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1 Why Take Chemistry? 1.Guidance Ice skating Water bugs Fossil fuels Acid rain Why doesnt a gas tank explode? 3. How does the world work? Sweat Computers Atomic bombs Fireworks 2. Career

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2 Chemistry What is it? Remsens study of nitric acid Jot down your observations

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3 Ira Remsens Experiment Penny + nitric acid observations:

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4 Scientific Method OBS. HYP.EXP.THEO. a logical way to study problems OBS. 1.Observation (not inference) the solution turned blue

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5 OBS.HYP.EXP.THEO. 2.Hypothesis: a proposed explanation for the observation that can be tested. The copper in the penny changed to produce the blue color.

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6 OBS.HYP.EXP.THEO. 3.Experiment: a means to test the hypothesis. Try the same reaction using silver metal instead of a copper penny.

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7 OBS.HYP.EXP.THEO. HYPOTHESISEXPERIMENT

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8 OBS.HYP.EXP.THEO. 4.Theory: an explanation of why experiments give certain results. broad in scope predictive can never be proven

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9 Theory Model Model of the atom What is a model? Remens experiment: Cu + 4H + +2NO 3 - Cu 2+ + 2NO 2 + 2H 2 O

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10 Not a Bunch of Facts Patterns !

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11 Chemistry Student definitions. Chemistry: study of the composition of substances & changes substances undergo.

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12 Chemistry in the Real World Textiles Fuels Metallurgy Cooking Computers Plastics Engines Life processes Medicine Imaging Paper Ceramics Everything is a chemical !!!

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13 Chemistry: Brief History B.C.: Some Greeks thought: Matter made of particles (atoms) vs. continuous Based on pure logic, rather than experimental

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14 Middle Ages: Alchemists

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15 Modern Concepts 1700s Antoine Lavoisier: father of modern chemistry laboratory excerpt 1800s Dalton atomic theory based on data 1850s Mendeleev Periodic Table

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16 Matter Anything that takes up space and has mass. aluminumlight watertemperature airheat MATTER?

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17 Matter The amount of matter is measured by MASS not volume or weight.(water vs. air)

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18 Classification of Matter

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19 Types of Matter 1.Substance (pure substance) Matter with uniform and definite composition. Every sample has exactly the same properties. example: water

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20 Two Types of Pure Substances Element- simplest form of matter that can exist in the lab. e.g. C, H, etc (Periodic Table) Compound- contains 2 or more different elements bonded together; it can be broken into simpler substances chemically. e.g. water, salt (NaCl), sugar

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21 Sugar: C 6 H 12 O 6 compound Carbon: C element Water: H 2 O compound + heat electrical energy Hydrogen: H 2 element + Oxygen: O 2 element

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22 Element vs. Compound? Classify: Water: H 2 O Vinegar: HC 2 H 3 O 2 Oxygen: O 2 Ozone: O 3

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23 Types of Matter 2. Mixtures two or more different substances mixed together proportions can be varied (e.g. 20% salt in water vs. 30% salt in water) each substance retains its original properties

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24 1. Homogeneous mixture mixture with uniform composition throughout mixed at the molecular level often transparent, not cloudy synonym is solution. Mixtures: Two Types e.g. salt water, steel

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25 2. Heterogeneous mixture mixture that does not have uniform composition often see small chunks or pieces of different substances often cloudy Mixtures: Two Types e.g. soil Italian salad dressing

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26 Substance, Homogeneous or Heterogeneous Mixture ?

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27 Mixtures can be separated by physical means chromatography (demo) distillation (next slide) magnetism (lab) filtration (lab) density

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28 Distillation

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29 Classification of Matter Kool-aid cement water oxygen physically separable chemically separable

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30 States of Matter How many? SolidLiquidGas ShapeDefiniteIndefinite VolumeDefinite Indefinite Ice Water Steam 4 states of matter!

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31 Changing States of Matter Raise Temperature (Temp. is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules that make up the substance.)

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32 Physical Property Quality that can be observed without changing the substances composition. Color Solubility Hardness Density Melting point Odor Conductivity Malleability

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33 Physical Change A change that does not alter the substances composition. Cutting Bending Change state Crushing e.g. boiling water, cutting paper

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34 Chemical Property Ability of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction and form a new substance. Reactants products e.g. iron + sulfur iron(II) sulfide (NOT simply mixing iron + sulfur) Demo

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35 Chemical or Physical ?? dry ice evaporates a car fender rusts pepper is ground-up in a pepper mill bread goes stale water freezes you file your nails you take an antacid tablet

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36 Conservation of Mass & Energy In any process or reaction, both mass and energy are conserved. e.g. burn coal: where does the mass go? where does the heat energy come from?

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37

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Elements 38 Write the name or symbol: fluorine zinc neon chromium manganese I U Ni Ag Fe

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Warm-up 39 Define chemistry

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Warm-up 40 When water boils, it gives off air bubbles. Is this statement an observation?

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Warm-up 41 Explain the difference between a homogeneous mixture and heterogeneous mixture. Mud? Kool Aid? Milk?

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Warm-up 42 Super-fun element quiz! Argon Strontium Scandium Mercury Pb I Ne Mg

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Warm-up 43 How many states of matter are there? Which state has a constant volume and takes the shape of its container?

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Warm-up 44 Which state of matter has definite volume and takes the shape of its container? Define temperature.