1 unit 2.1 classification. 2 aristotle 384 bc classified organisms as either plants or animals
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Unit 2.1
Classification
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Aristotle 384 BC
• Classified organisms as either plants or animals
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Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778
• Classification system• Taxonomic groups of
related organisms• Binomial nomenclature
(two names)• Homo sapiens
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Taxonomic Groups
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Classification of Man
• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Primates
• Family Hominidae
• Genus Homo
• Species Homo sapiens
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Species
• “Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.”
• Reproductively isolated group
Ernst Mayr
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Different Species
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*
* Archaea
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Kingdom Monera or Eubacteria
• Single celled• Prokaryotic• Make or absorb food• DNA
– Single, circular chromosome
• Cell wall– peptidoglycan
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Kingdom Archaea
• Single celled• Prokaryotic• Make or absorb food• DNA
– Similar to Eukaryotic – One or more linear chromosomes
• Cell wall– Pseudopeptidoglycan
(protein only) • Extremophiles
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Kingdom Protista
• Single celled• Eukaryotic• May be autotrophic or
heterotrophic• May possess cell wall
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Kingdom Fungi
• Multicellular• Eukaryotic• Cell wall
– Chitin
• Absorb food - Heterotrophic
• Non-motile
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Kingdom Plantae
• Multicellular• Eukaryotic• Cell wall
– Cellulose
• Produce food via photosynthesis - Autotrophic
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Kingdom Animalia
• Multicellular• Eukaryotic• No cell wall• Ingest food -
Heterotrophic• Motile
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Terminology
• Classification– Assigning organisms to
different categories based on their relationship
• Taxonomy– The science of naming
organisms
• Systematics– Determining evolutionary
relationships of organisms
• Phylogeny– Evolutionary history
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Cladogram
• Evolutionary relationship of a group of organisms
• Each clad (group) share something in common
• Ancestral traits are the oldest
• Derived traits evolved later
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Cladogram for Transportation
• Wheels are the most ancestral
• Wings are the most derived
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Construct a Cladogram
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Gorilla
• Four limbs• Fur• Lost tail
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Tiger
• Four limbs• Fur• Tail
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Lizard
• Four limbs• Tail
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Fish
• Tail
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Chimpanzee
• Four limbs• Fur• Lost tail
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Gorilla Chimpanzee
Tiger
Lizard
Fish
Four Limbs
Fur
Tail Lost
Phylogenetic Tree
• Shows evolutionary relationships
• More historical than cladogram
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MyxozoaMyxozoaMyxozoaMyxozoa
ArthropodaArthropodaArthropodaArthropoda AnnelidaAnnelidaAnnelidaAnnelida
MolluscaMolluscaMolluscaMollusca
LophophoratesLophophoratesLophophoratesLophophorates
HemichordataHemichordataHemichordataHemichordata
ChordataChordataChordataChordata
Other Other pseudocoelomatespseudocoelomates
Other Other pseudocoelomatespseudocoelomates
NematodaNematodaNematodaNematoda
PoriferaPoriferaPoriferaPorifera
CtenophoraCtenophoraCtenophoraCtenophoraCnidariaCnidariaCnidariaCnidaria
PlacozoaPlacozoaPlacozoaPlacozoa
PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthesNemerteaNemerteaNemerteaNemertea
CiliophoraCiliophoraCiliophoraCiliophoraSarcomastigophoraSarcomastigophoraSarcomastigophoraSarcomastigophora
MicrosporaMicrosporaMicrosporaMicrosporaApicomplexaApicomplexaApicomplexaApicomplexa
MesozoaMesozoaMesozoaMesozoa
EchinodermataEchinodermataEchinodermataEchinodermata
CrustaceaCrustaceaCrustaceaCrustaceaChelicerataChelicerataChelicerataChelicerata
UniramiaUniramiaUniramiaUniramia
ProtochordatesProtochordatesProtochordatesProtochordates
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Bilateral Symmetry
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Fig. 7.9
Sagittal plane
Anatomical Terms
• Anterior– Towards the head end
• Posterior– Towards the tail end
• Dorsal– Back side
• Ventral– Belly side
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Anatomical Terms (cont)
• Distal– Away from the main
part
• Proximal– Close to the main part
• Cranial– End with the mouth
• Caudal– Opposite end of the
mouth30
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Bilateral Symmetry
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Radial Symmetry
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Asymmetry
The End
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