1 uiuc atmos 397g biogeochemical cycles and global change lecture 5: atmospheric structure / earth...
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ATMOS 397GATMOS 397GBiogeochemical Cycles and Global ChangeBiogeochemical Cycles and Global ChangeLecture 5: Atmospheric Structure / Earth Lecture 5: Atmospheric Structure / Earth
SystemSystem
Don WuebblesDon Wuebbles
Department of Atmospheric SciencesDepartment of Atmospheric Sciences
University of Illinois, Urbana, ILUniversity of Illinois, Urbana, IL
February 4, 2003February 4, 2003
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Dynamics, Transport, and Chemistry in UT/LSDynamics, Transport, and Chemistry in UT/LS
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Dynamics, Transport, and Chemistry in UT/LSDynamics, Transport, and Chemistry in UT/LS
Courtesy of L. Pan
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Effect of Aircraft Emissions on Ozone Effect of Aircraft Emissions on Ozone Depends on Altitude of the EmissionsDepends on Altitude of the Emissions
0 0.2 0.4
Mach 3.2
Mach 2.4Mach 2.0
Subsonic Fleet
Midlatitude Model
Concentration (mg/M 3)
Altitude (Kilometers)
40
30
20
10
0
Deplete Ozone
Enhance Ozone
NO + O3 --> NO2 + O2
NO2 + O --> NO + O2
O + O3 --> O2 + O2
OH + CO --> H + CO2
H + O2 + M --> HO2 + M
HO2 + NO --> OH + NO2
NO2 + h --> O + NO
O + O2 + M --> O3 + M
CO + 2O2 + h --> CO2 + O3
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Ozone DensityOzone Density
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Total Ozone (Dobson units)Total Ozone (Dobson units)
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Total OzoneTotal Ozone
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Solar Irradiance with AltitudeSolar Irradiance with Altitude
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UV Absorption by OzoneUV Absorption by Ozone
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Formation of OzoneFormation of Ozone
+ M
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Destruction of Ozone: PhotolysisDestruction of Ozone: Photolysis
No net loss of Odd-Oxygen
Oxygen atoms will likely
reform ozone
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Destruction of Ozone: Catalytic Reactions
Cl + O3 ClO + O2
ClO + O Cl + O2
—————————————
Net: O + O3 2O2
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Stratospheric Ozone: Physics and ChemistryStratospheric Ozone: Physics and Chemistry
Production of Ozone The Chapman mechanism -- middle/upper stratosphere
O2 + hν O + O ( < 240 nm)
O + O2 + M O3 + M (M=N2, O2, Ar, etc.)
O3 + hν O2 + O
O + O3 O2
“Smog” chemistry -- troposphere and lower stratosphere
(CH4, CO, HC) + OH HO2
HO2 + NO OH + NO2
NO2 + hν NO + O
O + O2 + M O3 + M
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Stratospheric O3: Physics and Chem. (cont.)Stratospheric O3: Physics and Chem. (cont.)
Destruction of stratospheric ozone Primarily through catalytic mechanisms
Examples:
For X = OH or NO or Cl or Br
X + O3 XO + O2
XO + O X + O2
________________
O + O3 2O2
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There have been large increases in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and in aerosols over the last century ---
Human activities predominate as the causes of these increases
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Atmospheric ChlorineAtmospheric Chlorine
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Concentration of CFC-12Concentration of CFC-12
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Stratospheric HCl Increase Over 1990sStratospheric HCl Increase Over 1990s
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Current and Potential Stresses on OzoneCurrent and Potential Stresses on Ozone
Human-induced Increasing concentrations of N2O (affects NOx)
Increasing concentrations of CH4 (HOx)
Increasing concentrations of CO2 (T)
Aircraft emissions (NOx, H2O) Solid fuel rockets and space shuttle (HCl) Inc. conc. CFCs, Halons, other halocarbons (Cl, Br) Climate change (T, H2O, winds) Nuclear explosions (NOx)
Natural Solar flux variations; solar events Volcanic eruptions
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Temperature Dependence in Stratospheric Temperature Dependence in Stratospheric ChemistryChemistry
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Observed Trends in Total Ozone Observed Trends in Total Ozone
Updated from Fioletov et al. (2002)
Adjusted for Seasonal, QBO, and Solar Effects
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
-6
-4
-2
0
2
De
va
ton
(%)
Ground-based data
TOMS zonal means
SBUV-SBUV/2
Merged sate llite data
NIWA ass imilated dataset
60oS - 60oN
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
-6
-4
-2
0
2
De
via
tion
(%)
90oS - 90oN
TO Adjusted for Seasonal, QBO, and Solar Effects(3 month running mean sm
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Ozone “Hole”Ozone “Hole”
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Antarctic Ozone ‘Hole’: Daily MinimaAntarctic Ozone ‘Hole’: Daily Minima
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Daily Estimated Area of Ozone ‘Hole’Daily Estimated Area of Ozone ‘Hole’
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Defining Ozone “Recovery”Defining Ozone “Recovery”
A lessening of the ozone decline, followed by an increase in total ozone
“Recovery” occurs when total ozone returned to 1980 levels (or pre-1970 levels)
Look for increase in ozone at specific levels in the atmosphere
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Current Signs of RecoveryCurrent Signs of Recovery
Changes Occurring in the Concentrations of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs) in the Troposphere.
Changes Occurring in the Concentrations of ODSs in the Stratosphere
Lessening in total column ozone depletion rate at Northern mid-latitudes (?)
“Stabilization” of Antarctic ozone hole by some metrics (magnitude of minimum)
Global Mixing Ratios of Anthropogenic Halocarbons
490
515
540
pp
t
CFC-12
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
pp
t HCFC-142b
HCFC-141b
260
265
270
275
pp
t
CFC-11
30
50
70
90
110
130
150
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001
pp
t
CH3CCl3 HCFC-22
CCl4
CFC-113
2900
2950
3000
3050
3100
3150
3200
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001
pp
t
GlobalTotal EECl
~6% downfrompeak
900 ppt added for other gases
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001
pp
t
H-1211
H-1301
Montzka et al ., NO
Global Mixing Ratios of Anthropogenic Halocarbons
490
515
540
pp
t
CFC-12
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
pp
t HCFC-142b
HCFC-141b
260
265
270
275
pp
t
CFC-11
30
50
70
90
110
130
150
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001
pp
t
CH3CCl3 HCFC-22
CCl4
CFC-113
2900
2950
3000
3050
3100
3150
3200
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001
pp
t
GlobalTotal EECl
~6% downfrompeak
900 ppt added for other gases
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001
pp
t
H-1211
H-1301
Montzka et al ., NO
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Total Equivalent Chlorine -- Montreal ProtocolTotal Equivalent Chlorine -- Montreal Protocol
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Mix
ing
Rat
io o
f E
quiv
alen
t C
hlor
ine
(ppb
v)
1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100Year
Equivalent Effective Stratospheric Chlorine
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EECL -- Correlated Projection of Ozone ChangeEECL -- Correlated Projection of Ozone Change
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
Per
cen
t (%
)
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050Year
Total Column Ozone Change
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2-D Models: Trends in Total Ozone2-D Models: Trends in Total Ozone
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WMO 1999 Ozone Assessment Model StudiesWMO 1999 Ozone Assessment Model Studies WMO 1999, total column ozone
10 models intercompared for WMO 2-D models given a specified scenario
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Modeling the RecoveryModeling the Recovery
2-D Models have been primary tools Models with interactive temperature feedback
recover much sooner— ~2025 (models: NOCAR, GSFC-int)— 2035-2070 (SUNY,AER, ULAQ, RIVM, UIUC)— >2070 to >2100 (CSIRO)
Even models with T-feedback have limited dynamical feedbacks
3-D Models now becoming useful, but . . . Some models same as EECL (e.g., Nagashima et
al. (2002) Some respond quicker (Schnadt et al., 2002) Some respond slower (Shindell, 2001; Austin et al.,
2001; Dameris et al., 1998)
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Australian 2-D Model Australian 2-D Model Suggests No Recovery by 2100Suggests No Recovery by 2100
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
45oN
A1Fl-750
B1
A1FI
Ozone %
change f
rom
1979
Year
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
-6
-4
-2
0
2
TOMS/SBUV MODEL
Based on Randeniya et al. (2002)
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Modeling studies: Most sensitive factors Modeling studies: Most sensitive factors affecting recoveryaffecting recovery
Cl, Br Minor, if Montreal protocol compliance
N2O Major (Growth inc., slower recovery)
CH4 Minor (Growth inc., slower recovery)
T Major (Decrease, faster recovery)
Dynamics Major (could be faster or slower recovery) If past due to climate change, then likely slower recovery
H2O Major (Increase, slower recovery)
Aerosols Minor, unless major background change
Solar Minor, unless major change in sun output
AircraftLikely to be minor
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Radiative Forcing on ClimateRadiative Forcing on Climate