1. wise presents wildfire & tree population dynamics in the boreal forest speaker: dr. ed...
Post on 21-Dec-2015
216 views
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1. WISE Presents
WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST
Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology,Department of Biological Sciences, Director of the Kananaskis Field Stations,University of Calgary
DATE: Wednesday, October 8, 2003 TIME: 4:00 p.m.LOCATION: University of LethbridgeAnderson Hall, Room 100
![Page 2: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2. The Society for College and University Planning
Do you want to learn more about sustainability and how to make a campus green?
Live Telecast hosted by: The U of L Energy Management Sustainability Committee
This event will address sustainability and its importance, the role of higher education, strategies, and implementation.
Thursday, October 9, 2003 at 10:00 AM (sharp!)Anderson Hall Room 115.
![Page 3: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Daytime
![Page 4: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Night
Source: Ahrens, 2001
![Page 5: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Mountain Valley Breezes
Source: http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu
Daytime
The sun heats the hillslope, causing air to move up theslope
Night
Night radiation coolsthe slopes
Cooler, denser air moves downslope
![Page 6: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Katabatic Winds
•Air cools on a plateau or sloping terrain, becomes more dense and descends
•Winds get faster and faster downslope
•Relatively warm water at base can further increase winds, which can be very strong as a result
•Can occur on large scale (eg. Greenland, Antarctica)
•Also referred to as gravity drainage winds
![Page 7: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
VANCOUVER LETHBRIDGE8°C 12°C
X X
CoolingAt MALR6°C/km
WarmingAt DALR10 °C/km
CoolingAt DALR10 °C/km
CoolingAt MALR6°C/km
WarmingAt DALR10 °C/km
More sensible heat
Chinook Winds
![Page 8: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Effect of Air temperature on 500 mb heights
![Page 9: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Source: http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu
![Page 10: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Wind flowsalong Isobars
PGF counterractedby inertial CoriolisForce
![Page 12: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Weather vs. Climate
•WeatherCondition of the atmosphere at any place and time http://weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/forecast/city_e.html?yql
•ClimateCharacteristic behaviour of weather over time Includes averages and extremeshttp://www.theweathernetwork.ca/weather/stats/pages/C02080.htm?CAAB0194
Climatology is the study of climate
Climatic regions: zones with characteristic weather patternsEmpirical (statistics) or genetic (causative) classificationEg. Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification System (1928)
![Page 13: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Climographs
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Month
Pre
cip
itat
ion
(m
m)
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Tem
per
atu
re (
deg
rees
C)
Precip
Temp
LETHBRIDGE, AB VANCOUVER, BC
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Month
Pre
cip
itat
ion
(m
m)
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Tem
per
atu
re (
deg
rees
C)
Precip
Temp
![Page 14: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Determinants of climate:
•Distribution and seasonal variation of solar insolation intensity (zenith angles and daylength)
•Atmospheric and oceanic global circulation patterns
•Controls of temperature: altitude and latitude, land-water heating differences, cloud cover, polar front
•Controls on precipitation: distribution of pressure systems, lift mechanisms (convergence, convection, orographic, frontal), location of ITCZ, subtropical high pressure, jet streams
![Page 15: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Source: Solomon, 2000
Effect of Altitude
![Page 16: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Effect of Latitude and Cloud Cover
![Page 17: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Global CirculationPatterns
![Page 18: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Climate Distribution
Classification systems: Köppen-Geiger, Thornthwaite (not shown) A Tropical - equatorial regionsC Mesothermal – eg. Mediterranean, marine W. coastD Microthermal – eg. humid continental, subarcticE Polar H Highland – cooler than surroundingsB Dry – deserts and steppes
See Figure 6-4
![Page 19: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
A Tropical Climates
Straddle equator: 20N to 20S
Coldest month is above 18C
Consistent daylength, small zenith angles
Includes tropical rainforest, tropical monsoon and tropical savanna
![Page 20: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
1. Tropical Rain Forest Climate
•Warm and moist•Thunderstorms – local convection in convergent ITCZ•All months receive more than 60mm
•Precipitation pattern follows migration of ITCZ•Two wetter seasons near equator, one wetter season near tropics
•High rainfall and solar insolation sustain lush, evergreen, broadleaf tree growth
•High leaf area index (LAI) •Dark canopy floor with sparse vegetation•Rapid decomposition – more nutrient mass in vegetation than soil
![Page 21: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Rainforest ClimographManokwari, New Guinea
Little variability in average monthly temperature
Driest month receives more than 100 mm of rainfall
Source: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/1020/biome.html
![Page 22: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Source: http://www.world-builders.org/lessons/less/biomes/rainforest/tropi_rain/tropgifs
Tropical Rain Forest Vegetation
Layers in the Tropical Rain Forest Canopy
![Page 23: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Tropical Rain Forest
The world’s most biologically-diverse biome
![Page 24: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Layers in the Tropical Rain Forest Canopy
Emergents
•Trees “emerge” from the forest canopy
•Exposed to high light, fluctuating temperatures, higher winds
•Huge trees (up to 70m) with massive, buttressed trunks
•Seed dispersal often by wind
•Home to many birds and animals looking for safety from predators (eg. eagles, bats, monkeys, snakes, butterflies)
![Page 25: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
ButtressedTrunks
Helps supportlarge tree biomass, weight of water andepiphytes
![Page 26: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Canopy Layer
•Continuous layer (about 45 m)
•Most have buttressed trunks
•Especially high diversity of plants and animals
•Same tree found once or twice per square kilometre
•Lianas (vines) connect trees
•Epiphytic vegetation common -28,000 species (eg. mosses, bromeliads, ferns, orchids)
•Abundant fauna (eg. monkeys, sloths, bats, treefrogs, ants, beetles, parrots, hummingbirds and snakes)
![Page 27: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Understorey Layer
•Receives 2-5% of incident light (blocked by canopy)
•Understorey plants photosynthesize most efficiently under low light (low respiration rates)
•Layer consists of small trees (eg. dwarf palms) and seedlings of taller trees
•Low wind: insect pollination, strong smelling and conspicuous flowers often on trunks
•Abundant fauna (eg. insects, snakes, frogs, parakeets, leopards, jaguars etc.)
![Page 28: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Forest Floor•Approximately 1% of light incident upon the canopy
•100% relative humidity, less temperature variation
•Rapidly-decomposing organic matter
•Few flowering plants
•Fungi thrive on decomposing organic matter
•Large mammals forage for roots and tubers (eg. tapirs)•Many insects (eg. termites, cockroaches, beetles, centipedes, millipedes, scorpions and earthworms)
![Page 29: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Global Distribution of Tropical Rain Forests
![Page 30: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Deforestation•>50% already gone (pasture, timber, fuelwood, farming)
• Approximately 169,000 km2 lost each year • Fire clears land for agriculture (food production, rubber, coffee etc.)
• Slash and burn – soil nutrient reserves quickly exhausted • Destruction generally along transportation networks
• Tropical Forestry Action Plan (FAO, UNDP, WB, WRI) • Remote sensing and GIS play key role in monitoring
![Page 31: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
2. Tropical Monsoon and Savanna Climates
Tropical Monsoon Climates
•Rainfall from ITCZ affects regions for 6-12 months of the year (eg. text example Yangon, Myanmar)
•Seasonal variation in winds and precipitation
•1 or more months have less than 60mm of precipitation
•Evergreen broadleaf trees grade toward thorn forests along drier margins with savanna
![Page 32: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Tropical Monsoon Climograph
Dry season during theNorthern Hemispherewinter
Wet season during thesummer
![Page 34: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Tropical Savanna Climates
•ITCZ effect for <6 months of the year
•Winters are dry (subtropical high pressure)
•Summers are wet (influence of ITCZ)
•Tropical cyclones possible near east coasts
•Grasslands dominate: scattered, drought-resistant trees
•Text example: Mérida, Mexico (relatively wet) and Kenya
![Page 35: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Tropical Savanna Distribution
![Page 36: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/savannah.html
Savanna Climograph
Long dry season duringthe Southern Hemispherewinter
Wet season during the summer
![Page 37: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Vegetation in the Tropical Monsoon and Savanna Climate Zones:
Tropical Seasonal Forest and Scrub •Poleward transition from tropical rain forest to grasslands
Monsoonal forestsopen woodlandsscrub woodlandthorn forestsdrought-resistant scrubgrassland
•Leaf loss and dry season flowering during seasonal moisture deficits
![Page 38: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Monsoonal forests:
•Discontinuous, 15 m high canopy
•Denser undergrowth
•Orchardlike parkland with grassy openings in drier sectors
•Flat-topped acacia trees become common in drier zones
•Examples: Caatinga (Brazil), Chaco (Paraguay), Brigalow (Australia), Dornveld (S. Africa)
•Wildlife: elephants, large cats, rodents, ground-dwelling birds•Koalas and cockatoos in Australia
![Page 39: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Monsoon Forest of India
Increasedlight penetrationcompared to lowland rain forest
DiscontinuousCanopy and Lower LAI
Source: I. de Borhegyi FAO
![Page 40: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Vegetation of the tropical savanna
•Large expanses of grassland, interrupted in areas by trees and shrubs
•Trees and shrubs are xerophytic (small, waxy, thick leaves)
•Most expansive in Africa (Serengeti plains, Sahel)also Los Llanos (Venezuela), Campo Cerrado, Pantanal (Brazil)
•Fires common during the dry seasons (beneficial if early)
•Affected by desertification
•Soils richer in humus than tropical rain forests: sorghum, wheat, peanuts can be grown
•Home to large land mammals in Africa: lion, cheetah, zebra, giraffe, buffalo, gazelle, wildebeest, antelope, rhinoceros and elephant
![Page 41: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The Serengeti Plain (Savanna)
![Page 42: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Interannual climatic variability atthe global scale
Caused by changing atmospheric andoceanic circulation in the tropicalPacific Ocean
![Page 43: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Top La Nina December 1998; Middle Normal December 1993; Bottom El Nino Dec 1997
![Page 44: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
See http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/map/clim/sst_olr/sst_anim.shtml
![Page 45: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
C Mesothermal Climates 1. Humid Subtropical Hot Summer Climate
•Influenced by maritime tropical air masses in summer
•Continental polar and maritime tropical air masses mix in fall/winter/spring: frontal precipitation
•Convectional precipitation in moist, unstable summer airmass
•Tropical cyclones near coasts in summer and fall
•1000 – 2000 mm/yr total
![Page 48: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
•Examples: southeast U.S., southeast China, southern Japan, northern Argentina
•Broadleaf and mixed forest
Source: M.K. House, near Tallahassee, Fl.
![Page 49: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
2. Humid Subtropical Winter Dry Climate
• Similar to above, but dry in winter
• Heavy precipitation in summer
• Circulation in winter prevents moist, tropical air mass interaction with pressure systems
eg. much of southern China, eastern South Africa
• Broadleaf and mixed forest, but largely deforested
(see Figure 6-11)
![Page 50: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
3. Marine West Coast Climates
•Mild winter and relatively cool summer
•Winter maximum of precipitation, especially in southern zones
•Heavy precipitation in mountains (may exceed 4000 mm/yr)
•Precipitation varies at low altitude: much more precipitation in northern portions of the Marine West Coast Climate than in the south
•Dominated by maritime polar air masses but unusually mild for their latitudes
•Coastal fog is common
![Page 51: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Temperate Rain Forest•Narrow margin of Pacific NW North America
•Less species diversity than TRF
•Needle/broadleaf trees, ferns and undergrowth
•Tallest tree in world (Sequoia sempervirens – Redwood) may exceed 100m
•Also Douglas Fir, Spruce, Cedar, Hemlock
•Moist, lush vegetation
•Fauna: Bear, badger, deer, wild pig, wolf, bobcat, fox and numerous bird species
Source: www.inforain.org
![Page 52: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
4. Mediterranean Dry Summer Climates
•Poleward of subtropical high pressure on west coasts•Subtropical high prevents precipitation and influx of tropical moist air in summer•At least 70% of precipitation occurs in the winter•Summer water resource problems•Agriculture requires irrigation•Hot summer and cool summer varieties•Cool offshore currents enhance stability of marine air mass along west coasts
Examples: Mediterranean, southwest California, northwest coastal Mexico, central Chile, southern tip of South Africa
![Page 53: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Mediterranean Shrubland: “Chaparral”
•Sclerophyllic shrubsShort-statured, deep roots, leathery leaves, low branchesGrass between shrubs
•Fire adaptation Resprouting capability
Cork Oak, Pine and Olive trees in Mediterranean
Commercial agriculture: fruits, vegetables and nuts
Fauna: deer, coyote, wolf, bobcat, rodents and birds
Source: S. Johnson, U. California, Berkeley
Source: F. Tanaka
![Page 54: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
D Microthermal Climates
Temperature variation is high due to season and air masses
1. Humid Continental Hot Summer Climate
•Frequent passage of pressure systems•Maritime tropical air masses and convection influence climate in summer •Occasional intrusion of cold, polar air in winter•Some areas have a dry winter, but others have similar year-round precipitation totals. Why ?Influence of coastal storms or lake effect snows in winter•Corn, soybean, hog and cattle farming without irrigation•Midlatitude broadleaf and mixed forest
See New York City Climograph (Figure 6-15)
![Page 55: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
2. Humid Continental Mild Summer Climate
•Precipitation is generally lower than in the hot summer climate•Temperature is cooler than in the hot summer climate•Snowmelt in winter important for soil moisture recharge
•Winter is relatively dry except near lakes and oceans
Agriculture: includes dairy cattle, poultry, flax, sunflowers, sugar beets, wheat and potatoes (usually without irrigation)
•Midlatitude broadleaf and mixed forest tending to needleleaf forest to north on shallower soils
Examples: Great Lakes, much of northeast Europe (See Moscow climograph – Fig 6-16)
![Page 56: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Midlatitude Broadleaf and Mixed Forest
•Very productive in summer, senescence in fall•High LAI, limited undergrowth in old growth forest
Trees: Maple, Oak, Beech, Elm, Chestnut in Great Lakes, New England and Maritimes, mixed with White Pine, Red Pine and Eastern Hemlock
Fauna: Red fox, white-tailed deer, southern flying squirrel, opossum, bear and a great variety of birds (eg. cardinal, blue jay)
![Page 57: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
3. Subarctic Climates
•Very long, cold winters – dominated by high pressure•Discontinous or continuous permafrost at high latitude
•Boreal forests or Taiga where growing season sufficientFir, Spruce, Larch and Birch
•Open northern woodlands and tundra in far north •Winters are generally drier than summerHowever, the Dry Winter form of subarctic climates occurs only in Russia
Bitter cold occurs in these areas in winterVerkoyansk has an average 63C temperature range
![Page 59: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Climograph: Subarctic climate
Low precipitation and cold temperatures in Winter
Huge temperaturerange
![Page 60: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Needleleaf forest and Montane Forest
•Boreal forest from Alaska, across northern portions of AB, SK, MB, ON, QC to east coast of Newfoundland and Labrador•Taiga from European plain across much of Russia through Siberia•Only extensive in N. hemisphere, but occur at montane sites in S. Hemisphere
Trees: Pine, Spruce and Fir
Fauna: wolf, moose, bear, lynx, beaver, wolverine, small rodents, hawks, eagles, grouse, owls and migratory birds
![Page 61: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
South Knife Lake, Manitoba, CanadaPhotograph by Lynda Dredge (GSC, Natural Resources Canada)
![Page 62: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
4. Tundra Climate
•8-10 months of snow
•Generally underlain by permafrost
Vegetation: Stunted sedges, mosses flowering plants and lichen in brief summer
Most rapid climate warming is in this zone
Only in northern hemisphere, except in highlands
![Page 63: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Light and heat may not be the only limiting factors for plant growth•Days are long and temperatures may reach the teens in summer
Wind and moisture deficit are also important•Thin, active layer holds limited moisture. Small, leathery leaves, closely spaced to protect stomata•Hairs limit air circulation•Flowers are small•Plants often occur in tufts for protection•Prostrate growth - stems spread out over ground with little vertical growth - especially willow
Arctic tundra
![Page 64: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Climograph: Tundra Climate
![Page 66: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Low Arctic Tundra
•Extends north from treeline along a line from Northern Alaska to northern Quebec and southern Baffin Island (10 degree C isotherm)•Cold, with low precipitation•Nearly the entire area is underlain with permafrost
•Almost complete vegetation coverage (except unfavourable areas)•Dominated by dwarf shrubs (birch and willow)
•Vegetation traps snow and provides shading from summer heating
•Peat accumulation at poorly-drained sites•Any black spruce is very stunted and abraded by snow
•Major summer range and calving grounds of some of Canada's largest caribou herds
![Page 67: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Mid Arctic Tundra
•Transitional band between high and low arctic•Plant cover more than 50% in most areas but bare ground still exists locally•Vascular plants more common than in high arctic - willow common
Cumberland Sound, Baffin Island, Nunavut, CanadaPhotograph by Govt. of the Northwest Territories
![Page 68: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Photo: JoAnn ElliottDenali National Park
Arctic Willow
![Page 69: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Arctic willow
http://www.sasked.gov.sk.ca/~gregory/arctic/plants/awillow.jpg
![Page 70: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Vendom Fiord, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, CanadaPhotograph by Douglas Hodgson (GSC, Natural Resources Canada)
High Arctic
![Page 71: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Wetland Environments
•Cover 14 to 18% of Canada
•Mainly just to the south of treeline in discontinuous and sporadic permafrost
•Pockets further north
•Major carbon sink
•Potential future source of greenhouse gases
•Hydrophyllic vegetation present due to water table at or above mineral soil
![Page 72: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Source: Natural Resources Canadahttp://atlas.gc.ca/english/facts/wetlands/wetlands_ewetdist2_e.html
![Page 73: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Bog• Sphagnum moss dominated• Receives nutrients only from precipitation
Fen• A peatland receiving nutrients from mineral soil below• Flora is more abundant and diverse, including sedges, grasses,
shrubs and even trees (tamarack)
Swamp• A wooded wetland• May develop into a peatland• Coniferous and deciduous trees, shrubs, herbs and mosses
Marsh• Periodically inundated wetland (fresh or salt water)• Little peat accumulation
![Page 74: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Why does peat accumulate ?
•Production by plants exceeds decomposition
•Abundant growth due to available moisture during growing season
•Preservation of plants (cool conditions)
•Saturated conditions - slow, anaerobic decomposition by methanogenic bacteria
•Release of methane rather than CO2
![Page 75: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
5. Ice Cap Climate
•Dominated by dry, frigid air masses
•Average temperature below freezing most or all year
•World’s coldest surface air is found in Antarctica in S. hemisphere winter
•Glaciers accumulate snow and ice despite low precipitation (<80mm/yr in Antarctica)
•Precipitation exceeds small evapotranspiration demand
Examples: Antarctica, North Pole, Greenland
![Page 76: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Climograph: Ice Cap Climate
![Page 77: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
B Desert and Semiarid Climates Vegetation is xerophyticPhreatophytes along stream channels Subtropical dry climates•Subtropical high pressure cells dominate•Stable air, low relative humidity•Extend to western continental margins from 15 to 30N•Cool stabilizing ocean currents The Rain Shadow effect•Orographic lift over western mountains and subsequent descent of air•Extends along eastern edge of Andean and Rocky mountains north of 30N
![Page 78: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
1. Hot Low Latitude Desert Climate•0 to 350 mm precipitation•Western side of continents in subtropical high zone•Also Egypt, Somalia and Saudi Arabia
2. Cold Midlatitude Desert Climate•Approx. 150 mm precipitation•Gobi Desert, southern countries of former USSR, US southwest, Patagonia•Any precipitation due to summer convection
![Page 79: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Distribution of Earth’s Deserts
![Page 80: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Desert Biomes•>1/3 of Earth’s land area
•Ephemerals (wait a year or more for precipitation)Seeds quickly germinate, plants develop, flower, and produce seeds
•Long, deep tap roots (eg. mesquite), succulence (thick, fleshy, water holding tissue), waxy coatings and fine hairs on leaves to retard water loss, leafless conditions during dry periods
Fauna: Desert bighorn sheep, camel, kangaroo rat, lizards, scorpions, snakes are active at night, when temperatures are lower.
Birds include roadrunner, thrashers, ravens, wrens, hawks and grouse
![Page 81: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
3. Hot Low Latitude Steppe Climate•Around periphery of hot low latitude desert
Eg. northern Sahel, parts of Iran and Afghanistan, Turkistan and Kazakhstan
4. Cold Midlatitude Steppe Climate•Occur poleward of 30 latitude, mainly in northern hemisphere,in areas distant from major moisture source or rainshadowed
•Widely variable, undependable precipitation (200 – 500 mm/yr)
•Cyclonic storms occur, but precipitation tends to be light
•Summer convection produces much of year’s precipitation
![Page 82: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Midlatitude Grasslands
•The world’s breadbasket – grain and livestock production•Heavily modified by human activity (few natural sites)•Good soil quality•Only trees are deciduous broadleafs along streams•Shrubs in protected areas •Tall-grass prairie once rose to 2m, with short grass steppe further west
Fauna: deer, antelope, pronghorn, bison, gophers, prairie dogs, coyote, badger, hawks, eagles, owls, grasshoppers
Look out the window !
![Page 83: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
![Page 84: 1. WISE Presents WILDFIRE & TREE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE BOREAL FOREST Speaker: Dr. Ed Johnson, Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences,](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d6a5503460f94a49467/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)