1 unit 4 the dynamic crust. 2 a. the earth in cross section i.there are 4 major zones that make up...
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Unit 4The Dynamic Crust
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A. The Earth in Cross SectionI. There are 4 major zones that make up the Earth:
A. : Outer, thinnest layer of the Earth. There are two types:
1. : -Thickness:-Composition:-Density:
2. :-Thickness:-Composition:-Density:
_Continental_____________
__Oceanic______________
__30km (18.6 mi.)__Granite_______
___2.7g/cm3_____
_5km (3.1mi.)___Basalt______
__3.0g/cm3_______
_Lithosphere_______
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composed of
that is
composed of
that is
A. Crust
Ocean Continent
basalt
5 to 6 km thick
granite
up to 30 km thick
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B. _________________: Found below the crust. Has two parts:
1. _________________: Upper, “plastic” mantle.-partially melted material.
2. __________________: Rest of mantle; actual temperature is below the melting point.
NOTE: The boundary between the crust and mantle is called the __________________ ________________________, or MOHO.
C. _________________: Only liquid layer of the earth. Composed mainly of iron.D. _______________: Solid, innermost layer of Earth. Composed mainly of iron and nickel.
Mantle
Asthenosphere
Stiffer Mantle
MohorovicicDiscontinuity
Outer Core
Inner Core
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is is
B. Mantle
Asthenosphere Stiffer Mantle
Partiallymelted
Not melted
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composed of composed of
C. OuterCore
D. InnerCore
Only liquid layer
Iron
Solid centerof Earth
Iron and Nickel
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B. Crustal MovementI. Dynamic Crust
-The crust and outermost part of the Mantle is called the _________________
A. The first theory of crustal movement was introduced in 1915 by Alfred Wegener, and was called _____________
_____________________________________
--Evidence for this theory include:1. _____________________________
2. Correlation of rock layers/fossils:__________________________________________________________________________
Lithosphere
ContinentalDrift
Continents match up like a puzzle
Rock layers and fossils match upon the edges of different continents.
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3. Mountain chains: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Climate evidence: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Mountain chains on different continents match up. So do the fossils found in the mountain chains.
Ice cores taken from glaciers on different continents match up.
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Theory that the oceanic crust has been constructed by material from deep within the Earth that rises and spreads apart the mid-ocean ridges.
5. Crustal age: _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.Sea Floor Spreading: _____________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Convection cell: ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Circulation of heated fluid caused by differences in density. This is what moves the plates.
The age of oceanic crust matches up at equal distances from mid-ocean ridges.
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2. Evidencea. Igneous Ocean Rocks: ______________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Rock that is closer to the mid-ocean ridges is younger and age increases as distance from the ridge increases.
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Every 10,000 years, the Earth’s magnetic field switches. This can be seen in the magnetic minerals within the basalt rock found on the ocean floor.
b. Magnetic Reversal: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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driven by evidence
Sea Floor Spreading
ConvectionCells
IgneousOcean rocks
MagneticReversal
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C. Plate Tectonics: ____________________________________________________
II. Plate BoundariesA. Convergent: ____________________--3 Types:
1. __________________________: Two continental plates coming together.
Ex: ______________________________
States that Earth’s lithosphere is made up of a number of solid pieces, or plates, that move in relation to each other.
2 plates coming together
Continental-continental
Himalayan Mtns. (Indian-Australian and Eurasian Plate
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II. Plate BoundariesA. Convergent
2. ______________________: Oceanic and Continental plates coming together.--Typically will form an _____________ along an ________________________ , where the ocean plate pushes underthe continental plate. _________________
Ex: ____________________________________________________________________
Oceanic-continental
Oceanic trenchIsland-arc
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II. Plate BoundariesA. Convergent
3. _____________________: Two ocean plates coming together.
--Typically will form an _____________ as one plate pushes under the other.
Ex: _____________________________
Continental-Oceanic
Ocean trench
Peru-Chile Trench (Nazca and South American Plates
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B. Divergent: _________________________________________________
-Usually form ____________________
Ex: ________________________
2 plates moving away from each other (Sea-floor spreading)
Mid-Ocean Ridges
Mid-Atlantic Ridge (North American and Eurasian/African Plates
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meet at
Examples
Plate Boundaries
Plate Tectonics
moving plates
Convergent
Continental-Oceanic
Oceanic-Oceanic
Continental-Continental
come together
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Plate Boundaries
Divergent
Move apart
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I. Plate BoundariesC. Transform Fault:___________________
_______________________________________
-Forms where ____________________________________________________________
Ex: ____________________________________
2 plates sliding past each other
The Earth is cracked.
San Andreas Fault (Pacific and North American Plate
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Plate Boundaries
Transform
MoveHorizontallyPast Each Other
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C. Evidence of Crustal ActivityI. Crustal Activity
A. Deformed Rock Strata--Originally, sedimentary rocks form ____
______________________________________However, observations made of Earth’s surface indicate
that ___________________________________________________
This includes:1. Tilting:
_______________________________________
Rocks are pushed up at an angle.
The horizontal layers have been changed.
In horizontal layers called beds
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2. Folding: ______________________________________________________________
3. Faulting: _____________________________________________________________
Bends in the rock layers due to continental collisions.
Breaks in rocks where plate movement has occurred.
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B. Displaced fossils: _____________________________________________________________________________________________
II. Results of Crustal ActivityA. Earthquakes: _____________________
______________________________________________________________________________
--focus: ___________________________________________________________________
--epicenter: ________________________________________________________________
Fossils of organisms that lived in the seahave been found on mountain tops.
Any shaking, or rapid motion of Earth’s solid outer layers.
The place underground where theearthquake occurs.
The location at Earth’s surfacejust above the focus.
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--Types of earthquake waves:1. __________________: Also called compressional waves;
the motion of the ground is parallel to the direction of wave motion. These waves can pass through ______________ __________________________________
P-waves
Solids and Liquids
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2. _______________: Also called longitudinal waves; the motion of the ground is perpendicular to the direction of wave motion. These waves can pass through ___________________________________________________
3. ________________: Waves that ripple the surface of the Earth, causing most of the damage of an earthquake.
S-waves
SOLIDS ONLY
Surface Waves
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--When traveling through the same material, ___________ travel faster than ____________.
-Since these waves travel at different ________ in different ___________ materials, we can use earthquake waves to tell us about the __________________________.
-When an earthquake occurs, both ___________________________. In many places on Earth, both waves are received; however, in other places, _________________________.
-Since S waves cannot pass through a liquid, the conclusion is that _____________________________________________________________
S-waves
P-waves
speeds
interior of the Earth.
types of
and S-waves are given off
P-waves
only P-Waves are received
some parts of the Earth’s interior are liquid.
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-If an earthquake occurs under the ocean, the energy is also released through the ocean water. When it reaches the coastline of a continent or island, it may form a large, fast moving wave called a _________________.
They may move at speeds of _________ and may be ____________________high!!!
Tsunami
20-100 feet
500+ mph
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B. Earthquake Strength
-The strength of an earthquake can be determined in one of two ways:1. ______________: Used to describe the amount of energy released by an earthquake. It ranges from ___ to ___, and each increase on the scale indicates a release of ____ times more energy!!!--To record earthquake waves, seismologists use a _______________, which can be used to record the arrival time of the waves and the intensity of the waves.
Richter Scale
10032
seismograph
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2. __________________: Used to describe the earthquake in terms of the amount of damage done. It ranges from ___ to ___. These are based on personal accounts.
--Why is the Richter scale better to use when describing the intensity of an earthquake, rather than the Mercalli scale? _________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Mercalli Scale
Because the Richter scale uses actualmeasurements rather than the Mercalli scale which uses personal accounts which can change from person to person.
XIII
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C. Volcanoes:
--How do they form?1. Molten rock from within the earth, called _______, along with gases, begins to rise up through cracks and weak spots in the crust.2. When this molten material, along with gases from inside earth, break through the surface, it may flow out on the surface, and then it is called _____.
--Where do they form?1. __________________________________
_______________________________________2. __________________________________
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3. __________: Weak points in the crust, located over unusually high heat flow in the mantle. Although the crust may move, ___________________________________________________________________________________
-Ex: ________________________________
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evidence
Continentaldrift
puzzle fit of continents
correlation of rock layers
mountainchains
climateevidence
crustal age
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crustal activity
deformedrockstrata
displacedfossils
tilting
folding
faulting
shallowfossilsat highelevation
deep fossilsin shallowwater areas
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results ofcrustalactivity
Earthquakes
typesof waves
P waves
S waves
L waves
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Earthquakes
measuredusing
RichterScale
MercalliScale
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erupts
erupts
erupts
Volcanoes
Shield
Composite
Cinder
lava
lava andash
ash andcinder