1 what is noise? u noise is pressure change above and below ambient pressure, occurring at rates...
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What is Noise?
NOISE is pressure change above and below ambient pressure, occurring at rates between approximately 20 and 20,000 cycles per second, Hertz (Hz)
NOISE and SOUND are physically the same thing, with the term noise usually implying absence of information and/or undesirability
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Representation of Pressure Waves
Dr. Dan Russell, http://www.gmi.edu/~drussell/Demos/rad2/mdq.html
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Frequency, Amplitude, and Wavelength of a Sound Wave
SOUND WAVE
DISTANCE (one wavelength)
AM
PL
ITU
DE RMS
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
Atmospheric Pressure Cl = — f
Peak
velocityC=f•344 m/sec @ 72 F
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Acoustic Quantities
Pressure, P (P2 energy, power)2
2
5
-5
Pressure amplitude measured in N/m , Pascals
(48 Pascals = 1 lb/ft )
atmospheric pressure 10 Pascals
faintest audible sound 2 10 Pascals
loudest tolerable sound 28-30 Pascals
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Decibels – a Useful Transformation
Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
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Use of deciBels
deciBels, dB, is a useful transformation because it permits compressing one unit that may cover a huge range into a smaller numerical range
note that a few dB is a large change in the original unit
useful for sound Intensity, Power, Pressure
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SPL vs. Sound Pressure
0 0.00002
20 0.0002
40 0.002
60 0.02
80 0.2
100 2
120 20
Sound pressure (Pa)Sound pressure level (dB)
110
90
70
50
30
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Pneumatic chipper (at 5 ft)
Textile loom
Newspaper press
Diesel truck 40 mph (at 50 ft)
Passenger car 50 mph (at 50 ft) Conversation (at 3 ft)
Quiet room
105
10.5
0.10.05
0.010.005
0.0010.0005
0.00010.00005
Rock band
Power lawnmower (at operator’s ear)
Milling machine (at 4 ft)
Garbage disposal (at 3 ft)
Vacuum cleaner
Air conditioning window unit (at 25 ft)
Anechoic chamber
Quiet natural area with no wind
Air conditioning in auditorium
Copy machine (at 2 m)
Suburban area at night
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deciBel Addition & examples
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deciBel addition (by table)
difference in dB: add to higher:
0 3.0
1 2.6
2 2.2
3 1.8
4 1.4
5 1.2
6 1.0
7 0.8
8 .6
9 .5
10 .4
11 .3
13 .2
16 .1
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deciBel addition (by table)
it is customary to rank order the dB values to be added from largest to smallest
for the largest two, find the difference, enter the table in col.1, find value in col.2, and add to largest of the pair being added
add the result of the first pair addition to the third value, get a new total
add the new total to the 4th largest value, get new total,etc.
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deciBel Addition (by table)
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Frequency Spectrum & Octaves
typically, acoustic energy covers a range of frequencies, and in varying intensity
it is customary to divide the frequency spectrum into octaves, half-octaves, or third-octaves for octave band measures and hearing testing
the customary octaves as identified by their center frequencies are 31.5, 63, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000, 16000 Hz
Octaves
Commonly Used Octave Bands
31.5 22.4 45 -39.4 -3.063 45 90 -26.2 -0.8
125 90 180 -16.1 -0.2250 180 355 -8.6 0.0500 355 710 -3.2 0.0
1000 710 1400 0.0 0.02000 1400 2800 +1.2 -0.24000 2800 5600 +1.0 -0.88000 5600 11,200 -1.1 -3.0
Name of Octave Defining Frequencies (Hz) A-WeightingC-WeightingBand (Center —————————————— of Octave
of OctaveFrequency, Hz) Lower Upper Band (dB) Band (dB)
lu f2f ulc fff
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Loudness and Weighting Scales
the ear does not hear all frequencies with equal response
for equal energy the low frequencies do not sound as loud, generally
numerical measures at various overall noise levels of the apparent loudness relative to that at 1000 Hz are Weighting Scales
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Weighting Scales
the weighting scale for overall sound-level of approx. 55 dB is the A-weighting
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-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
31.5 63 125 250 500 1K 2K 4K 8K
A-weightingC-weighting
Frequency
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Weighting Scales
because the A-weighting was thought to approximate the ear’s sensitivity, and:
because A-weighted noise measurements fit the hearing-loss data of the 1950’s and 1960’s reasonably well:
ANSI, ACGIH, and subsequently OSHA all specified that SPL’s should be measured A-weighted (and slow response), dBA
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Sound Measurement Equipment
noise (sound pressure level) meters dosimeters octave band analyzers sound intensity meters real time or spectrum analyzers impact meters vibration meters
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Noise Surveys
Source measurements Surveys
–Area measurements–Workstation measurements–Personal Dosimetry
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OSHA Noise Rules
time allowed sound level, dBA
8 90
4 95
2 100
1 105
0.5 110
0.25 115
0.125 120
5 dB
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OSHA Noise Rules (continued)
the OSHA criterion of 90 dBA for 8 hours was thought to prevent most hearing loss
the 5 dB exchange rate, i.e. time is cut in half if SPL increases 5 dB, was a simplification of more complex data, and assumes that the noise experienced is interrupted several times per day
Noise Dose
each line in the OSHA table represents ALL the allowed noise above 90 dB for a whole 8-hour day, i.e. 100% of the allowed noise dose
if people experience varying levels, dose is calculated as:
%Dose = 100C
T
C
T
C
T
where C time experienced at a given level
and T time allowed at the given level
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n
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Noise Dose - OSHA
OSHA Noise Dose - Example
Threshold Limit Value(R) - Noise
Sound level TLV time allowed(OSHA)
85 dBA 8 hours 16 hrs.
88 4 10.6
91 2 7
94 1 4.6
97 0.5 3
100 0.25 2
103 0.125 1.3
Threshold Limit Value - Noise
note that the TLV not only assigns the 8-hour allowed level to 85 dBA, but that the exchange rate is 3 dB, i.e. time is halved if the level goes up 3 dB
this means that a given noise exposure scenario will have a higher dose than under OSHA rules, and that the calculated Leq will be different
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OSHA Hearing Conservation
Initial monitoring to find SPL in area if noise is above 85 dBA, hearing
conservation is required re-monitor if changes occur notify employees audiometric testing STS (Standard Threshold Shift)
– – 2k, 3k, 4k, avg. in either ear > 10 dB Hearing protection
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Some Important Hearing Conservation Terms
presbycusis - hearing loss due to aging TTS - Temporary Threshold Shift (it is
generally thought that if TTS is avoided, then PTS will not occur)
PTS - Permanent Threshold Shift conductive hearing loss - loss due to
mechanical sound/vibration conduction defect, usually in outer or middle ear
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Some Important Hearing Conservation Terms (continued)
sensorineural hearing loss - primarily loss due to damage to the neuro-mechanical transducer system in the ear, the hair cells in the cochlea
Hearing Conservation Rules (OSHA) - the main elements are: monitoring, audiometric testing, hearing protection, training, and record-keeping
Conductive vs. Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Conductive Loss Sensorineural Loss
http://www.utdallas.edu/~thib/rehabinfo/tohl.htm
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Some Important Hearing Conservation Terms (continued)
Hearing Conservation Rules (OSHA) (continued) - apply for persons exposed ³85 dBA avg., or dose ³50%– STS - Standard Threshold Shift - an average
of ³10 dB averaged at 2K, 3K, and 4K compared to an earlier audiogram, in either ear
NIOSH has a REL for noise - follows TLV - 85 dB criterion, 3 dB exchange rate, but mandates hearing conservation at 82 dB
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Noise Control Steps
substitute: equipment, process, material maintenance
– replace worn/unbalanced parts– maintain proper adjustment– secure covers or shields– lubricate moving parts– use proper coolants– use sharp cutting tools
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Noise Control Steps
reduce driving force– maintain balance– detune: change speed of driving force– decouple the driving force
reduce vibration response– increase mass– increase stiffness, bracing– add damping– shift resonant frequencies
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Noise Control Steps
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Noise Control Steps
isolate sources with enclosures modify path with barriers, absorption reduce solid-borne transmission
– flexible mounts, hoses, couplings on shafts substitute, e.g. belt drives for gears receptor controls: PPE, and/or booths