11

Survey Research (Gallup)Survey Research (Gallup)

• Would you vote for a qualified Black Would you vote for a qualified Black presidential candidate?presidential candidate?

1958: 35% of Whites said yes.1958: 35% of Whites said yes.1997: 93% of Whites said yes.1997: 93% of Whites said yes.• Would you move away if large numbers Would you move away if large numbers

of Blacks moved to your neighborhood?of Blacks moved to your neighborhood?1958: 80% of Whites said yes.1958: 80% of Whites said yes.1997: 18% of Whites said yes.1997: 18% of Whites said yes.

22

% who would vote for a qualified Black candidate (Gallup poll)

33

TermsTerms

• Prejudice: Negative feelings toward Prejudice: Negative feelings toward people based on their membership in people based on their membership in certain groups.certain groups.

• Discrimination: Any behavior directed Discrimination: Any behavior directed against people because of their against people because of their membership in a particular group.membership in a particular group.

• Racism: Prejudice and discrimination Racism: Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial based on a person’s racial background.background.

44

Modern RacismModern Racism

• A form of prejudice that surfaces in A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways especially when it is subtle ways especially when it is safe, socially acceptable and easy to safe, socially acceptable and easy to rationalize.rationalize.

• AmbivalenceAmbivalence

• AvoidanceAvoidance

55

StereotypesStereotypes

• Beliefs that associate a group of Beliefs that associate a group of people with certain traits.people with certain traits.

66

Stereotypes and Social Stereotypes and Social PerceptionPerception

• Stereotypes can influence our Stereotypes can influence our perception and memory of events.perception and memory of events.– Perception: Basketball study (Stone et Perception: Basketball study (Stone et

al., 1997)al., 1997)

– Memory: Librarian vs. Waitress study Memory: Librarian vs. Waitress study (Cohen)(Cohen)

77

Formation of StereotypesFormation of Stereotypes

• Social categorization- classification of Social categorization- classification of people into groups based on common people into groups based on common attributes.attributes.– Ingroups vs. outgroupsIngroups vs. outgroups– The outgroup homogeneity effect-tendency to The outgroup homogeneity effect-tendency to

assume that there is greater similarity among assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of members of outgroups than among members of ingroups.ingroups.

• Sociocultural factors influence which Sociocultural factors influence which categorizations we use.categorizations we use.

88

Formation and Maintenance of Formation and Maintenance of StereotypesStereotypes• Illusory correlation- overestimation of the Illusory correlation- overestimation of the

association between two variables (e.g., race and association between two variables (e.g., race and crime).crime).– Example: Number of Business Relationships Harriet Has Example: Number of Business Relationships Harriet Has

Been Exposed To In Her LifeBeen Exposed To In Her Life

Deceptive Deceptive ExperiencesExperiences

Honest Honest ExperiencesExperiences

JewsJews 55 100100

Non-JewsNon-Jews 2525 500500

99

Formation and Maintenance of Formation and Maintenance of StereotypesStereotypes

• AttributionsAttributionsGroup attribution error- tendency to Group attribution error- tendency to assume valid judgments about assume valid judgments about individuals can be inferred from individuals can be inferred from characteristics of the group.characteristics of the group.

• Subtyping- revising stereotypes to Subtyping- revising stereotypes to incorporate exceptions.incorporate exceptions.

• Self-fulfilling propheciesSelf-fulfilling prophecies

1010

Devine’s Dual Process Devine’s Dual Process ModelModel

High Prejudice:

LowPrejudice:

STActivated

STActivated

NoCorrection

Correction

PrejudicedJudgment

Non-prejudiced Judgment

1111

Devine’s Dual Process Devine’s Dual Process Model : Cognitive Load Model : Cognitive Load PredictionsPredictions

High Prejudice:

LowPrejudice:

STActivated

STActivated

NoCorrection

NoCorrection

PrejudicedJudgment

Prejudiced Judgment

1212

Stereotype ThreatStereotype Threat

• A situation in which one could be A situation in which one could be negatively stereotyped, judged or negatively stereotyped, judged or treated stereotypically, or in which treated stereotypically, or in which one might conform to a negative one might conform to a negative stereotypestereotype

• Effects: Effects: – 1) Lower Performance1) Lower Performance– 2) Disidentification 2) Disidentification

1313

Spencer, Steele, & Quinn Spencer, Steele, & Quinn (1997)(1997)• Men outperform women on a difficult Men outperform women on a difficult

math test, but not on a literature test.math test, but not on a literature test.

• When the math test is presented as one When the math test is presented as one that shows no gender differences, women that shows no gender differences, women perform equal to men.perform equal to men.

• This occurs even when all participants are This occurs even when all participants are led to expect poor performance.led to expect poor performance.

1414

Steele & Aronson (1995)Steele & Aronson (1995)

• When a test is described as an When a test is described as an intelligence test, White students intelligence test, White students outperform Black students.outperform Black students.

• But when the same test is described But when the same test is described as a laboratory problem solving test, as a laboratory problem solving test, Whites and Blacks perform equally Whites and Blacks perform equally well.well.

1515

Origins of PrejudiceOrigins of Prejudice

• 1. Competition for scarce resources1. Competition for scarce resources– Realistic group conflict theory (Worchel, Realistic group conflict theory (Worchel,

1977): rejection of other groups occurs 1977): rejection of other groups occurs during competition for scarce resourcesduring competition for scarce resources

– Robber’s Cave Experiment (Sherif & Robber’s Cave Experiment (Sherif & Sherif, 1954)Sherif, 1954)

1616

Origins of PrejudiceOrigins of Prejudice

• 2. Social Categorization – the process 2. Social Categorization – the process of classifying people according to of classifying people according to particular social characteristics.particular social characteristics.– Minimal group paradigm (Tajfel, 1980’s)Minimal group paradigm (Tajfel, 1980’s)– In-group bias- the tendency to favor In-group bias- the tendency to favor

one’s own groups.one’s own groups.

1717

How many dots are on the How many dots are on the screen?screen?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....

………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....

………………………………………………………………………………………………....

1818

Reward AllocationReward Allocation

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1100

1111

1122

1133

1144

1144

1133

1122

1111

1100

99 88 77 66 55 44 33 22 11

Jon A

Bob B

1919

ResultsResults

• Ingroup vs. ingroup Ingroup vs. ingroup even even allocationallocation

• Outgroup vs. outgroup Outgroup vs. outgroup even even allocationallocation

• Ingroup vs. outgroup Ingroup vs. outgroup 2:1 allocation 2:1 allocation

2020

Explanation for Ingroup BiasExplanation for Ingroup Bias

• Social Identity TheorySocial Identity Theory (Tajfel) – (Tajfel) – people are motivated to maintain people are motivated to maintain self-esteem and can do this by (1) self-esteem and can do this by (1) affiliating with attractive groups and affiliating with attractive groups and (2) viewing one’s own groups as (2) viewing one’s own groups as favorably as possible.favorably as possible.

2121

BIRGingBIRGing

• Basking in reflected glory- behavior Basking in reflected glory- behavior that enhances our association with that enhances our association with successful groups and minimizes our successful groups and minimizes our association with unsuccessful groups.association with unsuccessful groups.

2222

Prejudice and Self-EsteemPrejudice and Self-EsteemFein & Spencer (1997)Fein & Spencer (1997)

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

Positive Negative

ItalianJewish

Rating of applicant

Feedback

Applicant

2323

Prejudice and Self-EsteemPrejudice and Self-EsteemFein & Spencer (1997)Fein & Spencer (1997)

0

1

2

3

4

5

Positive Negative

ItalianJewish

Increasein SE

Feedback

Applicant

2424

Reducing PrejudiceReducing Prejudice

• 1. Contact hypothesis1. Contact hypothesis– Equal statusEqual status– CooperationCooperation

• 2. Re-categorization2. Re-categorization

• 3. Use of controlled processing to 3. Use of controlled processing to override automatic stereotypingoverride automatic stereotyping

• 4. Social Norms4. Social Norms