1 st industrial revolution. regional economic differences create differences different economic...
TRANSCRIPT
1st Industrial Revolution
Regional Economic Differences Create Differences
• Different economic systems lead to political differences between regions
• North- industry• South- Cash Crops• West- produces food• All regions help to sustain other regions
Sectional Differences
North• Industry• Laborers –poor immigrants• First unions develop• Anti-slavery movement
(abolition)• Emancipation- want to free
the slaves
South• Based on agriculture• Plantation owners• Planters• Farmers• Slaves- “necessary evil”
Industrial Revolution
• Reorganizing of society and economy
• Machines replace hand tools
• Unskilled laborers replace artisans
• Expansion of cities• New England becomes
the industrial center
Samuel Slater
• Steals plans for buildings textile mill
• Known as Father of the American Factory System
Lowell Factory System
• Started by Francis Cabot Lowell
• First dual purpose textile plant
• Brought all aspects of cloth production under one roof
• Mechanizing of all stages of the manufacturing of cloth
Lowell MillLowell Mill
Lowell GirlsLowell Girls
What was their typical “profile?”
Lowell System
• Recruited women in teens and twenties
• Workforce-Mostly young unmarried farmers daughter’s
• Lived in company towns• Controlled aspects of lives• Strict moral supervision
Why did New England Become the Center of the Industrial Revolution
• Rocky soil hurt farming• Dense population for labor force• Good seaports for imports and exports• Swift flowing rivers provided the power
needed• Capital/$
Interchangeable Parts
• Use of identical parts to assemble products
• Eli Whitney was the pioneer• Done with muskets first• Increased the production of
goods in factory systems• Mass production- cheaper
and faster• Becomes the basis for
modern mass production and assembly lines
Elias Howe & Isaac Singer
Elias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840-50sSewing Machine
Sewing Machine
• Invented by Elias Howe• Perfected by Isaac
Singer• Foundation of the ready
made cloth industry• Textile production
became cheaper and faster
• Drove seamstress from the home to the factory
Steel Plow
• Invented by John Deere• Increased farm
efficiency• Purpose was to break
up the tough soil
Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical
Reaper
Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical
Reaper
- Could do the work of five men- Became the most significant technology on the frontier
Telegraph
• Invented by Samuel Morse
• Improved communication faster and further
Charles Goodyear• Received a patent
for vulcanizing rubber (1844)
• Over 500 different uses in the new industry
Steamboat
• Invented by Robert Fulton
• Made two way river travel possible
• can go upstream or downstream regardless of the current
• Cut freight costs, speeds up travel
The Erie Canal connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson River, which connected to the Atlantic Ocean. This opened up new trade opportunities for those states
surrounding the Great Lakes.
Erie Canal• New York dug a 363 mile canal
linking the Hudson River to Great Lakes
• Completed in 1825• Governor DeWitt Clinton built using
only state money
Erie Canal
• Links the Hudson River to the Great Lakes
• Makes NYC the Gateway to the West
• Lowers cost for shipping• Cuts down time for
shipping• Stimulates a population
boom along the canal and Great Lakes
Erie Canal• Connected Eastern manufacturing and western
agriculture• Cost of shipping a ton of grain from Buffalo to NYC fell
from $100 to $5• Time fell from 20 to 6 days• Land value skyrocketed and new cities like Syracuse,
Utica and Rochester emerged along canal• Great Lake towns exploded Cleveland, Detroit,
Chicago• Immigrants traveled west using canal
Erie Canal
• Connects Midwest farmers to Northeast and world markets
• Financed totally by the state of New York
Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System
Turnpikes• 1st turnpike built 1790- Lancaster, Pa.- 62 miles
connected Lancaster to Philadelphia• Highly profitable broad hard surface highway• Tolls were collected, drivers were confronted with
spike barriers until toll was paid• Touched off a turnpike boom• State righters opposed federal aid to local projects• Eastern states protested against exodus of their
population
TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION
• turnpikes • National Road
The Historical National Road traveled through the states Maryland, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and
Illinois
Cumberland Road (1811)• National Road passed by Congress• 591 miles connected Cumberland, Maryland
to Vandalia, Illinois• Both state and federal funding• Became vital highway to the west• Freight cheaper became cheaper• Population centers boomed in the west• Land values along road enhanced
TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION
- Steam locomotives were pioneered in England
- John Stevens demonstrated a locomotive in NJ 1820
- Allowed people and products to be shipped great distances
- Fast, reliable, and cheaper than canals to construct
- Not frozen in winter- Able to go almost anywhere
Railroads
• Shipping by railroads more expensive than canals
• Railroads were faster, more reliable, could go over any terrain, could operate in winter
• B & O Railroad- 1st railroad
Railroad Revolution
• Funding both private and state• Cornelius Vanderbilt- made a fortune with the
NY Central Railroad• Land Grants given by government for building
railroads• Built by immigrants in the North• Built by slaves in the South
Transportation Revolution
The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)
The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)
1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR
By 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 mi.]
Mohawk And Hudson Railroad’s Dewitt Clinton
Impact of Railroads
• Promoted national trade and economic growth
• Linked Northeast to old Northwest• Promoted growth of other industries (iron,
coal, telegraph)• Encouraged farmers to specialize• First corporations in US
Rise to New Market Economy
• Push west in search of cheap land• A vast number of immigrants settling in
the cities• Newly invented machinery• Better roads, faster steamboats, farther
reaching canals and railroads• Thoreau- The Walden – questioned the
spiritual cost of the market revolution
Markets Expand
-by the mid 1800’s people were no longer totally self-sufficient
produce one product, buy all others
-specialization Focus on one specific
task -capitalism Free trade; people can
make as much money as wish
-standard of living rose for almost everyone
“America is a country in which fortunes have yet to
be made…All cannot be made wealthy, but all have a chance of securing a prize. This stimulates to the race, and hence the eagerness of
the competition.”
Changing Workplace
-decline of skilled labor
Just need people to run machines, no skills
-growth of urban areas
Cities begin to grow in the North; dirty conditions
-
Working Conditions
-long hours
-six days a week
-poor ventilation and lighting
Causes sickness and stunted growing
-unsafe working conditions
No workers’ compensation
No unemployment
Northern Working Conditions
• Workers forbidden by law to form unions• Strikes were rare• Workers had a difficult time of keeping precise
timetable• Women and children toiled 6 days a weeks
while earning small wages
Expected attitudes and habits of the new economic order
• Responsibility• Hard work• Steadiness and sobriety• Reining in of employee spontaneity
LABOR & THE EARLY UNION MOVEMENT
• National Trades’ Union- Philadelphia (1834)• Early issues:
– Child Labor Laws– 10 Hour Workday – Right to Strike
• Commonwealth v. Hunt (Massachusetts,1842) - ruled forming unions were not illegal if their methods were honorable and peaceful
Early unions were usually local, social, and weak – and were largely ineffective before the Civil War
Cult of Domesticity• Men went to work leaving wife and
children home alone• Separated into spheres• Mothers replaced fathers as rearers of
children• Replaced fear with love and reason• Family size decreased• Became the expected and accepted
role of women…whether they liked it or not
• Education of women- Oberlin College
POPULATION GROWTH
• 1775 2.5 Million
• 1790 4 Million• 1820 10
Million• 1840 17
Million• 1860 32
Million
POPULATION GROWTH
Causes• Natural
increase• Immigration
Immigration to the
United States, 1820-1860
Immigration
-lots of immigration in the mid 1800’s
-mostly Irish or German
Language, culture different
-low wages of immigrants caused problems with other workers
Employers hire immigrants because they will work cheap
-Growth of Nativism
Favoring natives, discriminating against immigrants
-Know-Nothing Party
Nativist political party that harassed immigrants
Rise of Nativism
• Began as the American Party (Know-Nothing)
• AKA –Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner
• Promoted Banning Catholics from office
• Wanted stricter naturalization laws
• Literacy tests
The distribution of foreign-born residents of the United States in 1860.
Results of Industrialization• Increased productivity began to feed mass
consumption markets• Towns and cities grew around factories• Labor shortage stimulated immigration and
encouraged inventiveness• Effects of boom and bust cycles were broadly felt• Government was increasingly promoting industry• sectionalism