1 working with php david lash module 1 getting started
Post on 19-Dec-2015
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Working With PHP
David Lash
Module 1
Getting Started
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Objectives To understand what PHP is
» What is HTML» How PHP compares with CGI
Getting Started with PHP» Your first script» PHP syntax and embedding in HTML» Finding out about your PHP configuration
Using PHP variables
» Numerical variables and operators
» String variables, operators and a few functions
Separating PHP from HTML using <?=
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Competencies
At end of unit be able to » Understand how PHP compares with other
dynamic technologies» Create a Web Page with PHP embedded» Receive input into PHP script with variables
Competency Alert:You need to
know this!
Common Problem Area!
People seem to forget this
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Ummm, What is HTML used for?
HTML primarily . . . » Provides instructions to browser on how file should display.
– Has a set of markup language commands
– Can include graphical image files
HTML documents are Static. » For example, cannot use HTML alone to:
– have a document display current time
– receive results of a form, query a database, and display the results
– Open an input file and based on its contents, display different document content
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Accessing HTML FilesYour PC
(Internet connected)Web Server
(Internet connected)
URL:www.myserver.com/funstuff.html
Web browser
Find Web server at www.myserver.comWeb server receives
request
Sends file withfunstuff.html
The file funstuff.htmlHere are some funthings to do:
1. Play baseball.2. Go swimming.3. Go to a concert.
Web browser
Note: The file is just
retrieved no code is executed on server
Note2: HTML tags
interpreted on client by browser.
http protocol
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HTTP, Web Servers, Clients …
Hyper Text Transport Protocol – The protocol used to move data between Web server and Web browser.
Web Server Machine: A machine that runs web server software that listens for incoming requests on a port.» They have Internet IP addresses (e.g., 192.33.23.191) and listen on a
specific ports– 193.22.12.191:80
Web Server Software - an application, that exchanges data between Web server and Web browser. » Uses HTTP » Excepts a requests (e.g., from browser) in a specific format. » Responds to browser in a specific format. » For example, a request consist of TOP LINE, HEADER and BODY
(BODY is sometimes absent).» HEADER and BODY are separated by an empty line.
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HTML?
The Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)» used coded HTML tags » provide Web browsers display instructions.
HTML is» It is simple to use and understand» It provides ways to include things like text, graphics,
sounds, links.» It is STANDARD » Its creation (and use) is one of the big reasons the WWW
became popular
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Major Server-Side Web Technologies
CGI - Computer Gateway Interface» Web Servers enable computer variety of computer
languages to dynamically generate HTML» E.g. Perl, C, Unix Shell, C++
Web Server add-on» Builds on to existing web servers – E.g., Cold Fusion
Embedded Web server» Web server has scripting language built into it.» Comprises most modern scripting technologies
– ASP, JSP, PHP
Competency Alert:You need to
know this!
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Often the Choice Depends on Web Server
If running a Microsoft Web Server (e.g., IIS) » More likely to use ASP or ASP.net
If running UNIX/Linux (e.g., Apache) » more likely to use PHP, or JSP.
Source netscrat http://www.netscraft.com
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What Is PHP?Advantages of Using PHP to enhance Web pages:
» Easy to use.» Open source.» Multiple platform.
Started around 1996 when » Rasmus Lerdorf (a consultant) wanted to know number of people viewing his on-
line resume. » Developed a CGI/Perl script that counted visitors and logged some visitor
information.» He received many inquires for his CGI/Perl toolset so started giving it away for
free (and called it Personal Home Page).» Got so many requests for additions, developed a next release of toolset (called
PHP 2.0)» PHP 2.0 became popular and PHP moved to open source model.
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How PHP Pages are Accessed and Interpreted
2. Send Request for PHP file
6. Return Results
Please EnterAPhoneNumber
Submit Erase
1. Web Browser
Web Browser
Phone QueryResults:
That isJohn Doe'sPhoneNumber
7. Web Browser
Your PC(Internet connected)
WebServer(Internet connected)
Web ServerSoftware
3. Receiverequest, find
file and read it.
4. ExecutePHP
statements
5. Sendresultsback.
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Compare with CGI
2. Send Request for CGI program
3. Rece ive re qu est
7. Forward R esu lts
8. Return Resu lts
Please EnterAPho neNumber
Submit Erase
1. W eb Browser
4. Use CG I
6. Use CG I
W eb Browser
Pho ne QueryResul ts:
That isJohn Doe'sPho neNumber
9. We b Browse r
Your PC(In tern et con ne cted)
WebServer(Internet conn ected )
5 . Executep ro gram
Se nd b ackresu lts
Web ServerSoftw are
Perl
ProgramSoftw are
Note this can be shell script, perl script, C program or whatever.
On a UNIX server this is a fork operation
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Objectives
To understand what PHP is » What is HTML» How PHP compares with CGI
Getting Started with PHP» Your first script» PHP syntax and embedding in HTML» Finding out about your PHP configuration
Using PHP variables
» Numerical variables and operators
» String variables, operators and a few functions
Separating PHP from HTML using <?=
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Getting Started with PHP
To develop and publish PHP scripts you need:
» A Web server with PHP built into it» A client machine with a basic text editor and
Internet connection» FTP or Telnet software
Its worth noting:There are a couple good IDEs for PHP. They basically allow you create PHP scripts on PC, syntax check them, see output, and then copy to Web server
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Common PHP Development Configurations
Linux/Apache
FTP or telnet
Development PC
Development PC
Windows/Apache/IIS
PC RunningWindows
Apache/IIS
PC RunningLinux Apache
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Creating a PHP Script File and Saving It to a Local
Disk
You can use a number of different editors to create your PHP script files. » The PHP script starts with a <?php tag and ends with ?>. » Between these tags is a single PHP print statement.
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Alternative PHP Delimiters
You can alternatively start your PHP scripts with the <script> tag as follows:
<script language="PHP">
print ("A simple initial script");
</script>
If have short_open_tag enabled in its configuration file, you can use <? and ?>.
If asp_tags is enabled in the PHP configuration file, you can use <% and %> as delimiters.
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On a Linux/Apache Web Server
Typically you:
1. Save files with a .php suffix (myfile.php).
2. Place files under public_html (e.g., /home/dlash/public_html/
Its worth noting: Some web hosts allow direct access to servers with SSH telnet. Others only allow you to use FTP to copy files over.
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PHP Proper Syntax Need to be syntactically correct. For example, the print statement syntax:
print ( "Your message to print" );
Enclose messagein quotation
marks
Message to Output
End in asemi-colon
Parenthesis areoptional
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If Use Improper Syntax
Suppose you use the wrong syntax:
1. <?php2. print ( “A simple initial script);
3. ?>
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A Little About PHP's Syntax
Some PHP Syntax Issues: » Be careful to use quotation marks, parentheses, and
brackets in pairs.
» Most PHP commands end with a semicolon (;).
» Be careful of case.
» PHP ignores blank spaces.
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Embedding PHP Statements Within HTML
Documents1.<html>2.<head> 3.<title>HTML With PHP Embedded</title> </head>4.<body> 5.<font size=5 color=”blue”>Welcome To My Page</font>6.<?php7. print ("<br> Using PHP is not hard<br>");8.?>9.and you can learn to use it quickly!
10. </body></html>
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Using Backslash (\) to Generate HTML Tags with
print() Sometimes you want to output an HTML tag
that also requires double quotation marks. » Use the backslash (“\”) character to signal that the
double quotation marks themselves should be
output:
print ("<font color=\"blue\">");» The above statement would output: <font color="blue">
Note! . . . You could also output the above line using the following PHP line:print (‘<font color="blue">“’);We will examine the meaning between “ and ‘ later.
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Using Comments with PHP Scripts
Comment Syntax - Use //<?php// This is a comment?>
Can place on Same line as a statement:<?phpprint ("A simple initial script"); //Output a line?>
Note: Comment lines are ignored when the script runs. They do not slow down the run-time
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Alternative Comment Syntax
PHP allows a couple of additional ways to create comments.<?php
phpinfo(); # This is a built-in function
?>
Multiple line comments. <?php/*
A script that gets information about the
PHP version being used.
*/
<? phpinfo(); ?>
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More on phpinfo()
Use a script with the following to find out about your PHP installation:» <? phpinfo(); ?>
This build does NOT have mysql!
Location of PHP main config file
The php version
Other interesting items:Apache version & configuration, php config variables, environment.
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More on phpinfo()
Manual strongly recommends setting to off
Allow ASP style tages
Value constant
1 E_ERROR
2 E_WARNING
4 E_PARSE
8 E_NOTICE
16 E_CORE_ERROR
32 E_CORE_WARNING
64 E_COMPILE_ERROR
128 E_COMPILE_WARNING
256 E_USER_ERROR
512 E_USER_WARNING
1024 E_USER_NOTICE
2047 E_ALL
2048 E_STRICT
Flag values indicates which errors to display/log
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Error Definitions . . . Value Constant Description Note
1 E_ERROR (integer) Fatal run-time errors. These indicate errors that can not be recovered from, such as a
memory allocation problem. Execution of the script is halted.
2 E_WARNING (integer) Run-time warnings (non-fatal errors). Execution of the script is not halted.
4 E_PARSE (integer) Compile-time parse errors. Parse errors should only be generated by the parser.
8 E_NOTICE (integer) Run-time notices. Indicate that the script encountered something that could indicate an
error, but could also happen in the normal course of running a script.
16 E_CORE_ERROR (integer) Fatal errors that occur during PHP's initial startup. This is like an E_ERROR, except it is
generated by the core of PHP. since PHP 4
32E_CORE_WARNING (
integer) Warnings (non-fatal errors) that occur during PHP's initial startup. This is like an
E_WARNING, except it is generated by the core of PHP. since PHP 4
64E_COMPILE_ERROR (
integer) Fatal compile-time errors. This is like an E_ERROR, except it is generated by the Zend
Scripting Engine. since PHP 4
128E_COMPILE_WARNING (
integer) Compile-time warnings (non-fatal errors). This is like an E_WARNING, except it is
generated by the Zend Scripting Engine. since PHP 4
256 E_USER_ERROR (integer) User-generated error message. This is like an E_ERROR, except it is generated in PHP
code by using the PHP function trigger_error(). since PHP 4
512E_USER_WARNING (
integer) User-generated warning message. This is like an E_WARNING, except it is generated in
PHP code by using the PHP function trigger_error(). since PHP 4
1024E_USER_NOTICE
(integer) User-generated notice message. This is like an E_NOTICE, except it is generated in PHP
code by using the PHP function trigger_error(). since PHP 4
2047 E_ALL (integer) All errors and warnings, as supported, except of level E_STRICT.
2048 E_STRICT (integer) Run-time notices. Enable to have PHP suggest changes to your code which will ensure
the best interoperability and forward compatibility of your code. since PHP
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‘Overriding’ php.ini settings
<?php
ini_set('error_reporting', 2047);
phpinfo();
?>
Global is ’85’ Local is 2047.
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Apache2triad provide config administrator
Show errors in browser
Include HTML errors
Note: Has option at bottom to save configuration. Also must restart apache for changes to take effect.
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Setting Your own Configuration Options
<?php
ini_set('error_reporting', E_ALL);
$x = $y + 1;
print " x=$x $y=$y"
?>
2047 E_ALL (integer)
All errors and warnings, as supported, except of level E_STRICT.
2048 E_STRICT (integer)
Run-time notices. Enable to have PHP suggest changes to your code which will ensure the best interoperability and forward compatibility of your code.
since PHP
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How to read ‘Error_reporting’ variable
How did ‘get’ error_reporting = 85 ?» Answer: php.ini has the following line:
error_reporting = E_COMPILE_ERROR|E_PARSE|E_ERROR|E_CORE_ERROR
1 E_ERROR (integer)
2 E_WARNING (integer)
4 E_PARSE (integer)
8 E_NOTICE (integer)
16 E_CORE_ERROR (integer)
32 E_CORE_WARNING (integer)
64 E_COMPILE_ERROR (integer)
128 E_COMPILE_WARNING (integer)
256 E_USER_ERROR (integer)
512 E_USER_WARNING (integer)
1 + 4 + 16 + + 64 = 85.
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Even more phpinfo()
Send errors to logfile
Require input variables to use super-global array
Enable scripts to upload to server
Defines where to look for includes. (This can be set dynamically in scripts.)
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Visit www.php.net
Quick function search
Function manual
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Objectives
To understand what PHP is » What is HTML» How PHP compares with CGI
Getting Started with PHP» Your first script» PHP syntax and embedding in HTML» Finding out about your PHP configuration
Using PHP variables
» Numerical variables and operators
» String variables, operators and a few functions
Separating PHP from HTML using <?=
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PHP allows creating variables on the fly
For example, <?php $days = 3; $newdays = 100; $days = $newdays;?>
A PHP variable names must:» Use a dollar sign ($) as the first character» Use a letter or an underscore character (_) as the
second character.
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Combining Variables and the print Statement
Use print statement with double quotes:
$age=6;
print ("Bryant is $age years old.");
print (‘but george is $age years old.’);
Would output: Bryant is 6 years old but george is $age years old.
Double quotes output any variable’s value
Single quotes output any variable’s name.
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Using Arithmetic Operators
PHP supports various arithmetic operators. For example
<?php
$apples = 12;
$oranges = 14;
$total_fruit = $apples + $oranges;
print ("The total number of fruit is $total_fruit");
?>
These PHP statements would output The total number of fruit is 26.
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Common PHP Numeric Operators
Table 2.1 Common PHP Numeric Operators
Operator Effect Example Result
+ Addition $x = 2 + 2; $x is assigned 4.
- Subtraction $y = 3; $y = $y – 1;
$y is assigned 2.
/ Division $y = 14 / 2;
$y is assigned 7.
* Multiplication $z = 4; $y = $z * 4;
$y is assigned 16.
% Remainde (modulus)
$y = 14 % 3; $y is assigned 2.
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Common PHP Combined Assignment Operators
Operator Effect Example Result
+= Addition and assignment
$y += 3; $y = $y + 3;
-= Subtraction and assignment
$y -= 3; $y = $y – 3;
*= Multiplcation and assignment
$y *= $x; $y = $y * $x ;
/= Division and assignment
$y /= 12; $y = $y / 12;
%= Modulus and assignment
$z %= $x; $z = $z % %x;
.= Catenation and assignment
$happy .= ‘hello’ ;
$happy = $happy . ‘hello’;
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A Full Example1. <html>
2. <head> <title>Variable Example </title> </head>
3. <body>
4. <?php
5. $columns = 20;
6. $rows = 12;
7. $total_seats = $rows * $columns;
8.
9. $ticket_cost = 3.75;
10. $total_revenue = $total_seats * $ticket_cost;
11.
12. $building_cost = 300;
13. $profit = $total_revenue - $building_cost;
14.
15. print ("Total Seats are $total_seats <br>");
16. print ("Total Revenue is $total_revenue <br>");
17. print ("Total Profit is $profit");
18. ?> </body> </html>
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WARNING: Using Variables with Undefined Values
Use a variable without a value assigned will have no value (called a null value).
PHP will NOT generate an error and will complete the expression.
For example,
<?php$y = 3;$y=$y + $x + 1; // $x has a null valueprint ("x=$x y=$y");?>
Will output x= y=4.
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PHP Precedence Rules PHP follows the precedence rules listed
below.» First it evaluates operators within parentheses.» Next it evaluates multiplication and division» Finally it evaluates addition and subtraction
For example, the first 2 statements evaluate to 80 while the last to 180.
$x = 100 - 10 * 2;$y = 100 - (10 * 2);$z = (100 - 10) * 2;
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Objectives
To understand what PHP is » What is HTML» How PHP compares with CGI
Getting Started with PHP» Your first script» PHP syntax and embedding in HTML» Finding out about your PHP configuration
Using PHP variables
» Numerical variables and operators
» String variables, operators and a few functions
Separating PHP from HTML using <?=
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Working with PHP String Variables
Use character strings for data such as customer names, addresses, product names, and descriptions.
E.g.,» $name="Christopher";» $preference="Milk Shake";
Note: Technically it is more correct to write: $name=‘Christopher’;$preference=‘Milk Shake’;Since there are no variable values to evaluate.
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WARNING: Be Careful Not to
Mix Variable Types Be careful not to mix string and numeric
variable types. <?php
$x ="banana";
$sum = 1 + $x;
print ("y=$sum");
?>
No error will occur instead will output:y=1
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Using the Concatenate Operator
The concatenate operator combines two separate string variables into one.
For example, » $fullname = $firstname . $lastname;
$fullname will receive the string values of $firstname and $lastname connected together.
For example, $firstname = "John";
$lastname = "Smith";
$fullname = $firstname . $lastname;
print ("Fullname=$fullname");
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TIP: Different ways to concatenate strings.
A couple different ways to concatenate strings:» Concatenation operator
$Fullname2 = $FirstName . " " . $LastName;
» Double quotes $Fullname2 = "$FirstName $LastName";
» Concatenation combination operator $comment = ‘I love this job’;
$comment .= ‘but the hours and not that good’;
» Mix and match: $name = ‘George’;
$comment = “$name said: I love this job”;
$comment .= ‘but the hours and not that good’;
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The strlen() Function Usually use one or more arguments with
» Arguments are input values that functions » Often functions return a value » For example<?php
$comments = "Good Job"; $len = strlen($comments); print ("Length=$len");
?>Would output Length=8
Note: Function output would be one reason to use the concatenate operator
<?php$First = 'George';print "$First has " . strlen($First ) . ' characters';?>
Would output: George has 6 characters
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The trim() Function Removes any blank characters from the
beginning and end of a string. For example, consider the following script:
» <?php» $in_name = " Joe Jackson ";» $name = trim($in_name);» print ("name=$name$name");» ?>
Would output Lname=“Joe JacksonJoe Jackson”
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The strtolower() and strtoupper() Functions
These functions return the input string in all uppercase or all lowercase letters, respectively.
For example, <?php
$inquote = "Now Is The Time";
$lower = strtolower($inquote);
$upper = strtoupper($inquote);
print ("upper=$upper lower=$lower");
?>
Would output “upper=NOW IS THE TIME lower=now is the time”.
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The substr() Function
» Substr has the following general format:
$part = substr( $name, 0, 5);
Extract from here.
Assign results into here
Position to start extracting from.
Number of characters to extract (If omitted will continue to end of string.)For example:
<?php$date = "12/25/2002";$month = substr($date, 0, 2);$day = substr($date, 3, 2);print ("Month=$month Day=$day");?>
Would output
“Month=12 Day=25”.
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Objectives
To understand what PHP is » What is HTML» How PHP compares with CGI
Getting Started with PHP» Your first script» PHP syntax and embedding in HTML» Finding out about your PHP configuration
Using PHP variables
» Numerical variables and operators
» String variables, operators and a few functions
Separating PHP from HTML using <?=
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Evaluation delimiters1 <?php23 $url = '<a href=http://mysite.com> mysite.com </a>';4 $store = '<font color=red> toy store </font>';5 $special = 'boxed block sets';6 ?>7 <html>8 <head> <title> this is a title </title> </head>9 <body> <font color=blue size=4>10 Welcome to the <?= $store ?>11 our special today is <i> <?= $special ?> </i>12 <br> Visit our home page at <?= $url ?>13 </font> </body> </html>
Can separate PHP from HTML and use <?= delimiter. It automatically outputs any PHP variables found.
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Getting input data
To receive data with REGISTER_GOBALS OFF you use a special variable called $_GET.
» $mynm = $_GET[“name”];Enclose in squarebracket and then quotes
Name of HTML form CGI variable (note do not use $)
Special PHP Global variable. Technically it is an associative array (covered in chptr 5.)
PHP variable name that you want to receive the HTML form input.
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Sending Input From URL
You can send data to your application by: » http://www.indelible-learning.com/php/module1/input.php?special=Baseball Bats
If needed to send multiple input variables could:» http://www.indelible-learning.com/php/module1/input.php?special=Baseball Bats&myname=Dave
Use & sign
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Objectives
To understand what PHP is » What is HTML» How PHP compares with CGI
Getting Started with PHP» Your first script» PHP syntax and embedding in HTML» Finding out about your PHP configuration
Using PHP variables
» Numerical variables and operators
» String variables, operators and a few functions
Separating PHP from HTML using <?=
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Module 1 Hands on Assignment
Create a php script that calculates the total possible revenue of a theater. Suppose that:» The theater charges $5 per seat» The theater has with 10 rows and 8 seats per row. » Output the total possible revenue.» Set the seat cost, rows and seats per row at top of script
and separate PHP from HTML code.
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One possible solution
1 <?php 2 $cost = 5; $rows = 10; 3 $cols = 8; $total = $rows * $cols; 4 $rev = $cost * $total; 5 ?> 6 <html> 7 <head> <title> Theater Calculation </title> </head> 8 <body> <font color=blue size=4> 9 We have <?= $total ?> seats in the house 10 <br> 11 At a costs of $<?=$cost ?> our total possible revenue is 12 <?= $rev ?>. 13 </font> </body> </html>
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Lab 1 Extension Exercise
Modify that same script to receive the values of $rows and $cols from the Web URL. » Send different input values from the web
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One Possible Solution <?php $cost = 5; $rows = $_GET[rows]; $cols = $_GET[cols]; $total = $rows * $cols; $rev = $cost * $total; ?> <html> <head> <title> Theater Calculation </title> </head> <body> <font color=blue size=4> We have <?= $total ?> seats in the house <br> At a costs of $<?=$cost ?> our total possible revenue is <?= $rev ?>. </font> </body> </html>
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Module 1 Hands on assignment
Write a simple script that outputs the configuration of PHP
What are compilation settings of our PHP» What version?» What apache version?» Other interesting settings?
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One possible solution<? phpinfo() ?>