1 st semester exam study guide review
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1 st Semester Exam Study Guide Review. 1. What is the difference between weathering and erosion?. Weathering = breaking down of rocks into sediments Erosion = transport of sediments away from source. 2. What is the difference between chemical and mechanical weathering?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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1st Semester Exam Study Guide Review
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1. What is the difference between weathering and erosion?Weathering = breaking down of
rocks into sedimentsErosion = transport of sediments
away from source
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2. What is the difference between chemical and mechanical weathering?Chemical weathering - breaking
down of rocks by chemicalsMechanical weathering - breaking
down of rocks physically
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3. List examples of chemical weathering?Rusting (air)WaterAcid precipitationAcids in living thingsAcids in groundwater (makes
caves)
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4. List examples of mechanical weathering?WaterWindGravityIcePlantsAbrasion Animals
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5. List examples of ways rocks and sediments can be eroded?Glaciers (ice)Rivers (water)Ocean waves (water)Wind Precipitation (water = rain, snow,
sleet)
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6. What is soil?Soil – loose mixture of organic
material, rock particles, minerals, air, and water that can support vegetation
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7. Why is soil important for humans?Through the food chain, energy
(food) is provided for us because of soil
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8. How do igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks form?Igneous – cooling of molten rockSedimentary – weathering and
erosion of sediments that become compacted
Metamorphic – heat and pressure
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9. What is the difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks?Intrusive – magma cools into rock
beneath the surfaceExtrusive – lava cools into rock
on the surface
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10. How are rocks classified?By how the are formed
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11. How are sediments created?The weathering (breaking down)
of rocks.
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12. Which type of rocks can have fossils?Sedimentary rocks
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13. What is the difference between foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rock?Foliated – has bands Non-foliated – does NOT have
bands
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14. What are the 7 ways to identify minerals? Describe each.Color – what it looks likeLuster – shinyFracture – how it breaksHardness – how resistant to
breakingDensity = mass / volumeStreak – powder it leaves behind
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15. How do you find volume of a mineral using a graduated cylinder?Fill cylinder to a certain amount
(ex. 20mL)Place mineral in cylinderWater will rise, look at new water
level (ex. 25mL)Subtract (ex. 25mL – 20mL =
5mL)Answer is the volume of mineral
(ex. 5mL
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16. How do you calculate density of a mineral?Mass / Volume = Density
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17. What is a volcano?An opening on the Earth’s
surface where molten rock, gases, and ash erupt from.
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18. What is the difference between effusive and explosive eruptions?Effusive – quiet eruptions that
produce fast moving lava due to low silica content
Explosive – violent eruptions that produce slow moving lava and ash du to high silica content
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19. What are the three main types of plate boundaries? Describe the motion of plates.Convergent – plates crash into
each otherDivergent – plates move away
from each otherTransform – plates slide past one
another
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20. What are tectonic plates?Broken up pieces of the Earth’s
lithosphere
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21. What is Pangaea?One giant “supercontinent” that
existed a few hundred million years ago.
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22. What landforms would be created for each of the following:Continental-
continental collisionOceanic-oceanic
collisionContinental-oceanic
collisionContinental-
continental divergence
Oceanic-oceanic divergence
Mountains
Volcanic island chains
Volcanoes on land
Rift valley
Mid-ocean ridge
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23. What do we call the exact point underground where an earthquake occurs?Focus
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24. What is the point on the Earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s origin called?Epicenter
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25. What is a fault?A break in the Earth’s crust
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26. What is a tsunami?A giant ocean wave created
when an earthquake, volcano, or underwater landslide displaces and moves a large amount of water
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27. What is a wave energy that travels through the Earth and away from an earthquake’s origin?
Seismic wave
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28. What is the difference between an S, P, and L-wave? Describe what type it is, motion and name.
S-wave
P-wave
L-wave
Secondary waveSide-to-side motionBody wavePrimary wavePush-pull motionBody waveLast waveSide-to-side AND
up-and-down (like an ocean wave)
Surface wave
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29. What is the difference between the Mercalli and Richter Scale?Mercalli Scale – measures
damage of earthquakeRichter Scale – measures
magnitude (energy) of earthquake
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30. What are the three main (compositional) layers of the Earth? Describe each.Crust – outer layer of Earth made
of rocksMantle – middle layer of Earth
made of magmaCore – center of Earth made of
iron
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31. What are the five physical layers of the Earth? Describe each.Lithosphere – outer solid layer of
Earth (includes Crust)Aesthenosphere – plastic layer of
Earth (upper part of Mantle)Mesosphere – middle layer of
Earth (Mantle)Outer core – made of liquid ironInner core – made of solid iron
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32. List the 5 steps of the scientific method. Explain each.1. Recognize the problem – use
observations & inferences to research your problem
2. Form a hypothesis – educated guess3. Experiment – test your hypothesis4. Analyze data – turn data into charts
& graphs for better understanding5. Conclusion – summary of your
experiment and results that can be communicated to others
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33. In a scientific experiment, what are the four parts of an experiment? Describe each.Independent variable – being
testedDependent variable – what you’re
measuringConstants – factors that stay the
sameControl – comparison experiment