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The Chemistry of LifeThe Chemistry of Life

Mark MayoMark MayoCypress CollegeCypress College

Last update 9/10/13

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Introduction to Inorganic ChemistryIntroduction to Inorganic Chemistry

Basic terms: Basic terms: – Chemistry Chemistry - the - the

study of the study of the elements and their elements and their interactionsinteractions

– C, H, O, N, Ca, AND C, H, O, N, Ca, AND P make up 98% of P make up 98% of cellular contentscellular contents

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Introduction to Inorganic ChemistryIntroduction to Inorganic Chemistry

Basic terms:Basic terms:– Inorganic chemistryInorganic chemistry - ionic chemistry of - ionic chemistry of

elements usually without carbonelements usually without carbon

– Organic chemistryOrganic chemistry - complex chemistry - complex chemistry always having the element carbon in one always having the element carbon in one moleculemolecule

– BiochemistryBiochemistry - the special organic chemistry - the special organic chemistry of living organismsof living organisms

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Introduction to Inorganic ChemistryIntroduction to Inorganic Chemistry

Basic terms:Basic terms:– Atom Atom - smallest portion of - smallest portion of

an element that still retain an element that still retain all of the properties of the all of the properties of the elementelement

– Molecule Molecule - when two or - when two or more elements chemically more elements chemically combinecombine

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Introduction to Inorganic ChemistryIntroduction to Inorganic Chemistry

Basic terms:Basic terms:– Chemical formulaChemical formula - shorthand - shorthand

used to designate the element used to designate the element or compoundor compound

– Empirical formulaEmpirical formula - just shows - just shows the quantity of each elementthe quantity of each element

– Structural formulaStructural formula - a map of - a map of where each atom is attachedwhere each atom is attached

H2O

H2SO4

NaCl

C6H12O6

C2H5OH

{

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Introduction to Inorganic ChemistryIntroduction to Inorganic Chemistry

Basic terms:Basic terms:– Chemical equationChemical equation - show how substances - show how substances

react to form new compoundsreact to form new compounds

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Atomic StructureAtomic Structure

Basic terms:Basic terms:

Nucleus Nucleus ** - contains the - contains the protons (+) and the neutrons (glue) protons (+) and the neutrons (glue) **– # of protons = atomic number # of protons = atomic number **– neutrons = neutrons =

atomic mass - atomic numberatomic mass - atomic number

Orbital (electron cloud) – Orbital (electron cloud) – zone where electrons (-) zone where electrons (-) can be foundcan be found– # of electrons = atomic number # of electrons = atomic number **

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Ions and Radicals Ions and Radicals

IonsIons - charged atoms or groups of - charged atoms or groups of atoms formed by the loss or gain of atoms formed by the loss or gain of electrons electrons – cationscations have a positive (+) charge have a positive (+) charge– anionsanions have negative (-) charge have negative (-) charge

RadicalsRadicals - usually refers to groups - usually refers to groups of atoms that collectively have of atoms that collectively have gained or loss electronsgained or loss electrons

Na+

Ca2+

Fe3+

Cl-

S2-

SO42-

HCO3-

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Ions and RadicalsIons and Radicals

Some examples of loss and gain of Some examples of loss and gain of electrons electrons ** : :

– PbPb2+2+ has ___________________ has ___________________– FeFe2+2+ has ___________________ has ___________________– LiLi++ has ___________________ has ___________________– BrBr-- has ___________________ has ___________________– CuCu2+2+ has ___________________ has ___________________

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BondingBonding

Ionic bondsIonic bonds - the bonds formed - the bonds formed by the transfer (loss or gain) of by the transfer (loss or gain) of electrons (inorganic mostly) electrons (inorganic mostly)

Covalent bondsCovalent bonds - the bonds - the bonds formed by the sharing of formed by the sharing of electrons (mostly organic electrons (mostly organic compounds) compounds)

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Biologically Important Ions or Biologically Important Ions or Radicals (polyatomic ions) Radicals (polyatomic ions)

NameName AtomAtom IonIon Sodium Sodium Na Na NaNa++

Potassium Potassium K K KK++

Iron Iron Fe Fe FeFe3+3+ or F or Fe2+e2+

Calcium Calcium Ca Ca CaCa2+2+

Hydrogen Hydrogen H H HH+1+1

Chlorine Chlorine Cl Cl ClCl-1-1

Hydroxide Hydroxide OHOH-1-1

Carbonate Carbonate COCO332-2-

Sulfate Sulfate SOSO442-2-

Bicarbonate Bicarbonate HCOHCO33--

Phosphate Phosphate POPO443-3-

Acetate Acetate CHCH33COOCOO--

Ammonium Ammonium NHNH44++

MagnesiumMagnesium Mg Mg MgMg2+2+

Iodide Iodide I I II--

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Biochemistry Biochemistry

Lipids-fats, oils, and Lipids-fats, oils, and waxes waxes – usually based on the usually based on the

glycerol moleculeglycerol molecule

– Saturated Saturated - all single - all single bondsbonds

– UnsaturatedUnsaturated - some - some double bondsdouble bonds

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BiochemistryBiochemistry

Lipids-fats, oils, Lipids-fats, oils, and waxesand waxes– lipid bilayerlipid bilayer in in

plasma plasma membranes – membranes – usually usually phospholipid)phospholipid)

– glycerol on the glycerol on the outside edgesoutside edges

– fatty acids in the fatty acids in the center center

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BiochemistryBiochemistry

Lipids-fats, oils, and waxesLipids-fats, oils, and waxes– phospholipid-lipid with an phospholipid-lipid with an

amino group and a amino group and a phosphatephosphate

– HydrophilicHydrophilic - water loving - water loving end of the lipids end of the lipids (glycerol end)(glycerol end)

– HydrophobicHydrophobic - water hating - water hating ends (fatty acids)ends (fatty acids)

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BiochemistryBiochemistry

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates **– Sugars Sugars **

– Glycogen Glycogen ** (sugar storage in animals)(sugar storage in animals)

– Starches Starches ** (food storage in plants(food storage in plants**))

– Cellulose Cellulose ** (in plants)(in plants)

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BiochemistryBiochemistry

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Monosaccharides – single sugarssingle sugars– EXAMPLES of EXAMPLES of

monosaccharides monosaccharides ** - - glucose, fructose, glucose, fructose, galactose, ribosegalactose, ribose

– usually 5 or 6 carbon ringsusually 5 or 6 carbon rings– always have one OH group always have one OH group

or moreor more

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BiochemistryBiochemistry

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesDisaccharidesDisaccharides– double sugarsdouble sugars

EXAMPLES EXAMPLES (of disaccharides)(of disaccharides)

– maltosemaltosesucrose sucrose lactoselactose

– two rings of two rings of 6 or 5 combined6 or 5 combined

– they need to be digestedthey need to be digestedinto monosaccharidesinto monosaccharides

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BiochemistryBiochemistryCarbohydratesCarbohydratesPolysaccharidePolysaccharide– animals store glucose as animals store glucose as

glycogenglycogen in their livers in their livers

– plants store glucose as plants store glucose as starchstarch

– cellulose is the "roughage" cellulose is the "roughage" or "fiberor "fiber" needed for correct " needed for correct digestion. digestion.

– cellulose cannot be digested cellulose cannot be digested by humans by humans

– cellulose in our diet cellulose in our diet promotes defecation and promotes defecation and reduces colon cancer!reduces colon cancer!

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BiochemistryBiochemistry

Proteins Proteins ** – structural, enzymes and structural, enzymes and

hormones hormones – composed of the 20 or so composed of the 20 or so

amino acidsamino acids **– amino acids are connected by amino acids are connected by

peptide bonds peptide bonds **– the sequence of amino acids the sequence of amino acids

yields the great variety of yields the great variety of proteins found in humansproteins found in humans

– make up many body structures make up many body structures - lens of eye, hair, cell walls, - lens of eye, hair, cell walls, musclesmuscles

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BiochemistryBiochemistry

ProteinsProteins– substitution in substitution in

one amino acid one amino acid can cause can cause drastic changes drastic changes is the action of is the action of the protein the protein (Sickle cell (Sickle cell anemia) anemia)

Normal red blood cells Sickle cells

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BiochemistryBiochemistry

Nucleic acids - DNA & Nucleic acids - DNA & RNA RNA – DNA - carries the genetic DNA - carries the genetic

code from parent to childcode from parent to child– DNA bases = adenine, DNA bases = adenine,

thymine, guanine, and thymine, guanine, and cytosinecytosine

– double helixdouble helix

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BiochemistryBiochemistry

Nucleic acids - DNA & RNANucleic acids - DNA & RNA– RNA - 3 typesRNA - 3 types

a. a. transfer RNAtransfer RNA

b. b. messenger RNAmessenger RNA

c. c. ribosomal RNAribosomal RNA

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Acids, bases and pH Acids, bases and pH

Acids - a substance that dissociates Acids - a substance that dissociates (breaks up in water) to yield H(breaks up in water) to yield H++ and anion and anion

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Acids, bases and pHAcids, bases and pH

Bases - bases dissociate in water to form Bases - bases dissociate in water to form hydroxide radicals (OHhydroxide radicals (OH--))

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Acids, bases and pHAcids, bases and pH

pH = pH = -log of the hydrogen ion concentration-log of the hydrogen ion concentration

pH measures the hydrogen ion concentration pH measures the hydrogen ion concentration **

pH scalepH scale

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Acids, bases and pHAcids, bases and pH

A A bufferbuffer is a substance that resists a is a substance that resists a change in pH change in pH