1 st 9 weeks test review world history chapters 10-14
TRANSCRIPT
1st 9 Weeks Test Review
World history Chapters 10-14
Scientific Contributions of: o Copernicus- Heliocentric modelo Kepler-Confirmed heliocentric model and
elliptical orbitso Galileo Galilei- Observations, 4 moons of
Jupiter, sunspotso Isaac Newton- Principia, 3 Laws that
govern objects on earth, gravityo William Harvey- Circulation of blood,
same blood in veins and arterieso Francis Bacon- Scientific Method
Enlightenment Contributions of:O Montesquieu: natural laws that govern
social and political relationships, 3 basic kinds of government, separation of power, checks and balances
O Voltaire: greatest figure of enlightenment, wrote many things, believed in religious toleration, Deist
O Diderot: writer, editor of EncyclopediaO Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Social
Contract believed society agrees to be governed by its general will
Natural rights:O Equality before the lawO Freedom of religious worshipO Freedom of speech O Freedom of the pressO Right to assembleO Right to hold property O Right to pursue happiness
Leaders and their countries during War of Austrian Succession and Seven Years’ War:
O Prussia: Fredrick William I, Fredrick II (the Great)
O Austria: Maria Teresa and Joseph IIO Russia: Catherine the Great
War of Austrian Succession O Prussia takes over Silesia, British capture
French fortress in North America, France takes Madras in India
O Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748
the Seven Years’ WarO Britain and France over colonies O Austria and Prussia over SilesiaO alliances: French and Austria, Russia joins
in because they feel that Prussia has become a threat. Britain allies with Prussia
O Treaty of Paris 1763
The American RevolutionO When? Stamp Act 1765, 1776 Declaration of
Independence, British defeated in 1781O Who helped who?
O French helped U.S. O Spanish and Dutch helped Britain
O Birth of a New NationO Articles of Confederation
O Separate strong state governments O …then Constitution
O created federal system/stronger national government
O How is the federal government divided? The federal government was divided into three branches in a system of checks and balances. The president (executive) had the power to execute laws, veto the legislature’s acts, supervise foreign affairs, and direct military forces. The second branch (the legislative) consisted of the Senate, elected by the state legislatures, and the House of Representatives, elected directly by the people. The Supreme Court and other courts made up the third branch (judicial). The courts were to enforce the Constitution as the “supreme law of the land.”
O Bill of Rights: 10 amendments guaranteed freedom of religion, speech, press, petition, and assembly. They gave Americans the right to bear arms and to be protected from unreasonable search and seizures. They guaranteed a trial by jury, due process of law, and the protection of property rights
Chapter 11Three EstatesO 1st : Clergy, .5% of population, 10% of land,
no taxO 2nd : Nobles, 1.5% of population, 25% of land,
“O 3rd : Commoners, 98% of population, 65% of
land paid 100% of the taxes
OEstates GeneralOFrench Parliament: Reps from each
estateOVoting issue
ONational Assembly: 3rd estate leaves Estates General to start this group, lead to Tennis Court Oath
ODeclaration of the Rights of Man and the CitizenO Nobles give up feudal dues, nobles must
pay taxes, all males could hold office
OMarch to VersaillesO Women march to Versailles, force king
back to Paris, force him to adopt Dec. of Rights of Man
OParis CommuneOWhen: Late 1792OWho: sans-culottes
OLouis XVIOWhat happened? Executed OWhy/How/When?
OFound guilty of “conspiring against liberty”, Beheaded 1793
OCommittee of Public SafetyO What? Meant to defend France O Who? Jacobins, Leader: Maximillien
Robespierre
OReign of Terror OWhat? Killing of 40,000 people including Queen and nobles
OWhen? 1793-1794OWho? Committee of Public Safety and Robespierre
OThe Directory-Led after Reign of Terror until overthrown by Napoleon
ONapoleon OEarly life: military schoolOMilitary: appointed by committee of public safety
OLeadership: military leader, consul, consul for life, then emperor
OAccomplishments: law code, military
Chapter 12OThe Industrial Revolution
O Started, when and where? Great Britain, 1780s
O5 Factors:1. Increased food supply2. Greater population3. Ready supply of money4. Plentiful natural resources5. Supply of markets
4 inventions that advanced production of cotton cloth
1. Flying shuttle 2. Spinning Jenny-James Hargreaves3. Water powered loom- Edmund
Cartwright 4. Steam Engine -James Watt
OWhy was the steam engine important?ONo longer dependent on the rivers for power
OCould build factories anywhere
OThe Rocket: locomotive used on the first public railway line
1st 3 countries in Europe to became industrialized were….O Belgium O FranceO German states
O Interchangeable partsO Eli Whitney’s idea to have machine made
parts to standardize replacements
OHenry Ford perfected the assembly line – workers remain in place as product passes by them they complete their task. He used this system to produce automobiles!
O Industrialization lead to the growth of a new middle class (including business owners, clerks, managers, and teachers) and a working class (factory workers)
O As industry competition grew – working conditions within the factories declined.O Operated multiple machinesO Work as fast as possibleO Monotonous lead to dangers
OLoss of fingers, limbs, or even livesO Worked 10 - 14 hour daysO Disease spread quickly (pneumonia & TB)
O Children most at riskO Worked heavy machinesO Breathed in coal dust O Paid less than adult malesO Work 12 hour shifts as young as 6 years old
Chapter 13OThe 1st industrial revolution was
fueled by textiles, railroads , iron, and coal
OThe 2nd industrial revolution was fueled by steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum.
OElectricity can be easily converted into other forms of energy such as heat, light, and motion
O Inventors OThomas Edison (U.S.) and Joseph
Swan (G.B.): Light bulbOAlexander Graham Bell: telephoneOGuglielmo Marconi: radiowaves
OEuropeans could afford to buy more consumer products because wages increased and the price for manufactured goods was lower due to lower transportation costs.
O Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto
O Because they were appalled by factory conditionsO They blamed the system of industrial capitalism
O Oppressors owned the means of production (land, raw materials, and capital)
O During his life time he saw that the oppressors were the bourgeoisie
O Oppressed depended on ownersO During his life time he saw that the oppressed
were the proletariats O Believed this system would end in violent revolution
with the oppressed rising up and abolishing the oppressors and creating a classless society.
O Socialist parties were formed based on Marx’s ideas.
OTrade unions were a force for workers’ rights.OUsed strikes or work stoppages
to pressure an employer into meeting their demands. OUsed to raise wages, improve
working conditions, and gain right of collective bargaining.
O In the late 1800s and early 1900s most Western governments began state-financed primary schools for both boys and girls between the ages of 6 and 12. Children were required to attend. ODirect result of public education was
increase in literacy (or the ability to read).
OBy the late 19th Century (1800s) major European states were establishing Constitutions.
OFour years of Civil War preserved American national unity.OBy 1900 the U.S. was the richest
nation.OAlso gained control over Samoa,
Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
OBy 1871 Canada extended from the Atlantic to the Pacific
ORussia and Austria-Hungary viewed each other with suspicion after a series of crises in the Balkans.
Chapter 14OThe extension of a nation’s power
over other lands is known as imperialism
OThe colony founded in Singapore belonged to Great Britain and was a major port to and from China
OVietnam became a French protectorate in 1857.
O Indirect rule allows local rulers to maintain their positions of authority
O Direct rule removes local rulers from power, replacing them with rulers from the dominate nation.
O Which 5 countries placed all of Africa under European control between 1880 and 1900? Great Britain 1. Great Britain2. France3. Germany4. Belgium 5. Portugal
O Britain thought the Suez Canal was their lifeline to India.
OItaly tried to gain control in Africa, but they were defeated by which country? Ethiopia
OCecil Rhodes wanted to create a series of British colonies connected by a railroad.
O2 free independent states in Africa in 1914:O Liberia and Ethiopia
OBritish rule in India was characterized by the British East India Company, which had its own soldiers and forts but also hired sepoys or Indian soldiers to protect their interests.
OThe Sepoy Mutiny or Great Rebellion was the First War of Independence to the Indians
OA viceroy is a governor who rules as a representative of a monarch
OMohandas Gandhi turned the Indian independence movement into one of nonviolent resistance. He wanted to win aid for the poor and independence
O In Latin America the social classes were divided with the peninsulares (people born in the Iberian peninsula) on top and the creoles (descendants of Europeans born in Latin America and lived there permanently) second and controlling the land
OMestizos are of mixed European and Native American heritage.
OToussaint-Louverture led a slave revolt to seized control of the island of Hispaniola OThis area now called Haiti became the
1st independent state in Latin America
OMiguel Hidalgo was the first hero of the Mexican independence
OWho were considered the liberators of South America? José de San Martín of Argentina and Simón Bolívar of Venezuela
OWhich document warned against European involvement in Latin America and guaranteed the independence of the new Latin American nations? The Monroe Doctrine
OWho was the ruler of Mexico when settlers in Texas revolted against them? Antonio López de Santa Anna
OAfter the Spanish American War, Cuba became a United States protectorate and Puerto Rico was annexed to the United States. In 1903, the United States supported a rebellion that allowed Panama to be free
OEmiliano Zapata led the Mexican Revolution and demanded agrarian reform
Cottage industry
a method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes
PhilosopheFrench for “philosopher,” intellectuals during the
Enlightenment
Heliocentric“sun-centered,” model of the universe where the Earth and
planets revolve around the sun
MestizoA person of mixed European and native American Indian descent
MulattoA person of mixed African and
European descent
BourgeoisieThe middle class, including
merchants, industrialists, and professional people
Inductive reasoningthe doctrine that scientists should proceed
from the particular to the general by making systematic observations and
carefully organized experiments to test hypotheses or theories, a process that will
lead to correct general principles
Coup d’état
A sudden overthrow of the government
Scientific method
A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of
science in the modern world
Natural selection
The principle set forth by Darwin that some organisms are more adaptable to the environment than others; in
popular terms “survival of the fittest”
EstatesThe name given to each of the three classes into which French society was divided before the
revolution
Deisman 18th century religious philosophy
based on reason and natural law
Entrepreneura person interested in finding new business opportunities and new
ways to make profits
Romanticisman intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the 18th century in reaction
to the ideas of the Enlightenment, stressed feelings, emotion, and
imagination as sources of knowing
Sans-culottes
“without breeches,” members of the Paris Commune who considered
themselves ordinary patriots
The Monroe Doctrine
To prevent foreign interference in Latin America, the president of the United States
issued the ______________.
The Communist Manifesto
Book written by Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels
Sepoyan Indian soldier hired by the British East India Company to
protect the company’s interests in the region
Liberia
African state that was founded as a refuge for former
slaves
Viceroy
a governor who ruled as a representative of a
monarch
Imperialism
the extension of a nation’s power over other lands
Indigenous
native to a region
Annexincorporate territory into an existing political unit such as
a city or country
NationalismThe unique cultural identity
of a people based on common language,
religion, and national symbols