrates- Glucose, fructose, galactose

(osazone test), maltose, lactose (osazone test), sucrose, starch, dextrin. Protein -

Albumin, gelatin, peptone; Others - glycerol, cholesterol, bile salts and pigments,

acetone, HCI, lactic acid, urea, uric acid, blood.

D. Laboratory Note Book (Internal) + Attendance (05 + 05 marks)

E. Viva-voce (05 marks)

2ND

SEMESTER (150 Marks)

PAPER-III - PHYH103/201

(40+10) Marks -Theory

1. Cardiovascular Physiology:

Introductory ideas: Heart as a pump, cardiac output, and venous return. Frank-Starling’s

law. Mode of circulation through heart, concept of valves, heart sounds and murmurs

justification of differential thickness of the ventricles. Overview of the systemic

circulation, Parallel and Series arrangements of vessels, basic importance of regional

circulation and auto-regulation, measurement of cardiac output by Fick principle.

Structural consideration of Heart and Blood vessels: Epicardium, pericardium and

endocardium. Histo-morphological structure of working myocardial tissue, Cardiac

Syncitium, Special Junctional Tissues. Structure of valves. Sarco-tubular system of

myocardium with special emphasis on calcium source. Structure-function relationships of

– aorta, artery, arterioles, metarterioles, capillaries, venules, veins and vena cavas. Concept

of capillary dynamics (capillary exchange), Anastomosis and its physiological

importance. Portal system and its physiological importance, Concept of venous valves and

venous storage. Hemodynamics of blood flow- streamline flow, laminar flow and

turbulent flow.

Functional consideration of heart- Properties of myocardium and special junctional

tissues. Pace maker potential, Cardiac action potentials, their origin, pattern and

propagation. Excitation-contraction coupling. Cardiac cycle.

Electrocardiography (ECG): Concept of standard limb leads, unipolar chest (V) leads,

and normal ECG (standard names for individual waves, and segments), Determination of

mean electrical axis of heart. Basic ECG abnormalities.

Cardiovascular regulation and blood pressure: Autonomic innervations of heart and

blood vessels. Concept of baro- and chemo-receptors, their innervations and mechanism of

function. Medullary and supramedullary centers for Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

control, Concept of blood pressure- mean arterial blood pressure, pulse pressure and

pressure pulse. Factors controlling BP.

Short-term and long-term regulation of BP- Short-term regulation by baro- and chemo-

receptor reflex pathway, and long-term regulation by neuro-endocrine control (Role of-

renin-angiotensin system, ADH, atrial natriuretic factor, adrenal medulla and thirst).

2. Regional circulation:

Cerebral circulation: Organization, Peculiarities, Stroke. Coronary circulation:

Organization, Peculiarities, myocardial infarction, Renal circulation: – Organization,

Peculiarities. Cutaneous circulation: Organization, Peculiarities, triple response, axon

reflex.

3. Respiratory Physiology: Functional organization of respiratory system: component of respiratory system,

histology of lungs, respiratory muscles and their innervation. Ventilation

and the Mechanics of Breathing: muscles of respiration, mechanism of

inspiration and expiration, pressure changes during breathing.

Lung Compliance: elasticity and elastic recoil of the lung, role of lung surfactants,

intra-thoracic and intra-pleural pressures. Airway resistance. Lung

Volumes and Capacities (tidal volume, inspiratory and expiratory reserve

volumes, residual volume, vital capacity, functional residual capacity,

maximum breathing capacity). Alveolar ventilation, dead space, work of breathing.

Exchange of Gases in Alveoli and Tissues: partial pressures of gases,

alveolar gas pressures, gas exchange between alveoli and blood,

ventilation-perfusion ratio, gas exchange between tissues and blood.

Transport of Oxygen in Blood: process of O2 transport, O2 dissociation

curve factors affecting it (pCO2, H+ concentration, temperature, and 2,3

BPG Concentration), Transport of Carbon Dioxide in Blood: process of

CO2 transport, CO2 dissociation curve and factors affecting it. Control of

Respiration: neural control - respiratory centers and their functions,

neural generation of rhythmical breathing, chemical control - central and

peripheral chemoreceptors and control of Ventilation by pO2, pCO2, and

H+ Concentration, non chemical control by reflexes from lungs and chest

wall. Hypoxia – types and effects. Respiratory failure, artificial

respiration (mouth to mouth, tank respirator method). Asphyxia, dyspnea,

asthma, emphysema, cyanosis, dysbarism, coughing and sneezing. Non

respiratory functions of lung – Airway defence, Immune system defence

and biosynthetic functions.

4. Renal Physiology:

Structure of the Kidneys: Gross structure of kidney. Microanatomy (including

electron microscopy) of a nephron and structural differences between

cortical and juxtunedullary nephrons. Juxtaglomerular apparatus:

structure and functions of rennin-angiotensin system. Formation of

urine: Glomerular filtration – mechanism and factors affecting it. GFR:

Definition, affecting factors and regulation. Tubular functions:

Reabsorptions and secretions. Concept of counter current system:

counter-current multiplier and exchanger. Formation of hypertonic urine.

Homeostatic functions: renal regulation of osmolarity, volume of body

fluids and acid-base balance. Diabetes insipidus. Renal function tests:

inulin, and PAH clearance tests. Renal stone formation. dialysis and

artificial kidney Non-excretory functions of kidney. Physiology of urinary

bladder, micturation reflexes and their regulation.

PAPER-IV - PHYH104/202


1. Alimentary system:

Functional organization of GI Tract: Parts of GI tract, structure of the wall of GI

tract, innervation and reflexes of the GI tract, GI sphincter, Mastication

and deglutition: Mechanism, functions and regulation. Gastric juice:

Composition and functions, mechanism, phases and regulation of HCI

secretion. Intestinal juice: Composition, functions and regulation. GI

movement: Movements of alimentary canal and its regulations. Salivary

gland: Histological organization. Composition and functions of saliva.

Mechanism and regulation of salivary secretion. Pancreas: Histological

organization. Composition and functions of pancreatic juice. Mechanism

and regulation of pancreatic secretion, pancreatitis. Liver and Gall

bladder: Histological organization. Composition and functions of bile.

Mechanism and regulation of bile secretion, Mechanism and importance

of enterohepatic circulation, jaundice and Gall-stones. Large intestine:

Functions. Feces and defecation reflex. Brief idea about achlorhydria,

hyperchlorhydria, peptic ulcer, Pavlov’s pouch, vomiting reflex. Digestion

and absorption of carbohydrates, lipid and proteins.

2. Enzymology :

Classification-EC nomenclature, concept of apoenzyme, holoenzyme, coenzyme,

cofactors and prosthetic group. Mechanism of enzyme action. Activation

energy, Enzyme-substrate complex, transition state and products. Models

of enzyme –substrate interactions. Specificity of enzymes. Concept of

initial rate. Maximum velocity and steady- state kinetics. Michaelis-

Menten equation, Graphical representation of hyperbolic kinetics-

Lineweaver – Burk plot, Significance of Km and Vmax. Factors

influencing enzyme-catalysed reactions: substrate concentration, enzyme

concentration, max pH, temperature. Competitive, non-competitive and

uncompetitive inhibitions. Regulation of enzyme activities- covalent

modifications, allosteric modifications-sigmoid kinetics and Hill equation:

K- and M- series, feed-back inhibition. Rate–limiting enzymes. Non

protein enzymes, Isozymes, Abzymes.

3. Metabolism : Carbohydrate: Glycolysis, TCA cycle, anaplerotic reactions and amphibolic

nature of TCA cycle. Gluconeogenesis, Cori cycle, Pentose Phosphate

Pathway. Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis.

Biological Oxidation: Concept of substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative

phosphorylation, Redox Potential and redox couple. Mitochondrial

Electron Transport Chain and its components. Mechanism of electron

transport and ATP synthesis. Inhibitors and uncouplers.

Lipids: Beta oxidation and biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

and oxidation. Formation and fate of ketone bodies Metabolism of

Triglycerides. Biosynthesis of Lecithin, Cephalin and Cholesterol. Role of

lipoproteins in transport and storage of lipids.

Amino Acids Metabolism: Amino acids pool, glucogenic and ketogenic amino

acids. Transamination, deamination. Catabolism of Phenylalanile,

tyrosine, tryptophan, glycine, and sulphur containing amino acids.

Synthesis of Urea and nitric oxide. Labile methyl group and

transmethylation.

Nucleic Acids: Purines and pyrimidines-Biosynthesis: De Novo and salvage

pathways and catabolism. Purine and pyrimidine.

PAPER-V - PHYH105/203

50Marks

Practical

1. Histological Permanent Slide Identification: (10 marks)

Study and identification of stained sections of different mammalian tissues and organs:

Trachea, lung, spleen, lymph gland, tongue, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, ileum,

jejunum, large intestine, liver, kidney, salivary glands (parotid, submadibular, sublingual),

pancreas, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, testis, ovary, spinal cord, cerebral cortex,

cerebellum, skin, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, artery, vein.

2. Quantitative Biochemistry: (10 marks)

1) Determination of strength of NaOH, HCI and H2SO 4 by titration.

2) Preparation of buffer (pH 4 to 10)

3) Quantitative estimation of chloride by Mohr’s method, amino nitrogen by Formol-

titration method, glucose and ribose by Benedict’s method.

4) Estimation of free and total acidity in supplied gastric juice.

3. Quantitative estimation of food stuff: (15 marks)

1) Determination of pH of food material.

2) Estimation of lactose and calcium from milk.

3) Determination of total carbohydrate by phenol sulphuric acid method from

cereals.

4) Estimation of free amino acids by ninhydrin method and total protein by

quantitative biuret reagent method from pulses.

5) Determination of acid number, saponification of fat.

6) Estimation of Vit C from lemon juice.

4. Laboratory Note Book (Internal) + Attendance (5+5

marks)

5. Viva - Voce 05 marks

PHYSIOLOGY (General)

Semester I

Paper – PHYG101 (Theoretical)

(Written Examination - 40 marks, Internal Assessment 10 marks)

1. Units of Human System:

Electron microscopic structure and functions of Cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria,

endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes

and cytoskeleton elements like microtubules and microfilaments. Structure,

classification and functions of Epithelial, Connective, Muscular and Nervous tissue.

2. Biophysical and Biochemical principles involved in human system:

Definition and physiological significance of biophysical processes: Diffusion, Osmosis, Dialysis,

Ul1ra fil1ration, Surface tension, Absorption, Adsorption. Elementary idea of acid,

base, buffer, indicator, pH: definition, significance & maintenance of pH in the body.

Colloids: definition, classification, property and physiological importance. Enzyme:

definition, classification, factors affecting enzyme action and mode of enzyme action,

Basic Concept of Co-enzyme, Isoenzyme and Antienzyme.

3. Alimentation:

Structure in relation to function of alimentary canal and digestive glands. Composition, functions

and regulation of secretion of digestive juice including bile. Digestion and absorption

of carbohydrate, lipid and protein. Movements of the stomach & small intestine.

4. Biochemistry & Metabolism:

Definition, classification and importance of Carbohydrates with examples, Chemical reaction of

glucose and fructose with concentrated mineral acid and alkali and their importance,

Definition and classification of lipid, classification of fatty acids and properties:

Hydrolysis, Saponification number, Iodine number, Hydrogenation, Rancidity-Acid

number, Phospholipids, Cholesterol and its esters- physiological importance.

Classification of Amino acids and structure of the peptide bonds.

Glycolysis, TCA cycle, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Hexose monophosphate shunt,

gluconeogenesis. Beta oxidation of saturated fatty acids, ketone bodies- formation &

significance, Deamination, Transamination. Amino acid pool- fate and functions of

amino acids in the body. Formation of urea & its importance. Elementary idea of

electron transport chain, Oxidative phosphorylation.

5. Nutrition & Dietetics:

Basic constitution of food & their nutritional significance. Vitamins: definition, classification,

function, deficiency symptoms & daily requirements, hypervitaminosis. Mineral

metabolism: Ca, Fe, P. BMR: definition, factors affecting, determination by Benedict

Roth apparatus. RQ: definition, factors affecting, significance. Biological value of

proteins. Essential & non essential amino acids, Nitrogen equilibrium, Minimum

protein requirement: Positive and negative Nitrogen balance. SDA - definition &

importance.

PHYSIOLOGY (General)

Semester II

Paper – PHYG102/201 (Theoretical)

(Written Examination - 40 marks, Internal

Assessment 10 marks)

1. Blood & Body Fluids (10 lectures)

Blood - composition, functions. Plasma Proteins: origin, functions, separation.

Plasma-pheresis: bone marrow, formed elements of blood - their

formation, functions, fate. Haemoglobin: types of compounds &

derivatives. Haematocrit value and its importance. Blood volume

determination (dye & radio isotope methods), regulation. Blood

coagulation: mechanism, factors affecting, anticoagulation. Disorders of

blood coagulation. Lymph & tissue fluid: composition, formation &

functions. Blood groups. Blood transfusion & incompatible transfusion.

2. Cardio- Vascular System (25 lectures)

a) Heart: Anatomy & histology of heart, properties of cardiac muscle, origin &

propagation of cardiac impulse, Events of cardiac cycle, Heart rate, Heart

Sound, Heart rate control, Cardiac output: Methods (dye & Fick methods),

factors affecting, regulation. ECG - normal waves, different intervals.

Myocardial Infarction. Atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypertension, heart

block, cardiac myopathy- a brief idea.

b) Circulation: Structure of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. Pulse

- arterial & venous. Blood pressure and its regulation, measurement of

blood pressure. Peculiarities of regional circulations: coronary,

pulmonary, renal, hepatic, cerebral.

3. Respiratory System (12 lectures)

Anatomy & histology of the respiratory passages and organs. Role of respiratory

muscles in respiration. Artificial respiration, significance of anatomical

and physiological dead space, lung volumes and capacities. Exchange of

respiratory gases between lung and vessels, and between tissues.

Transport of O2 and CO2 in vessels. Regulation of respiration - neural &

chemical. Hypoxia, apnea, hypercapnia, cyanosis. Mountain sickness,

acclimatization to high altitude.

4. Renal Physiology (8 lectures)

Relationship between structure & function of kidney. Mechanism of the formation

of urine. Physiology of urine storage and micturition. Renal regulation

of acid-base balance. Normal & abnormal constituents of urine. Non

excretory functions of kidney. Renal function tests.

3RD


PAPER-VI - PHYH106/301


1. Essential Micronutrients:

i) Vitamins: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pyridoxine, Pantothenic Acid,

Biotin, Cyanocobalamin, Folic Acid, Ascorbic Acid, Inositol. Vitamins A, D,

E and K. Chemistry, dietary sources, daily requirements, biochemical roles

and functions and deficiency symptoms, Hypervitaminosis and Antivitamins.

Pseudo vitamin. Vitamin as co-enzyme.

ii) Minerals: Sources, biological functions, metabolism and regulation of

sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, iodine, selenium and

fluoride.

2. Nutrition & Dietetics:

i) Basic concept: Nutrition, Nutrients, Nutraceutical, Cosmoceutical,

Nutrogenomics.

ii) Nutritional Evaluation of Carbohydrates: Glycemic Index (GI),

Classification of dietary fibers with potential of health benefit, Resistance

starch as prebiotics- Fructo - oligosaccharide, Galacto- oligosaccharide,

soy - oligosaccharide, Nutritive value of major carbohydrate like rice,

wheat, roots, tubers, leafy vegetables, red-yellow vegetables and fruits.

iii) Nutritional Evaluation of Proteins: Essential and Non essential

amino acids, Protein Efficiency ratio (PER), nitrogen balance, Net protein

utilization (NPU), Biological value of protein, protein spares, Nutritive

value of protein food stuffs like pulses, egg, fish, meat, milk, soybeans.

iv) Nutritional Evaluation of Fats: essential fatty acids, saturated and

unsaturated fatty acids, Dietary requirement of fat, Non-glyceride edible

oil, Nutritive value of fat food stuffs like egg, fish, milk, edible oils, nuts.

v) Energy in Human Nutrition: Basic concept of energy and units,

calorific and physiological fuel value, respiratory quotient (RQ), Total

energy expenditure (TEE), Basal metabolic rates (BMR) and Resting

energy expenditure (REE), Specific dynamic action (SDA), physical

activity ratio (PAR), Determination of BMR by Benedict Roth apparatus

and WHO/ ICMR prediction equation, Factors affecting BMR, Adult

consumption unit (ACU), determination of energy requirements of Indians

in different age groups by doubley labeled water (DL W) method and

prediction equation method.

vi) Formulation of Diet chart: Basic principle of diet chart. ICMR

specified food groups (Five Group Plans, Nine Group Plan and 11- Group

Plan), Food guide pyramid. Formulation of balance diet chart for

vegetarian and non vegetarian, infant, growing child, sedentary adults,

moderate working adults, college students, pregnant and lactating mother

and athletes in low and moderate socio economic status.

3. Genetics & Molecular Biology:

i) BASIC ORGANISATION: Chromosome structure,Concept of

nucleosome, molecular organization, chromosomal proteins, the different

levels of chromatin organization., Organisation of Human genome.

karyotyping. Concept of Oncogenes, Tumor suppressor gene, Properties of

cancer cells.

ii) DNA: Structural Comlexiety, Basic concept of DNA replication: Meselson

and Stahl Experiment, DNA Polymerases, Ligases and other regulatory

proteins. Brief idea of DNA damage and repair, Gene mutation-agents and

types.

iii) RNA: Structure of different RNA molecules, Mechanism and Inhibition of

prokaryotic transcription. Post transcriptional modification.

iv) PROTEIN: Genetic code- properties and Wobble hypothesis. Codon-

anticodon interaction. Mechanisms and Inhibition of translation in

prokaryotes. Post translational modification.

v) GENE EXPRESSION: Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes:

Operon Concept- The Lac Operon.

vi) RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY: Recombinant DNA technology

and its applications, Brief idea of cloning,

4. Cell Communication & Bio-signaling:

Ligand-receptor interaction, autocrine and paracrine modes of signalling, Communication

through adherent junctions. Cell surface receptor proteins - ion channel

coupled, G-protein coupled and enzyme-coupled. Intracellular

messengers – c-AMP, c-GMP, IP3, DAG, Protein kinases, Ca++,

CO, NO Signal transduction pathways – Phosphatidylinositides,

MAP kinase, JAK-STAT, SMAD.

PAPER-VII - PHYH107/302


1. Organization & Functions of nervous system:

i) Organization: A brief outline of the organization and basic functions of the

central and peripheral nervous system . Structural organization of the different

parts of brain and

spinal cord.

ii) Receptors: Definition, Structure, Classification, Mode of action. Role of

blockers and stimulators (Drugs included in pharmacology). Reflex action:

Definition, classification, properties.

iii) Neural pathways: Ascending and descending tracts: origin, courses,

termination and functions. Lower and upper motor neurons. Functions of the

spinal cord with special reference to functional changes following hemi section

and complete section of spinal cord. Hemiplegia and Quadriplegia. Brown –

Sequard syndrome, spinal animal. Pain production, perception and regulation.

Referred pain.

iv) Posture & Movement: Structure and function of vestibular apparatus.

Postural reflexes, Muscle spindle, muscle tone and its regulation. Decerebrate

and decorticate rigidity. Structure, connections and functions of cerebellum.

Nuclei, connections and functions of thalamus and hypothalamus. Basal ganglia:

structure, connections and functions. Cerebral cortex: histological structure,

connections and functions.

v) Higher Cognitive Functions: Organization of limbic system and its

functions. Emotion. Higher functions of nervous system: memory, conditioning

and learning. Speech and aphasias. Physiology of pain. Origin and components

of EEG. Physiological basis of different types of sleep. Sleep-wakefulness cycle.

CSF: formation, circulation and functions.

vi) Autonomic Nervous System: Organization, outflow, ganglia, centers and

functions. Chemical transmission in autonomic nervous system; Nicotinic and

muscarnic acetyl choline receptors, alpha and beta adreno-receptors and their

agonists and antagonists. Central control of autonomic nervous system for

regulation of internal body homeostasis.

2. Skin and Body Temperature Regulation:

i) Skin: Histological structure of skin. Organization of sweat gland. Composition

and functions of sweat. Regulation of sweat secretion. Insensible and sensible

perspiration. Composition and functions of sebum. Triple response.

ii) Body Temperature: Normal body temperature. Channels of heat loss and

heat gain process of heat production and heat loss. Regulation of body

temperature: higher centers and mechanism of regulation. Hypothermia and

hyperthermia. Physiological basis of fever.

iii) Pharmacological Physiology:

The importance of pharmacology in the study of physiological processes. Drugs, Agonist,

Antagonist.

i) Pharmacokinetics: Absorption, distribution, excretion and bioavailability of

drugs.

ii) Pharmacodynamics: Drug biotransformation and mechanism of drug action .

The dose effect relationship and the characteristics of dose response curve.

Assessment of drug toxicity - LD50 and ED50.

iii) Synaptic and Neuro-effector Drugs: Chemistry, systemic effects and

mechanism of action of phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine and propranolol.

Drugs affecting catecholamine and cholinergic neuro-transmission –

guanethidine, reserpine, physostigmine and isoflurophate.

Neuromuscular blocking agents-tubocurarine, succinyl choline, nicotine. Sedative-

hypnotics: Barbiturates- actions on organ systems and mechanism of action.

Narcotic analgesics: Pharmacological properties and mechanism of action.

Antihistamine: Pharmacological properties.

iv) Diuretics: Effects on renal functions and mechanism of action of

benzothiadiazides.

PAPER-VIII - PHYH108/303

50 Marks –Practical

1. Preparation of permanent histological slide: 10

Marks Tissue preparation, Section cutting, Staining tissues (Eosine and Hematoxylene stain) -

submission of at least 5 histological slides duly signed by teacher.

2. Histochemistry: 10 Marks

i) Staining of glycogen in liver by PAS method.

ii) Staining ALP in intestine.

3. Analytical biochemistry chromatography and Enzymolozy: 15 Marks

i) Estimation of DNA by DPA method, RNA by Orcinol method, total protein by

Lowry method.

ii) Effect of pH and temperature on the rate of enzyme reaction, influence of

substrate concentration on the rate of enzymatic reaction and determination of

Vmax and Km value of enzyme (amylase through 3, 5 dinitrosalicylate reagent).

iii) Estimation of LDH, SGOT & SGPT of supplied blood.

iv) Separation and Identification of amino acids and carbohydrates in a mixture of amino

acids and sugars through TLC or paper chromatography.

4. Laboratory Note Book (Internal) + Attendance 05

Marks

5. Viva - Voce 05

Marks

6. CIA 05

Marks

3RD


PAPER-III /301

PHYG103: (40+10) Marks

1. Nerve-Muscle Physiology: Different types of muscles & their structures.

Concept of Sarcotubular system. Red and white muscles. Mechanism of muscle

contraction. Structural, chemical and mechanical changes in skeletal muscle during

contraction & relaxation. Isotonic and isometric contraction. Properties of muscle:

all or none law, beneficial effect, summation, refractory period, tetanus and fatigue.

Single-unit and multi-unit smooth muscle. A brief idea of muscle spindle. Structure

& classification of nerves. Origin & propagation of nerve impulse. Velocity of

impulse in different types of nerve fibres. Properties of nerve fibre: all or none law,

rheobase, chronaxie, refractory period, indefatiguability. Synapse: structure,

classification, mechanism of synaptic transmission. Motor unit, motor point.

Neuromuscular junction: structure, mechanism of impulse transmission, end plate

potential. A brief overview on neurotransmitter. Degeneration & regeneration of

nerve fibre. Myelination.

2. Nervous System: A brief outline of the organization and functions of nervous

system (sensory, motor, association). CNS and PNS (emphasis on the structure of

spinal cord and brain stem). Ascending and descending tracts: pyramidal tract and

extra pyramidal tracts (in brief). Reflex action: definition, reflex arc, classification,

properties. Functions of spinal cord. Outline of functions of brain stem. A brief idea

about the structure, connection and function of cerebral cortex: histological structure

and localization and function. Basic concept of upper and lower motor neurons. A

brief description of the organization of autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and

parasympathetic). Functions of ANS. CSF: formation, circulation and functions.

3. Skin & Body Temperature Regulation: Structure and functions of skin.

Sensible and insensible perspiration. Composition and functions of sweat and

sebum. Physiology of sweat secretion and regulation. Regulation of body

temperature - physical, physiological processes involved in it. Significance of body

temperature. Types of Heat stress, Heat stroke and Management.

PAPER-IV (PRACTICAL)

PHYG104/302-50 Marks

1. Identification of permanent slides: 10 Marks

Tongue, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, thyroid, kidney, skin,

Lung, spleen, lymph gland, testis, ovary, spinal cord, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, ,.

2. Fresh tissue experiments: 7 Marks

a) Staining of Squamous, ciliated & columnar epithelium by Methylene blue stain

b) Staining of Skeletal muscle fibre (Rat/Goat) by Methylene blue stain.

c) Staining of adipose tissue by Sudan III or IV.

3. Hematological Experiments: 8 Marks

a) Leishman’s staining of human blood film & identification of different blood

corpuscles.

b) Preparation of haemin crystals.

c) Estimation of hemoglobin

4. Qualitative Biochemistry: 10 Marks

Qualitative tests for identification of starch, dextrin, lactose, sucrose, maltose,

glucose, galactose, fructose, albumin, gelatin, peptone, lactic acid, HCl,

uric acid, acetone, Glycerol, bile salts,

5. Laboratory Note Books: 5 Marks

6. Viva-Voce: 5 Marks

7. C.I.A.: 5 Marks

4TH

SEMESTER-HONS

PAPER-401 (THEORY): 50 Marks (Written Examination - 40 marks, Internal Assessment 10 marks)

i) Endocrine System and Chronobiology: Concept & Definition of endocrine systems, glands and hormones. General classification of hormones on

chemical basis. Modern Concept of hormone actions and regulation of secretion.

Hypothalamo-Hypophysial Axis: Feedback regulation, Hypothalamus as a neuroendocrine organ, Releasing

Factors, Tropic hormones of hypothalamus. Vascular and neural connections between the

hypothalamus and the pituitary, role of median eminence.

Pituitary Gland: Histological structures, functions, and regulation of anterior, middle and posterior lobes of

pituitary. Chemistry, modes of action and functions of growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH,

Prolactin, Vasopressin and Oxytocin. Cushing’s disease, gigantism, acromegaly, dwarfism, diabetes

insipidus.

Thyroid Gland: Electron microscopic structure of thyroid gland. Thyroid hormone: Chemistry, Biosynthesis,

Storage and Transport. Functions of T4 (Thyroxin) and T3 (Triiodothyronine). Regulation of Thyroid

hormone secretion. Cretinism. Myxedema, Grave’s disease. Hashimoto’s disease, iodine deficiency

goiter.

Parathyroid Gland: Histological Structure, Parathyroid hormone: Role in calcium metabolism. Relation of

parathyroid hormone with bone formation and bone resorption, fragile bone and aging process.

Calcitonin: its source, functions and regulation. Hormonal control of calcium homeostasis.

Adrenal Cortex: histological structure, regulation different types of hormones and functions of adrenal cortex,

Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, Hyperaldosteronism.

Adrenal Medulla: Histological structure, regulation and hormonal function of adrenal medulla. Synthesis and

metabolism of catecholamine hormones. Actions of adrenaline and nor-adrenaline on different organs

and their effect. Pheochromocytoma.

Pancreas: Histological structure of pancreatic islets. Sources, regulation, modes of action and functions of

insulin and glucagon, Type-l and Type-II diabetes mellitus.

G.I. Hormones: Nature, Sources and Physiological functions of Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin, VIP and

GIP

Pineal Gland: Endocrine Role of the Pineal and its functions.

Chronobiology: Different types of physiological rhythms- ultradian, circadian, infradian.

Different zeitgebers and their relation with circadian rhythm. Light dark cycle and

regulation of pineal hormone. Neural basis of biological clock and the role of Supra

Chiasmatic Nuclei. Brief idea of Jet-lag and shift work. Time keeping genes.

ii) Reproductive Biology: Primary and secondary sex organs: Physiology and anatomy, secondary sex characters. Puberty and its

control.

Testis: Histological structure of testis. Spermatogenesis, Spermiogenesis and hormonal control of testicular

function.

Ovary: Histological structure of ovary, Graafian follicle and Corpus luteum. Hormonal control of ovarian

functions. Menstrual cycles and its hormonal control. Formation, Maturation of Ovum. Physiological

Mechanism of Ovulation. Basic concepts of ovarian cysts. Estrous cycle. Pregnancy: Transport of

ovum and sperm in female reproductive tract. Fertilization. Uterine implantation of fertilized ovum.

Formation, structure, functions and fate of placenta. Placental hormones. Changes during pregnancy

and their hormonal control. Pregnancy tests (immunological). Parturition, Ectopic pregnancy.

Lactation and Mammary Gland: Anatomical and Histological structure of mammary gland.

Phases of mammary development and their hormonal control. Hormonal control of

lactation and milk ejection reflex.

iii) Embryology:

Cleavage, Embryogenesis, morula, blastula, gastrula and blastocyst. Formation of trilaminar germ

disc. Foetal circulation and its changes after birth. Basic concept of stem cell biology.

4TH

SEMESTER-HONS


i) Sensory Physiology:

Concept of stimuli and receptors as biological transducers. Classification and distribution of

receptors. Concept of generator potential (Receptor potential). Muller's law of specific

nerve energies. Weber-Fechner law. Adaptations of receptor - Phasic and Tonic

adaptations. Concept of fast and slow adapting receptors and its significance.

Classification of general and special senses.

General Sense: Classification, distribution, function and neural pathway of touch, pressure, pain,

thermal and kinaesthetic sensation.

Physiology of Vision: Structure of the eyeball, Structure of lens. Mechanism of accommodation.

Pupillary reflexes, light reflex, near response. Argyll-Robertson pupil. Errors of refraction and their

corrections. Glaucoma. Histological details of retina, peripheral retina, fovea and blind spot. Photopic and

Scotopic vision. Chemical and electrical changes in retina on exposure to light. Visual pathway and

centers. Effects of lesion in visual pathway. Electroretinogram. Positive and negative afterimages.

Contrast phenomenon. Light and dark adaptation. Colour vision and its modern concept. Color blindness.

Visual field, Perimetry. Visual acuity - measurement, mechanism and factors affecting. Critical Fusion

Frequency (CFF).

Physiology of Hearing: Sound waves, decibel. Structure and functional significance of auditory

apparatus - external, middle and internal ears. Organ of Corti. Mechanism of hearing and its modern

theories. Auditory transduction. Discrimination of sound frequency and loudness. Auditory pathway and

centers. Audiometry, Deafness.

Physiology of Olfaction & Gustation: Structure and functions of the receptor organs, nerve pathways,

centers. Properties of olfactory and gustatory sensation and their transduction. Abnormalities of olfactory

and taste sensation. Olfactometer.

ii) Environmental Physiology & Xenobiotic:

Concept of Environment and Classification of Pollutants and pollution. Effects of exposure to hot and

cold environment and acclimatization. Heat disorders and their preventive measures. Effects of hypobaric

and hyperbaric environment and prevention.. Mountain sickness. Acclimatization to high altitudes.

Physiological effects and preventive measures against G force, noise, vibration and radiation. Types of

pollutants (primary, secondary and tertiary), sources, mechanism of action and effects of metabolic

pollutants, neurotoxin, mutagen, carcinogen, teratogens. Heavy metal toxicity (Pb, Hg, Cd, As). Air and

water pollutions - sources, effects and control. Ionizing and non-ionizing radiations-physiological effects

and preventive measures. Brief idea on the hazards of pesticides and war gases. Impact of green house

gases on environment. Elementary idea about xenobiotics and their effects.

iii) Biotechniques and Biomedical Instruments:

Biotechniques: Basic principle, components and use of light, phase contrast, electron microscopy, atomic

force microscopy, Confocal microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Principle and application of

Colorimetry and Spectrophotometry. Principle of chromatography, TLC, GLC ion exchange, gel filtration

and HPLC. Electrophoresis: SDS-PAGE and Agarose gel electrophoresis, 2D Gel Electrophoresis. Cell

fractionation: Homogenization and Ultrasonication. Centrifugation: Principle and uses of Differential and

density gradient centrifugation. Uses of Radio isotopes in Biology. Principle and applications of FACS

and X-ray Crystallography. Basic concepts of Southern, Northern, Western blot techniques and DNA

micro-array.

Biomedical Instruments: Principle, Components and uses of USG, Endoscopy, X-ray, MRI, CT-scan,

Hemodialysis, Artificial pacemaker.

4TH

SEMESTER-HONS

PAPER-403 (PRACTICAL): 50 Marks (Written Examination - 45 marks, Internal Assessment 05 marks)

1. Experimental Physiology: (10 Marks) i) Small Intestine: Kymographic recording of normal movements of rat's intestine in Dale's apparatus.

Effects of anoxia, acetylcholine and adrenaline on normal intestinal movements.

ii) Skeletal Muscle: Study and use of kymograph, induction coils, key and tuning fork. Preparation of

Gastrocnemius - Sciatic preparation. Kymographic recording of isotonic muscle twitch. Effects of

temperature, summation and load (after-load) on muscle contraction. (Demonstration only)

iii) Heart: Kymographic recording of heart beat of toad. Preparation of amphibian Ringer solution.

Kymographic recording of perfused heart beat of toad. (Demonstration only)

2. Environment and Clinical Physiology: (10 Marks)

i) Measurement of environmental temperature - dry bulb and wet bulb, relative humidity, air

velocity.

ii) Determination of O2, CO2, BOD and COD. Determination of total alkalinity, Ca, Mg and chloride

in water by titration method,

iii) Measurement of noise by Sound level meter.

iv) Determination of light intensity (at library, laboratory & class room) by Lux meter.

v) Pregnancy test (slide/strip method), Sperm count.

vi) Routine clinical tests of urine.

vii) Measurement of different waves of ECG,

3. Blood Biochemistry: (10 marks) Spectrophotometric estimation of following blood constituents:

i) Blood glucose by Folin-Wu method,

ii) Blood inorganic phosphate by Fiske - Subbarow method

iii) Serum total protein by Biuret method and determination albumin globulin ratio.

iv) Serum uric acid by Caraway’s metod

v) Estimation of cholesterol by ferric chloride method

vi) Estimation of billirubin by Diazo method

4. Excursion Report: (05 Marks)

A report is to be submitted on the basis of a visit to a Medical college / University / Research

Institute. Report should be prepared on scientific knowledge.

4. Laboratory Note Book (05marks)

5. Viva - Voce (05 marks)

6. C.I.A

4TH

SEMESTER (GENERAL)

PAPER-PHYG401 (THEORY) (Written Examination - 40 marks, Internal Assessment 10 marks)

1. Sensory Physiology: Classification of general and special senses, and their receptors.

Receptors as biological transducers. Muller’s law of specific nerve energies. Weber-Fechner law.

Concept of receptor adaptation.

a) Olfaction & Gustation: Structure of sensory organs, neural pathway of smell & taste sensation.

Chemistry of taste & smell. Mechanism of taste sensation. Olfactory and gustatory adaptation.

After taste.

b) Audition: Structure of ear, auditory pathway, organ of Corti, mechanism of hearing, perception of

pitch and loudness.

c) Vision: Structure of the eye. Histology of retina, visual pathway, light reflex, chemical changes of

retina on exposure to light. Accommodation: mechanism & pathway. Error of refraction &

correction. Positive & negative after-image, optical illusion, flicker, light & dark adaptation.

Elementary idea of colour vision & colour blindness.

2. Endocrine System:

Anatomy of endocrine system: Classification of hormones. Basic concept of the regulation of hormone

actions. Positive and negative feedback mechanisms. Elementary idea of hormone action.

Pituitary: Histological structure, hormones and their functions, hypothalamopituitary axis.

Hypo and hyper active states of pituitary gland. Neuro-hormones: Vasopressin and

oxytocin.Thyroid: Histological structure, functions of T3, T4, thyrocalcitonin. Hypo- and

hyperactive state of thyroid. Goitrogens. Parathyroid: Histological structure, functions of

parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid tetany; Hyperparathyroidism. Adrenal: Histological

structure and functions of medullary hormones. Adrenal cortex: Histological structure and

functions of cortical hormones. Hypo and hyperactive states of adrenal cortex. Pancreas:

Histology of islets of Langerhans. Origin and functions of pancreatic hormones. Hormonal

regulation of blood glucose/sugar level. Diabetes mellitus. Local hormones: (Brief idea) -

The origin & functions of renin angiotensin system. Prostaglandins. Erythropoietin and

melatonin. Elementary idea about gastrointestinal hormones.

3. Reproductive Physiology: Primary and accessory sex organs, Secondary sex characters.

Puberty- A brief idea. Testis: histology, spermatogenesis, Testicular hormones and their functions.

Ovary: Histology, oogenesis, ovarian hormones and their functions. Estrous and menstrual cycle

and their hormonal control. Fertilization, implantation. Placenta formation and its function.

Placental hormones, maintenance of pregnancy, hormonal factors, parturition.

4TH

SEMESTER (GENERAL)

PAPER-PHYG402 (PRACTICAL) (Written Examination - 40 marks, Internal Assessment 10 marks)

1. Quantitative Biochemical Analysis (10 Marks)

a) Quantitative estimation of glucose, sucrose by Benedict’s method.

b) Estimation of lactose from milk by Benedict's method

c) Estimation of blood sugar by Folin-Wu method.

d) Estimation of chloride by Mohr’s Method.

e) Estimation amino-nitrogen through formol-tritration method.

2. Experimental Physiology: (05 Marks)

Demonstration: Students will be trained to interpret the prepared supplied curve.

a) Use of Kymograph, induction coil and keys.

b) Recording of simple muscle curve with sciatic nerve-gastrocnemius muscle preparation of a toad.

Determination of latent period, contraction period, relaxation period & maximum height of contraction.

c) Normal tracing of unperfused toad’s heart beat.

d) Effect of warm saline on unperfused toad’s heart beat.

e) Effect of ion (K+ & Ca2+) on unperfused toad’s heart beat.

f) Effect of adrenaline and acetylcholine on unperfused toad’s heart beat.

3. Human Experiments: (15 Marks)

a) Determination of PFI of an individual by Harvard Step Test and graphical plotting of changes in pulse

& breathing rate during recovery period.

b) Measurement of systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure by sphygmomanometer and

determination of pulse pressure & mean pressure during quiet rest and exercise.

4. Diet Survey Report: (05 Marks)

Report should be as per ICMR specification. Report should be hand written. Each student has to prepare

and submit the report on his/her own family.

5. Laboratory Note Books: (05 Marks)

6. Viva-Voce: (05 Marks)

7. CIA (05 Marks)

5TH

SEMESTER-HONS


i) Microbiology:

Introduction to Bacterial structure. Microbial Culture, Nutrition and Growth: culture

media. Sterilization - types, principles and importance. Pasteurization and

its application, Nutritional requirements of bacteria, nutritional types.

Kinetics of microbial growth, Bacterial growth curve and physical conditions

for growth, Bacterial Metabolism: fermentation (ethanol, lactic acid,

acetic acid), glyoxylate cycle, Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Bacterial

Genetics: elementary idea of transformation, conjugation and

transduction. Microbial Control: Elementary idea of bacteriostatic,

bactericidal and bacteriolytic agents and their mechanism of action, and

antibiotic resistance. Replication of Bacteriophages: Lytic and Lysogenic

cycles. Microbial Pathogenesis: host, pathogen, pathogenicity factors, Koch‘s

postulates, parasitism and synergism.

ii) Immunobiology:

Overview of Immune System: properties of immune system; types of immunity: innate immunity,

acquired immunity, active and passive immunity. Immunogens and antigens: Properties of Paratope,

epitopes and antigenic determinants, haptens and adjuvants. Innate immunity: Mechanical barrier

against pathogenic organism, Physiological barrier-antibacterial and antifungal substances in external

body secretions, bactericidal action of HCl. Mechanism of chemotaxis, phagocytosis. role of lysozyme

and reactive oxygen species. Inflammation: mechanism and effects of inflammation. Toll like receptor.

Cells & Organs: Neutrophil, B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, Dendritic

cells, NK cells and K cells and their surface markers. Primary and Secondary lymphoid organs.

Antibody: Classification, structure and functions of Immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE).

Antigen-antibody interactions: Association constant, Affinity & Avidity, Precipitation & Agglutination.

Humoral immunity: Maturation T and B cells - thymic selection, thymus dependent and thymus

independent antibodies, Kinetics of Immune responses: Primary and secondary immune responses. MHC

molecules: structure of class I and II molecules, HLA, Mechanisms of Antibody formation- Antigen

processing and Presentation, Cooperation of T cells B cells and macrophages. Cytokines: Types and

functions. Antibody diversity. Complements: Classification, components, activation of pathways

(classical, alternative and lectin) and functions. Biological consequences of complement activation. Cell

mediated immunity: Effectors molecules and mechanism of cytolytic effects, NK cells and their

mechanism of killing. Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity. Hypersensitivity reactions:

Mechanism of Allergic reactions and their effects. Autoimmunity : Immunological basis of autoimmune

diseases. Immunization: Mechanism of Immunization. Types of vaccines.

5TH

SEMESTER-HONS


i) Work Physiology, Sports Physiology and Ergonomics: Concept of work. Physical work—its definition and nature, units of measurement.

Classification of work-isotonic, isometric and isokinetic. Energetics of Work, Source of

Energy, Aerobic and Anaerobic metabolism. Cardiovascular and respiratory responses

during graded exercise. Modern concept of Fatigue and recovery. Aerobic and

anaerobic power – concept, factors affcting, and significance of maximal oxygen

consumption and excess post exercise oxygen consumption. Bicycle ergometer,

treadmill. Concept of physical fitness and its assessment by modified Harvard Step

Tests. Principles of Training adopted in Sports. Ergonomics: Basic concept of Ergonomics and

its application. Work-Rest cycle and its application in Industry. Ergogenic aids. Occupational

Health: Brief idea of occupational health hazards-Silicosis, asbestosis, bagosis, black

lung disease safety and precaution.

ii) Physiology of Stress and its Management:

Basic concept of stress and stressors. Bodily changes during stress. Yoga and its

application in stress management.

iii) Social Physiology & Community Health:

Basic Concept: Demography, Society and Community. Factors affecting

Community Health. Nutritional Problem in Community: Malnutrition,

Under-nutrition, Kwashiorkor, Marasmus, Marasmic Rickets,

Osteomalacia, Xeropthalmia, Beriberi, Pellagra, Nutritional Anaemia,

Dental Caries, Endemic Goitre. Nutritional Deficiencies in pregnancy and

remedial measures. Dietary Management for Coronary heart disease,

Diabetes mellitus and Obesity. Causes, pathogenesis and Preventions

of Some Communicable Diseases: Cholera, Measles, Pox, Tuberculosis,

Malaria, HIV and Poliomyelitis. Health Programmes: Vit. A Prophylaxis

Programme, Anaemia Prophylaxis Programme, ICDS, Mid Day Meal

Programme. Human Breast milk Composition, its requirement and

benefits. Colostrums.

5TH SEMESTER-HONS

PAPER-503 (PRACTICAL): 50 Marks

1. Microbiology and Biotechnology: (05 Marks)

i) Preparation of Culture media (broth and slants), sterilization by autoclave method and isolation of

pure culture.

ii) Staining of bacteria – Gram staining, staining of spores.

iii) Detection of Coliform by MPN method for water portability.

iv) DNA separation by Agarose gel electrophoresis and visualization by ethidium bromide staining.

v) Separation of protein by SDS‐ PAGE, staining by Coomassie Blue.

2. Human experiments & Anthropometric measurements: (4+3 Marks)

A. Human Experiment:

i) Measurement of arterial blood pressure at rest, after exercise and at different postural conditions.

ii) Modified Harvard step test and determination of physical fitness index.

iii) Measurement of breathing rate before and after exercise.

iv) Pneumographic records of talking, laughing, coughing, exercise, hyperventilation and breath

holding.

v) Determination of vital capacity by Student Spirometer.

B. Anthropometric Measurement:

Weight, stature, shoulder height, elbow height, bi-acromian breadth, head breadth, head

circumference and neck circumference. Mid upper arm circumference, chest circumference, waist

circumference, hip circumference, waist hip ratio, BMI, BSA.

3. Nutritional Survey: (03 Marks)

Nutritional assessment of a family as per ICMR specification.

4. Grand-Viva (10 Marks)

5. Attendance (05 Marks)

6. C.I.A. 5TH

SEMESTER (GENERAL)

PHYG501 (THEORY): 50 Marks (Written Examination - 40 marks, Internal Assessment 10 marks)

1. Application of Physiology:

Introduction to the application of Physiology in different fields – Hematology,

Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Space Physiology.

2. Molecular Biology and Pharmacology:

DNA and RNA: types and functions. Elementary idea of gene, genome, genetic

code, transcription, translation and genetic engineering.

Dose response relationship. ED 50, LD 50, therapeutic index of drugs, addiction of

alcohol and nicotine. Abuse of medicines: antibiotics, doping.

3. Environmental Physiology:

Environment - its physiological aspect. Some common pollutants & their effect-

Carbon monoxide, lead & arsenic. Effects of noise on human body and

preventive measures. Pesticide Pollution, Radio-active wastes and their

health effects. Food pollution and adulteration & their effects on human

body.

4. Microbiology & Immunology:

Virus: DNA virus & RNA virus, phages. Bacteria - Gram positive and gram

negative, Sterilization, pasteurization, idea about innate and acquired

immunity. Humoral and cell mediated immunity. Vaccination principles

and importance of immunization. Basic principles of immunological

detection of pregnancy.

Immunization Program: Immunization against Polio, Hepatitis-B, Tetanus, Measles,

Tuberculosis, AIDS- causative virus, mode of transmission, effects on

human body, preventive measures.

5. Work & Sports Physiology:

Definition of work, cardiac index, O2 debt, classification of physical work - static &

dynamic, positive & negative work, cardiovascular & respiratory changes

during physical exercise. Brief idea about VO2 max, physical fitness index

- Harvard step test.

6. Biostatistics and Instrumentation:

Sampling and its methods, frequency distribution, properties & computation of

standard deviation. Sampling errors, standard error or difference between

means.

Principle & application of artificial pacemaker, MRI, hemo-dialysis, USG, CT scan,

X-ray. Basic concept of computer and its uses.

7. Community Health Management:

Basic Concept of Population, Society, Community and Community Health.

Population control & family planning, causes and management of

different types of diabetes, thalassemia, nutritional anemia, atherosclerotic

disorders, obesity, endemic goiter. Dental carries.

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