1. Some behavior people see as normal while others see the same behavior as abnormal

a. Insanity has been defined as doing the same thing over and over, expecting a different resultb. The term insane is not used much more in the medical profession, replaced with

psychopathology

2. Deviation from Normalitya. Any deviation from the average or majority b. Different cultural norms must be taken into consideration

i. Because the majority isn’t always right or best, this deviance approach is not in itself a useful standard

3. Adjustmenta. Normal people are able to get along socially, physically and emotionally in the worldb. Can feed and clothe themselvesc. Abnormal people fail to adjust in these waysd. But, behavior in one society may not be acceptable in other societies

Watch “What About Bob and complete worksheet

4. Psychological Healtha. Self-Actualization – Humanistic view that to be normal or healthy involves full

acceptance and expression of one’s own individuality and humannessi. Problem with this approach is that its hard to determine whether a person is

actualizing themselvesb. Labeling a person as mentally ill because of their odd behavior is a mistake as

well as cruel and irresponsiblec. Many of these people just have problems in living that causes conflictsd. It is only when a psychological problem becomes severe enough to disrupt everyday life that it is thought of as an abnormality or illness

Section 1 Review

5. The Problem of Classificationa. DSM – The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

i. Currently in its 4th revisionii. A classification manual that show such things as

1. Features2. Diagnosis3. 5 Axis

1. Anxiety – a general state of dread or uneasiness that a person feels in response to a real or imagined danger

a. Feeling anxiety out of proportion to the situation provoking itb. Affects 19 million Americans annuallyc. Characteristics:

i. Feelings of anxiety ii. Personal inadequacyiii. Avoidance of dealing with problemsiv. Unrealistic images of themselvesv. Unable to free themselves of recurring fears and worries

d. Expressed through:i. Constant worryingii. Sudden mood swingsiii. Physical symptoms

a. headachesb. sweatingc. muscle tightnessd. weaknesse. fatigue

e. Anxious people often have difficulty forming stable and satisfying relationships

2. General Anxiety Disordera. Feeling nervous for reasons they can’t explainb. Can become full blown panic attacks

i. Choking sensationii. Chest painiii. Dizzinessiv. Tremblingv. Hot flashes

c. They neglect social relationshipsd. Trouble dealing with friends, family or responsibilitiese. The more they worry the more difficulty they have, the more difficulty they have the more they worry – a vicious cyclef. Physical symptoms attached include: poor appetite, frequent urination, indigestion and diarrheag. Causes:

i. Learned anxietyii. Inheritediii. Environmental factors iv. Uncertainties of modern life

3. Phobic Disorder (phobia)a. Phobia/Phobic Disorder – when severe anxiety is focused on a particular object, animal,

activity or situation that seems out of proportion to the real danger involvedb. Develop elaborate plans to avoid those situationsc. Can range from mild to severed. Treatment

i. Providing the person a experience their phobia under conditions where they feel safe

4. Panic Disordera. Panic – a feeling of sudden, helpless terror b. During a panic attack, the person experiences sudden, unexplainable, attacks of intense

anxiety, leaving them fearing death and doomc. Physical Symptoms:

i. Sense of smotheringii. Chokingiii. Difficulty breathingiv. Faintness or dizzinessv. Nauseavi. Chest pains

d. Can last minutes or hours and occur without warninge. Causes:

i. Inheritedii. Environment

a. interpreting a physiological arousal (higher heart rate) as disastrous

5. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

a. Obsession – an uncontrollable pattern of thoughts

b. Compulsion – repeatedly performing coping behaviors

c. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder – experiencing both together

i. Everyone has obsessions and compulsionsii. Problem when it interferes with what a person wants and needs to doiii. Causes:

a. Serve as diversions from a person’s real fears and their origins and may reduce anxietyb. May run in families, geneticc. Most people with the disorder know that their thoughts and actions are

irrational, but they feel unable to stop them

6. Post-Traumatic Stress Disordera. PTSD – a person who has experienced a traumatic event feels severe and long

lasting aftereffectsb. Those who suffer include:

i. Veterans of wars ii. Survivors of terrorist attacksiii. Natural disaster victims: hurricanes, tornadoesiv. Plane crashesv. Assault and rape victims

c. The event that triggers the disorder overwhelms a person’s sense of reality and ability to cope

d. Can begin immediately after the event or later in lifee. Symptoms

i. Flashbacksii. Nightmares

f. Can be long lastingg. People exposed to events repeatedly or over a long period of time are more likely to develop the condition

Section 2 Review

1. Somatoform Disorders – when anxiety creates a variety of physical symptoms for which no physical cause is apparent

a. Also known as hysteria – unexplainable fainting, paralysis or deafness, used in Freud’s time

b. Conversion Disordersi. Conversion Disorder – the conversion of emotional difficulties into the loss

of a specific physiological functiona. No actual physical damage is present

ii. When someone is frightened and they can’t move (common), uncommon for it to persist

iii. Results in a real and prolonged handicapiv. If a person wakes up paralyzed from the waist down and accepts it with

calmness (la belle indifference), its known to be a psychological problemv. Psychologists believe that people suffer from conversion disorders to gain

freedom from unbearable conflictvi. Very Rare!!

c. Hypochondriasisi. A person in good health who becomes preoccupied with imaginary ailmentsii. Hypochondriacs spend time looking for signs of serious illness and misinterprets minor aches, pains and bruises as early signs of fatal illness

a. Regardless of medical tests and diagnosis, they will continue to believe it

b. Occurs during young adulthood c. Occurs when an individual represses emotions and then expresses them symbolically in physical symptoms

2. Dissociative Disorders – when a person experiences alterations in memory, identity or consciousness

a. Can be normal, daydreaming and not hearing your name being called b. Amnesia and multiple personality are very, very rare

c. Dissociative Amnesia i. Memory loss that has no biological explanationii. May be an attempt to escape from problems by blotting them out entirelyiii. Remember how to speak and retain general knowledge, but don’t know who

they are, where they are from, how they got where they areiv. Most often results from a traumatic event – a terrible accident

d. Dissociative Fugue i. Amnesia coupled with an active flight to a different environmentii. Person disappears and then wakes up the next day long ways from home iii. If not treated, they establish a new identity in the new placeiv. Represses all knowledge of a previous lifev. May last for days or yearsvi. When they re-emerge, they have no memory of what had happenedvii. Escape from unbearable conflict or anxiety

e. Dissociative Identity Disorder (multiple personality disorder) i. A person exhibits two or more personality states, each with its own behavior and thinking

patternsii. Different states may take controls at different timesiii. Famous Case – Eve White

a. Treatment for severe headaches and blackouts, conscientious, self-controlled, and shyb. During one treatment, her expression and personality suddenly changed, became Eve

Blackc. Child-like, fun-loving and irresponsible (opposite of her other self)d. Eve Black was conscious of Eve White but considered her a separate person, Eve

White didn’t know about Eve Black though nor Jane (a 3rd personality)e. Film – The 3 Faces of Evef. Went on to write a book detailing 22 identitiesg. Sybil (book and film as well) had 16 personalities

iv. Psychologists believe that dividing up the personality is the individual’s effort to escape from a part of the self that they fearv. The secret self then emerges as a separate identityvi. EXTREMELY RARE!!! And controversialvii. People diagnosed usually suffered from severe physical, psychological or sexual abuse during childhood

Section 3 Review

Watch “A Beautiful Mind” and complete worksheet

1. People with schizophrenia often have difficulty using language to communicatea. They go from one phrase to another by random associationb. Schizophrenia affects the area of the working memory used to make sentencesc. Don’t remember the beginning of the sentence so they finish it with an unrelated

thought2. People with schizophrenia withdraw from normal life, have distorted perceptions and

whose behavior reach an irrational, fantastic, fear-laden, unimaginable levels3. Examples: a. Marshall Applewhite and 38 members of Heaven’s Gate

b. Charles Manson (In Dispute) c. Joan of Arc d. Adolf Hitler e. Jim Jones f. Son of Sam – David Berkowitz (In Dispute) g. Unabomber Ted Kaczynski (In Dispute) h. Syd Barrett i. Mary Todd Lincoln

4. What is Schizophrenia a. Schizophrenia – involves confused and disordered thoughts and perceptions

i. Affects 1 in 100 worldwideii. Thoughts are disturbed and contact is lost with reality to a considerable

extentiii. Live life as an unreal dream

Read quote ending with “Naturally, I am growing my father’s hair.”iv. Not a single problem, no single cause, no single curev. Symptoms

a. Delusions – false beliefs maintained in the face of contrary evidenceb. Hallucinations – perceptions in the absence of corresponding sensationc. Incoherence – marked decline in thought processd. Word Salad – lots of words thrown togethere. Disturbances of affect – emotions that are inappropriate for the circumstancesf. Deterioration in normal movement – slowed movement, nonmovement

or highly agitated behaviorg. Decline in previous level of functioning – sharp drop off in productivity of workh. Diverted attention – as if the person is unable to focus their attention

b. Types of Schizophreniai. Paranoid Type

a. Involves hallucinations and delusionsaa. Grandeur – “I am the savior of my people”bb. Persecution – “Someone is always watching me”

ii. Catatonic Typea. Remain motionless for long periodsb. Exhibiting waxy, flexibility in which limbs in unusual positions may take a

long time to return to a resting, relaxed positioniii. Disorganized Type

a. Incoherent language, inappropriate emotions, giggling for no apparent reason, generally disorganized motor behavior and

hallucinations/delusionsiv. Remission Type

a. Anyone whose symptoms are gone or still exist but aren’t severe enough to have earned a diagnosis of schizophrenia in the first placeb. Belief is that the symptoms will return

v. Undifferentiated Typea. Encompasses a large amount of the symptoms all in one person

c. Treatmenti. Very complex conditionii. Treatment is long term and usually requires hospitalization

a. Sometimes leads to burn-out – one who is not likely to function normally in society

iii. May go into remission but adjustment tends to deteriorate between successive episodes of the reappearance of symptomsiv. No real cure for schizophrenia exists

d. Cause of Schizophreniai. Biological Influences/Genetics

a. Almost certainly involvedb. 1% of having schizophrenia, 10% if someone else in the family has it, in

twins there is a 48% chance if one has it, the other willc. Can’t specify the exact contribution hereditary factors have

ii. Biochemistry and Physiologya. Chemical imbalances in the brainb. Too much or too little of a specific chemical in the brain has upset the processing of information, interferes with normal synaptic transmission (Page 157-158)c. Dopamine Hypothesis – too much dopamine at the selected synapses d. Using CAT and MRI scans, shows signs of deteriorated brain tissuee. Exact role of the environment is fostering schizophrenia is unclear, but it

is involvediii. Family and Interactions

a. Pathogenic, unhealthful, families may contribute to problems in adult years, but don’t in and of themselves lead to schizophrenia

5. Mood Disordersa. Emotions that hamper the ability to function effectively

i. In extreme cases, a mood may cause them to lose touch with reality or threaten their health or lives

b. Major Depressive Disorder

i. Spend at least 2 weeks feeling depressed, sad, anxious, fatigued and agitateda. Causes a reduced ability to function and interact with othersb. Mild feelings of uneasiness, sadness and apathy to intense suicidal

despairc. CAN NOT be associated with bereavement – loss of a loved oned. Marked by 4 symptoms

aa. Problems with eating, sleeping, thinking, concentrating and decision makingbb. Lacking energycc. Thinking about suicidedd. Feeling worthless or guilty

c. Bipolar Disorder – individuals are excessively and inappropriately happy or unhappy

i. High elation, hopeless depression or an alternation between the twoii. Manic Phase

a. Elation, extreme confusion, distractibility and racing thoughtsb. Exaggerated sense of self-esteem and engages in irresponsible behaviors

aa. Shopping sprees or insulting remarksc. Act as though they need less sleep, activity level increases as does the

loudness and frequency with which they speakiii. Depressive Phase

a. Failure, sinfulness, worthlessness and despairb. Marked by lethargy, despair and unresponsivenessc. Essentially the same as the major depressive disorderd. May alternate between frantic action and motionless despair

iv. Some people have episodes separated by long intervals of normal behavior, others have no normal behavior and just alternate between

the two

d. Seasonal Affective Disorder

i. In winter these people develop a deep depressionii. Spirits only lift with the coming of springiii. Tend to sleep and eat excessively during their depressed periodiv. Cause

a. Melatonin may play a roleaa. Less light (winter) more melatonin is secrete by the pineal glandbb. High levels can cause Seasonal Affective Disorder

b. Can be treated by sitting under bright fluorescent lights during the evening or early morning hours

e. Explaining Mood Disorders

i. Psychological Factorsa. Personality traits (self esteem)b. Amount of social supportc. Ability to deal with stressful situations

ii. Beck Theory a.Depressed people draw illogical conclusions about themselves, blame

themselves for normal problems and consider every minor failure a catastrophic event

iii. Seligman Theorya. Caused by feeling of learned helplessnessb. Learns to believe that they have no control over events in their lives and

that it’s useless to try

f. Suicide and Depressioni. Not all people who commit suicide are depressed and not all depressed people attempt

suicideii. Many depressives do think about suicide though, and some translate these thought

into actioniii. People commit suicide for a number of reasons

a. Escape from physical painaa. Terminal illness

b. Escape from emotional painaa. Loneliness of old age

c. An effort to end the torment of unacceptable feelingsd. To punish themselves for wrongs they committede. To punish others f. Many times there is no explanation

iv. More than 30,000 Americans end their lives by suicidea. 1 every 20 minutes

v. More women than men attempt suicide/More men than women succeed in suicidevii. Most common among the elderly viii. 2nd most cause of death for college studentsix. People who threaten or make an unsuccessful attempt are very seriousx. 70% of those who commit suicide have threatened to do so within 3 months preceding

the suicidea. An unsuccessful attempt is usually a trial run

Section 4 Review

1. Personality Disorder

a. Generally don’t suffer from acute anxiety nor do they behave in bizarre, incomprehensible waysb. Unable to establish meaningful relationships with other people, to assume social

responsibilities or adapt to their social environmentc. Antisocial Personality (Sociopaths and Psychopaths)

i. Exhibit a persistent disregard for and violation of others’ rightsii. Treat people as objectsiii. Live for the momentiv. Seeking thrills is the major occupationv. If they injure or hurt people along the way they feel no shame or guiltvi. No matter how many times they get into trouble, jailed or punished, they

never learn to stay out of troublevii. Usually intelligent, entertaining and fake emotions, they win confidence and

affection of others

2. Drug Addictiona. Become a major psychological problemb. Millions depend so heavily on drugs that they hurt themselves physically, socially

and psychologicallyc. Psychological Dependence – depend so much on a drug that without it they feel nervous and anxious, that feeling of well-being

i. Alcohol ii. Caffeineiii. Nicotineiv. Cocainev. Marijuanavi. Amphetamines

d. Physical Addiction – when the drug state becomes the normal body state, without the drug there is extreme physical discomfort

i. Tolerance – developed when a person becomes so addicted to a drug that they have to continually increase the dosage to obtain the

high that used to be achieved with lower dosesii. Withdraw – a state of physical and psychological upset during which the

body and mind revolt against and finally gets used to the absence of t he drug

aa. mild nausea, shakes, hallucinations, convulsions, coma and death

e. Alcoholismi. Most serious drug addictionii. 10 to 12 million Americans abuse alcoholiii. 40% of all deaths in automobile accidents and 40% of all murders, alcohol is

involvediv. Social drug, causes one to lose some inhibitionv. Is actually a depressivevi. Perceptions and sensations become distorted, behavior may become

obnoxiousvii. People stumble, weave, slurred speech and slow reaction timesviii. Unconsciousness, coma, deathix. Can produce psychological dependence, tolerance and addictionx. Can develop from both environmental and genetic factors

aa. 3 to 4 times higher is a family member is an alcoholicbb. Poor home life

xi. Treatmentaa. Get through delirium tremens, violent withdrawbb. Drugs and/or psychotherapycc. Group Therapy – AAdd. Medication – Antabuse, causes a person to become violently sick if they drink alcoholee. No cure!!

Section 5 Review

Chapter 16 Study Guide

Chapter 16 Test