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The Processes The Processes of the Cellof the Cell

Essential Question:Essential Question:What processes are necessary What processes are necessary for the survival of a cell, tissue, for the survival of a cell, tissue,

organ, and organ system?organ, and organ system?

Standard: Standard:

S7L2a. Explain that cells take in nutrients S7L2a. Explain that cells take in nutrients in order to grow and divide and to make in order to grow and divide and to make needed materials.needed materials.

Activating Strategy: Activating Strategy:

Watch the time lapse video Watch the time lapse video and answer the questions.and answer the questions.

• What were your observations?• In order for the changes you

observed to occur, what has to happen to the cells in your body?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RtyqS68ViWk

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Your cells are constantly working Your cells are constantly working to perform many activities such to perform many activities such

as as getting food, removing wastes, getting food, removing wastes, growing, reproducing, and growing, reproducing, and

making new materials.making new materials.

What do your cells need in order What do your cells need in order to conduct these necessary to conduct these necessary

activities?activities?

Use the Cell Use the Cell Processes Processes

Foldable to take Foldable to take notes as you notes as you

learn about the learn about the many processes many processes

cells need to cells need to stay alive.stay alive.

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To stay alive, cells need a constant supply of energy.

Animal cells get energy from food, while plant cells get

energy from sunlight.

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All cells need chemical energy. All cells need chemical energy. Chemical energyChemical energy is stored in the is stored in the

bonds between the atoms of bonds between the atoms of every molecule.every molecule.

A major source of chemical A major source of chemical energy for most cells is stored in energy for most cells is stored in

a a sugarsugar molecule called molecule called glucoseglucose..

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PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

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Plant cells make their own food Plant cells make their own food through the process of through the process of

photosynthesisphotosynthesis. .

In this process, plant cells take In this process, plant cells take in in light energylight energy and change it into and change it into chemical energy chemical energy in the form of in the form of glucose (food)glucose (food). Photosynthesis . Photosynthesis

occurs in the occurs in the chloroplastschloroplasts..

What do plants need What do plants need to survive?to survive?

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PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

SunlightSunlight + + WaterWater + + CarbonCarbon DioxideDioxide = C= C66HH1212OO66 ( (GlucoseGlucose) )

and and OxygenOxygen

So, why are plants so So, why are plants so important to us?important to us?

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/photosynthesis.html

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Plant cells make their own food by Plant cells make their own food by changing changing light energy into chemical light energy into chemical energy (sugar/glucose) energy (sugar/glucose) through the through the process of process of PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis which which

occurs in the occurs in the Chloroplasts.Chloroplasts.

Where do animal cells get their Where do animal cells get their chemical energy?chemical energy?

Let’s Review:Let’s Review:

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Once food is obtained in animal Once food is obtained in animal cells and made in plant cells, it cells and made in plant cells, it

must be broken down to must be broken down to release the release the chemicalchemical energyenergy. .

This process is called This process is called CCellular ellular RespirationRespiration. Cellular respiration . Cellular respiration

occurs in the occurs in the MitochondriaMitochondria..

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Cellular RespirationCellular RespirationCC66HH1212OO66 ( (GlucoseGlucose) ) + + OxygenOxygen = =

Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide, , WaterWater, and , and Energy (ATP)Energy (ATP)

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Photosynthesis and Cellular Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration are the Respiration are the

opposite of one another.opposite of one another.

The input of one process is The input of one process is the output of the other the output of the other

process and vice versa.process and vice versa.

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Which is Photosynthesis? Cellular Respiration?Which is Photosynthesis? Cellular Respiration?How do you know?How do you know?

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Animations/Video Clips onAnimations/Video Clips onPhotosynthesis and Cellular RespirationPhotosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

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BrainPop Video on Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration:http://glencoe.mheducation.com/sites/dl/free/0078778425/164155/00053412.html

Video animation on Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis:http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html

Animation of Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis:http://www.exploratorium.edu/traits/cell_explorer.html

When learning the functions of When learning the functions of cell organelles, we associated cell organelles, we associated

the Chloroplasts with solar the Chloroplasts with solar panels and Mitochondria with panels and Mitochondria with

Power Generators.Power Generators.

With a seat partner, discuss With a seat partner, discuss why these analogies fit.why these analogies fit.

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Comparing Photosynthesis and Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Venn DiagramCellular Respiration Venn Diagram

2020

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PhotosynthesisIn Chloroplasts

Glucose

Tomato Plant

Tomatoes eaten

Cellular Respiration in Mitochondria

Energy

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis & Cellular & Cellular

Respiration Respiration StoryboardStoryboard[optional][optional]

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Distributed SummarizingDistributed Summarizing

Explain why plants Explain why plants and animals are so and animals are so

important to each other important to each other for survival?for survival?

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Movement of Material In Movement of Material In and Out of the Celland Out of the Cell

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We learned through We learned through photosynthesis and photosynthesis and

cellular respiration that cellular respiration that oxygen, carbon dioxide, oxygen, carbon dioxide,

water, glucose, and water, glucose, and energy are constantly energy are constantly

used in cells. used in cells.

How then do these How then do these particles and many others particles and many others

get in and out of cells?get in and out of cells?

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In our previous unit, we learned that the job of the cell membrane is to

allow materials in and out of the cell.

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The cell membrane is The cell membrane is semi-permeablesemi-permeable. . This means that it can let some This means that it can let some

materials pass through while others materials pass through while others can not.can not.

Animation of Semi-PermeableAnimation of Semi-Permeable

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pt4Ch-YW-xs

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Materials must move in Materials must move in and out of a cell in order and out of a cell in order

for it to survive. for it to survive.

Let’s discuss the different Let’s discuss the different ways in which this occursways in which this occurs..

Some materials can move in and out Some materials can move in and out of the cell membrane easily. of the cell membrane easily.

Other materials require help or are Other materials require help or are forced to move in and out of the cell.forced to move in and out of the cell.

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Natural Movement of Natural Movement of Particles DemonstrationParticles Demonstration

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Particles naturally want to move Particles naturally want to move from where they are more crowded from where they are more crowded

to where they are less crowded.to where they are less crowded.

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More Crowded More Crowded (High Concentration)(High Concentration)

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Less Crowded Less Crowded (Low Concentration)(Low Concentration)

Natural Movement of ParticlesNatural Movement of Particles

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The transport (movement) of substances across cell membranes without the use of energy is called

Passive Transport.

How does this diagram represent Passive

Transport?

Passive TransportPassive TransportIn Passive Transport,

substances or particles move from high concentration to

low concentration.

Why do you think energy is not required for passive

transport?3535

Turn to an elbow partner and Turn to an elbow partner and describe an experience that you describe an experience that you

could compare to Passive could compare to Passive Transport Transport

[ex. Easily moving from a [ex. Easily moving from a crowded area to a less crowded area to a less

crowded area]crowded area]

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Passive TransportPassive Transport

There are different types of

Passive Transport.

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DiffusionDiffusionSmall particles such as

oxygen and carbon dioxide move easily

across the cell membrane from areas of high

concentration to low concentration.

Diffusion is a type of passive transport. Why?

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DiffusionDiffusionHow is diffusion important

for Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration?

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Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide easily diffuse

through the cell membrane. Both are necessary for

energy production.

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Everyday Examples of DiffusionEveryday Examples of Diffusion

Smell of food, perfume, air freshener, and other substances.

Diffusion AnimationsDiffusion Animations

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http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/diffusion.html

http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_diffusion_works.html

http://esminfo.prenhall.com/science/BiologyArchive/lectureanimations/closerlook/diffusion.html

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If the diagram below represents a cell membrane and particles, why are there

arrows showing the movement of some of the oval objects?

Distributed SummarizingDistributed Summarizing

Draw a diagram Draw a diagram illustrating particles illustrating particles

diffusing across a cell diffusing across a cell membrane.membrane.

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Osmosis is the diffusion of water. Water moving from where it is crowded (high concentration) to where it is less

crowded (low concentration).

Osmosis Osmosis [Diffusion of Water] Illustration[Diffusion of Water] Illustration

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Example of OsmosisExample of OsmosisWatering a plantWatering a plant

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Pure water Pure water diffuses more diffuses more than any other water than any other water

mixture because it is more mixture because it is more crowdedcrowded (has a higher (has a higher

concentration) than any concentration) than any other water mixtures.other water mixtures.

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In this picture a red blood cell is put in a glass of distilled water (pure water with no salt or sugar in it). 

Because there is a higher concentration of water outside the cell, water enters the cell

by OSMOSIS.The cell bursts and

dies.

Video Clip and Animations on Video Clip and Animations on Diffusion/OsmosisDiffusion/Osmosis

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa_pre_2011/cells/osmosisact.shtml

http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/transport/osmosis.swf http://www.abpischools.org.uk/page/modules/homeostasis_kidneys/kidneys3.cfm?coSiteNavigation_allTopic=1

Distributed Summarizing:Distributed Summarizing:

Identify and Share Identify and Share some other examples some other examples of Diffusion/Osmosis.of Diffusion/Osmosis.

Activities on Diffusion/OsmosisActivities on Diffusion/Osmosis[see resources][see resources]

Egg-cellent Ideas for Osmosis and DiffusionEgg-cellent Ideas for Osmosis and Diffusion

Diffusion LabDiffusion Lab

Egg Osmosis | Egg Osmosis DemoEgg Osmosis | Egg Osmosis Demo

Gummy Bear Diffusion/OsmosisGummy Bear Diffusion/Osmosis

Osmosis Vegetable LabOsmosis Vegetable Lab

The Perfect Taters MysteryThe Perfect Taters Mystery

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Some materials can move in and out Some materials can move in and out of the cell membrane easily. of the cell membrane easily.

Other materials require help or are Other materials require help or are forced to move in and out of the cell.forced to move in and out of the cell.

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Diffusion ?????

Passive TransportPassive Transport

Some particles are not able to diffuse through the tiny

openings in the cell membrane.

These particles need assistance.

5353

Passive TransportPassive TransportSome particles have to go

through protein channels or doorways [shown as

facilitated diffusion in the diagram to the right].

However, energy is not required and the particles

still move from high concentration to low

concentration.5454

There are some particles that There are some particles that naturally want to diffuse, but naturally want to diffuse, but cannot be allowed to diffuse.cannot be allowed to diffuse.

5555

Energy must be used to make Energy must be used to make the particles stay where they the particles stay where they

are more crowded.are more crowded.

5656

Active transportActive transport is different from is different from passive transport because it passive transport because it

requires requires energyenergy. Active transport is . Active transport is necessary to make particles move necessary to make particles move

against their natural tendency. against their natural tendency.

In active transport, particles move In active transport, particles move from from less crowdedless crowded (low (low

concentration) to concentration) to more crowdedmore crowded (high concentration).(high concentration).

5757

Active transport is Active transport is important in organs such important in organs such

as the kidneys when as the kidneys when harmful particles are harmful particles are

made to stay in the organ made to stay in the organ when they naturally want when they naturally want

to diffuseto diffuse

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Animations of Passive and Animations of Passive and Active TransportActive Transport

6060

http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/animations/transport1.html

6161

If your cell needs a particle If your cell needs a particle and the particle is too big to and the particle is too big to

diffuse through the cell diffuse through the cell membrane and/or go membrane and/or go

through a protein channel or through a protein channel or doorway, does your cell just doorway, does your cell just

go without that particle?go without that particle?

6262

Although some Although some particles particles are are too large to go through the too large to go through the

cell membrane, they can still cell membrane, they can still get get inin or or outout of the of the cell cell through the process of through the process of

EndocytosisEndocytosis and and ExocytosisExocytosis..

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Endocytosis is the process by which the cell membrane envelops (engulfs) material that is too large

to pass through the membrane and then pinches off inside the cell.

EndocytosisEndocytosis

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Exocytosis is the process by which the cell membrane removes material that is

too large to pass through the membrane.

The material is surrounded by a membrane within the cell and then

expelled by being pushed out of the cell.

6666

ExocytosisExocytosis

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Animated Cellular Processes:Animated Cellular Processes:Passive Transport and Active TransportPassive Transport and Active Transport

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We have discussed all of the We have discussed all of the ways in which cells live and ways in which cells live and grow by getting the nutrients grow by getting the nutrients

they need, but living they need, but living organisms would not exist organisms would not exist over long periods of time if over long periods of time if

cells did not reproducecells did not reproduce..

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Living organisms can Living organisms can reproduce reproduce sexuallysexually and/or and/or asexuallyasexually..

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SexualSexual reproduction reproduction requires requires twotwo parents to parents to make an make an offspringoffspring that that has characteristics of has characteristics of

bothboth parents parents

7272

Organisms that reproduce Organisms that reproduce sexuallysexually

AnimalsAnimalsPlantsPlantsFungiFungi

7373

AsexualAsexual reproduction reproduction requires requires oneone parent to parent to produce an produce an identicalidentical

offspringoffspring

7474

Organisms that reproduce Organisms that reproduce asexuallyasexually

BacteriaBacteriaPlantsPlantsFungiFungi

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BacteriaBacteria reproduces reproduces asexuallyasexually through a through a

process called process called binary binary fissionfission

7676

Cells reproduce by Cells reproduce by making more cells making more cells or or dividingdividing through through a process called a process called mitosismitosis ( (oneone cell cell

makes makes twotwo))

This is a form of This is a form of asexual asexual

reproduction.reproduction.

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Cells make Cells make sexsex cells to cells to help in the reproduction of help in the reproduction of multi-cellular organisms multi-cellular organisms through a process called through a process called meiosismeiosis ( (oneone makes makes fourfour))

7878

MeiosisMeiosis

This is a form of This is a form of sexual sexual

reproductionreproduction

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MeiosisMeiosis