1

Third hour examThird hour exam

http://life.uiuc.edu/animalbiology/105/http://life.uiuc.edu/animalbiology/105/ID: eee105ID: eee105Password: prAIRiePassword: prAIRie

Friday April 12Friday April 12noon herenoon here

100 points 100 points (of 500 for semester)(of 500 for semester)

29 questions29 questions 57 bubbles57 bubbles

If University-approved conflictIf University-approved conflictSign up with Karin NelsonSign up with Karin Nelson

by Wednesday’s lectureby Wednesday’s lecture

2

Third hour examThird hour exam

http://life.uiuc.edu/animalbiology/105/http://life.uiuc.edu/animalbiology/105/ID: eee105ID: eee105Password: prAIRiePassword: prAIRie

Friday April 12Friday April 12noon herenoon here

100 points 100 points (of 500 for semester)(of 500 for semester)

29 questions29 questions 57 bubbles57 bubbles

Review SessionReview SessionThursday April 11Thursday April 11

5 - 7 pm; 150 ASL5 - 7 pm; 150 ASL

3

Third hour examThird hour exam

http://life.uiuc.edu/animalbiology/105/http://life.uiuc.edu/animalbiology/105/ID: eee105ID: eee105Password: prAIRiePassword: prAIRie

Friday April 12Friday April 12noon herenoon here

100 points 100 points (of 500 for semester)(of 500 for semester)

29 questions29 questions 57 bubbles57 bubbles

Coverage: March 13, OceansCoverage: March 13, OceansThrough todayThrough today

4

EEE 105EEE 105

http://www.life.uiuc.edu/animalbiology/105/Name: eee105Password: prAIRie

AgricultureAgriculture

Read Chpt 15

5

Mechanized Agriculture

Typical of industrialized countries

Requires large amounts of energy

and flat land.

6

Often monocultures

Requires large amounts of energy and flat land.

Typical of industrialized countries

Mechanized Agriculture

7

Monoculturesvulnerable

to pest invasion to evolution of new pests

8

Monocultures

elm trees lined the Quad in the 1940’s

all died of the Dutch Elm Disease

9

Often monocultures

Requires large amounts of energy and flat land.

Typical of industrialized countries

Mechanized Agriculture

Hybrid crop varieties

High technology

10

Mechanized AgricultureMechanized AgricultureMechanized AgricultureMechanized Agriculture

11

Mechanized AgricultureMechanized AgricultureMechanized AgricultureMechanized Agriculture

12

Problems With Mechanized AgricultureProblems With Mechanized Agriculture

• soil erosion

• fertilizer runoff

• depletion of soil nutrients lead to increased fertilizer use

• irrigation depletes aquifer ground water

• monoculture often leads to increased pesticide use

13

PESTICIDES

• Pesticide - Any chemical used to kill or control populations of unwanted fungi, plants, or animals.

14

Insecticides

• Used to control insect populations..

• Known for centuries that certain plant products produce repellant chemicals.

–e.g. Nicotine (tobacco)

• Coevolution of chemical defenses

15

CoevolutionMonarch , milkweed, mimicrymimicry

16

Insecticides

• Evolution of Insecticide resistance

• Bioaccumulation of insecticides

17

18

Insecticides

• Evolution of Insecticide resistance

• Bioaccumulation of insecticides

• US banned DDT in 1973

• Home use of Dursban outlawed 2000

19

Insecticides

20

Herbicides

• Used to control unwanted plants.

• About 60% of pesticides used in US are herbicides.

• Weeds compete with crops for soil nutrients.

• Traditional weed control methods are expensive in terms of time and energy.

21

Herbicides

• Used to control unwanted plants.

• About 60% of pesticides used in US are herbicides.

• Weeds compete with crops for soil nutrients.

• Traditional weed control methods are expensive in terms of time and energy.

22

Herbicidestransgenic herbicide resistant crops

23

Fungicides and Rodenticides

• Fungicides are an important defense against spoilage of both seeds and mature crops.

• In some parts of the world, governments place a reward on rats because they can destroy agricultural crops.

24

But pests evolve

DDT resistance

Herbicide resistant weeds

escaped genes

Warfarin-resistant rats

25

corn root borerBut pests evolve

Corn root borer starved on soy beans

Alternate corn & soy beans annually

But in late ‘80’s a new strain of borer evolved which could feed on soy beans

26

corn root borerBut pests evolveevolveevolve

27

corn rootborerBut pests evolve

28

Genetically Modified Crops

Bacillus thuringiensis

e.g. Bt crops

a common soil bacterium produces an insecticidal protein

long used by organic gardeners bt gene inserted into crop genomes

29

Bt corn

30

Bt corn

31

Bt cornCry9C not digested

32

Bt corn

Cry9C

Taco Bell

33

Genetically Modified Crops

34

Bt corn

35

Bt corn

36

Genetically Modified Crops

37

Integrated Pest Management

38

Integrated Pest Management

understand biology of pest & crop

seek to restrain, not eliminate, pest

combine genetic, chemical, biological control methods

39

Integrated Pest Management

40

Genetically Modified Crops

What’s the controversy?

prions