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Social & Personality Development (4Social & Personality Development (4thth ed.) ed.) ShafferShaffer

Chapter 3Chapter 3

Recent Persepctives on Social and Recent Persepctives on Social and Personality DevelopmentPersonality Development

University of GuelphPsychology 3450 — Dr. K. Hennig

Winter 2003 Term

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Chapter 3 in outlineChapter 3 in outline

1)1) Information-Processing Model (Cog. Revolution)Information-Processing Model (Cog. Revolution)• acquiring a mind (self)acquiring a mind (self)• Attachment theory and an integrative model of the un/conscious mindAttachment theory and an integrative model of the un/conscious mind

2)2) Behavioral Genetics: Biological Bases for Individual DifferencesBehavioral Genetics: Biological Bases for Individual Differences

3)3) Modern Ethology and Evolutionary TheoryModern Ethology and Evolutionary Theory

4)4) The Broader Context of DevelopmentThe Broader Context of Development• Vygotsky Vygotsky • Ecological Systems TheoryEcological Systems Theory

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Person as computerPerson as computer

Does Terminator 2 have a “mind”?Does Terminator 2 have a “mind”? What does it mean to What does it mean to

“have a mind?”“have a mind?” Is the mind same as Is the mind same as

“thinking?”“thinking?”“goal-directedness?”“goal-directedness?”“consciousness?”“consciousness?”“self-awareness?”“self-awareness?”“experience emotion?”“experience emotion?”

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INFORMATION PROCESSING INFORMATION PROCESSING MODELMODELFreud’s Freud’s UNCUNC and internal working models and internal working models

The mind as a (serial) computerThe mind as a (serial) computer Freud’s dynamic unconscious Freud’s dynamic unconscious

(repression) vs. contemporary (repression) vs. contemporary cognitive unconsciouscognitive unconscious

& depth of processing

(extero/intero-ceptors)

Consc’ness Unconsc’s’

Mental Conten

t

(working)

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Mental content and the role of Mental content and the role of consciousnessconsciousness

STM as working memory, an active processing STM as working memory, an active processing system that holds multiple info ‘on line’system that holds multiple info ‘on line’

Three components (Braddley)Three components (Braddley)– phonological loop phonological loop

(private speech; Vygotsky)(private speech; Vygotsky)– visuospatial sketchpadvisuospatial sketchpad– central executive (the boss)central executive (the boss)

conscious “will”: the central conscious “will”: the central executive as agent thatexecutive as agent thatchooses words, makes decisions,chooses words, makes decisions,initiates actionsinitiates actions

able to alter or override a person’sable to alter or override a person’sautomatic responses or act contraryautomatic responses or act contraryto impulsesto impulses

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Thinking as multifaceted?Thinking as multifaceted?A thought sample from Sherlock HolmesA thought sample from Sherlock Holmes

“… “… I instantly reconsidered my position when… it I instantly reconsidered my position when… it became clear to me that whatever danger threatened an became clear to me that whatever danger threatened an occupant of the room occupant of the room could not come either from the could not come either from the window or the doorwindow or the door. [hyposthesis testing]. [hyposthesis testing]

My attention was speedily drawn… to this ventilator, My attention was speedily drawn… to this ventilator, and to the bell-rope which hung down to the bed. The and to the bell-rope which hung down to the bed. The discovery [discovery [observationobservation] that this was a dummy, and that ] that this was a dummy, and that the bed was clampled to the floor, instantly the bed was clampled to the floor, instantly gave risegave rise to to the suspicion that the rope was there as a bridge for the suspicion that the rope was there as a bridge for something passing through the hole, and coming to the something passing through the hole, and coming to the bed. The idea bed. The idea of a snake instantly occurred to meof a snake instantly occurred to me, and , and when I coupled it with when I coupled it with my knowledgemy knowledge that the Doctor that the Doctor was furnished with a supply of creatures from India I was furnished with a supply of creatures from India I feltfelt that I was on the right track…” that I was on the right track…”

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Piaget and the social Piaget and the social information processorinformation processor

active inquiring individual asking the active inquiring individual asking the “why?” question, i.e., seeking a “why?” question, i.e., seeking a causal causal explanationexplanation– internal vs. external attributions (causes)internal vs. external attributions (causes)

persons as seekers of meaning - our persons as seekers of meaning - our intelligence presumes intelligibilityintelligence presumes intelligibility– we as questions anticipating that there are we as questions anticipating that there are

answersanswers E.g., reactive aggressive children have E.g., reactive aggressive children have

a ‘hostile attribution bias’a ‘hostile attribution bias’

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““The automaticity of being”The automaticity of being”(Bargh; see Reading on webcite)(Bargh; see Reading on webcite)

e.g. eating at 6:00 despite not being e.g. eating at 6:00 despite not being hungryhungry

Executive function and the frontal Executive function and the frontal lobeslobes

(Garcia et al., 1985)

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Do you see a young or an old Do you see a young or an old woman?woman?

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The case for subliminal perception (Marcel)The case for subliminal perception (Marcel) priming of A1 or A2, then asked if boy in B has a “good” or “bad” character..priming of A1 or A2, then asked if boy in B has a “good” or “bad” character.. Free associations and “slips”(Nisbett et al., 1977) Free associations and “slips”(Nisbett et al., 1977)

– viewed pairs (“ocean-moon”)viewed pairs (“ocean-moon”)– free associate to other single words (e.g., “detergent”)free associate to other single words (e.g., “detergent”)– said “Tide” - my mother usedsaid “Tide” - my mother used– influences decision-makinginfluences decision-making

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The cognitive unconsciousnessThe cognitive unconsciousnessAttention & dichotic listeningAttention & dichotic listening

attended message: “they threw stones towards the bank yesterday”attended message: “they threw stones towards the bank yesterday” shadow words: either “river” or “money”shadow words: either “river” or “money” Recognition of meaning (a) “threw stones towards the side of the Recognition of meaning (a) “threw stones towards the side of the

river”; (b) “... savings and loan company” river”; (b) “... savings and loan company”

shadowmessage

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Mind (LTM) as an associative Mind (LTM) as an associative networknetwork

Spreading activation modelSpreading activation model e.g., substance abusers - “joint” - “carpentry” or “marijuana/pot”?e.g., substance abusers - “joint” - “carpentry” or “marijuana/pot”? NoteNote: receptor inflow : receptor inflow

largely comes from the largely comes from the environment (learning)environment (learning)vs. vs. instinctual/id-like instinctual/id-like impulses (nature)impulses (nature)

computers operate largelycomputers operate largelyon their software (learning)on their software (learning)

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Two types of “unconscious”Two types of “unconscious”

Contemporary Contemporary cognitive unconsciouscognitive unconscious – not conscious despite its being non-threateningnot conscious despite its being non-threatening– automating behavior has a function: limited ego-automating behavior has a function: limited ego-

capacity, fast, efficient, (overlearned - skills, “how to?”)capacity, fast, efficient, (overlearned - skills, “how to?”) e.g., riding a bike, playing piano, habitual drivinge.g., riding a bike, playing piano, habitual driving begin with a tennis/ski instructor - bad habits are begin with a tennis/ski instructor - bad habits are

difficult to break (automatized)difficult to break (automatized) Freud’s “Descriptive Unconscious”Freud’s “Descriptive Unconscious”

Freud’s Freud’s dynamic unconsciousnessdynamic unconsciousness– defenses aimed at protecting person from unpleasant defenses aimed at protecting person from unpleasant

emotions that threaten self-esteememotions that threaten self-esteem– repressionrepression and active effort to keep outside of conscious and active effort to keep outside of conscious

awarenessawareness

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Defense mechanisms -Defense mechanisms -Protection from undesirable Protection from undesirable unconscious motivesunconscious motives

A student gets mad at his girlfriend after A student gets mad at his girlfriend after flunking a testflunking a test– DisplacementDisplacement

A minister preaches about the evils of A minister preaches about the evils of homosexuality and then turns out to be homosexuality and then turns out to be homosexual himselfhomosexual himself– ProjectionProjection

A woman develops a crush on a shy, quiet man A woman develops a crush on a shy, quiet man who is the opposite of her narcissistic fatherwho is the opposite of her narcissistic father– Reaction FormationReaction Formation

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Defense mechanisms (contd.)Defense mechanisms (contd.)

Two years after being dumped by Two years after being dumped by Sally, John fails to even recognize her Sally, John fails to even recognize her at a partyat a party– RepressionRepression

Mary started writing poetry after her Mary started writing poetry after her mom diedmom died– SublimationSublimation

Freud was late for his father’s funeralFreud was late for his father’s funeral– His car broke downHis car broke down

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Bowlby’s “defensive exclusion”Bowlby’s “defensive exclusion”

Argument against the dynamic Argument against the dynamic unconscious as a result of repressionunconscious as a result of repression– e.g., the argument from trauma (e.g., e.g., the argument from trauma (e.g.,

Vietnam war, sexual abuse, rape)Vietnam war, sexual abuse, rape)– victims typically are able to recall episode victims typically are able to recall episode

(though often avoid associations with the (though often avoid associations with the episode)episode)

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Perception as a ‘two-way Perception as a ‘two-way street’street’no perception without interpretationno perception without interpretation

attention can be directed away from threatening information attention can be directed away from threatening information (defensive exclusion of information from further processing)(defensive exclusion of information from further processing)

perceptual blocking & exclusion in LTM involves some amnesiaperceptual blocking & exclusion in LTM involves some amnesia

attention

behavior, mood

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SummarySummary

evauations, judgements, behaviors, evauations, judgements, behaviors, moods, & words (i.e., responses to moods, & words (i.e., responses to stimuli) are influenced by automatic stimuli) are influenced by automatic cognitive processes outside of awarenesscognitive processes outside of awareness

For Bowlby (& Freud) what information is For Bowlby (& Freud) what information is excluded and why it is excluded are excluded and why it is excluded are central to psychopathology? (detecting central to psychopathology? (detecting lies from gaps in the story; lack of lies from gaps in the story; lack of coherence)coherence)

• The problem of executive control: “where The problem of executive control: “where unconscious was there shall unconscious was there shall consciousness be” (Freud)consciousness be” (Freud)

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BEHAVIORAL GENETICSBEHAVIORAL GENETICS

To what extent do specific abilities, traits, and To what extent do specific abilities, traits, and patterns of behavior depend on patterns of behavior depend on particular particular combinations combinations of genes? of genes? – Genotype: the set of genes one inheritsGenotype: the set of genes one inherits– Phenotype: one’s manifest characteristicsPhenotype: one’s manifest characteristics

Behavioral attributes as the end product of a Behavioral attributes as the end product of a long and involved gene-environment interplay long and involved gene-environment interplay

Twin studies help us understand the Twin studies help us understand the importance of genetic and environmental importance of genetic and environmental influences on social developmentinfluences on social development– Identical (MZ) vs. Fraternal (DZ) twinsIdentical (MZ) vs. Fraternal (DZ) twins– Reared together vs. reared apartReared together vs. reared apart

2020

Identical twins are more similar than Identical twins are more similar than fraternal twinsfraternal twins

Correlation Correlation coefficientscoefficients

Identical

(MZ)(MZ)Fraternal

(DZ)(DZ)

IQ .85 .60

Behavior problems .80 .60

Personality .50 .20

Vocational interests .50 .25

Social attitudes .65 .50

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Behavioral genetic (contd.)Behavioral genetic (contd.)

Correlation coefficients vs. concordance Correlation coefficients vs. concordance ratesrates

Behavioral geneticists examine three Behavioral geneticists examine three influences on social development:influences on social development:– 1. Genetics1. Genetics– 2. Shared environment (parenting style, 2. Shared environment (parenting style,

home environment) – makes children similarhome environment) – makes children similar– 3. Non-shared environment (childhood illness, 3. Non-shared environment (childhood illness,

friends and teachers) – makes children friends and teachers) – makes children differentdifferent

HH = ( = (rridentical twinsidentical twins - - rrfraternal twinsfraternal twins) X 2) X 2 SE = 1 - (SE = 1 - (HH + NSE) + NSE)

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Heritability of personalityHeritability of personality

Five-Factor Model

Genetic Shared Nonshared

Extraversion: .49 .02 .49

Agreeableness: .35 .11 .54

Conscientiousness:

.48 .07 .45

Negative Emotions:

.41 .07 .52

Openness .45 .06 .49

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MODERN ETHOLOGY AND MODERN ETHOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY THEORYEVOLUTIONARY THEORY

(defn) the scientific study of the (defn) the scientific study of the evolutionary basis of behavior - how does evolutionary basis of behavior - how does behavior X contribute to the survival or behavior X contribute to the survival or adaptiveness of a species (vs. individual)adaptiveness of a species (vs. individual)

key: random mutation + natural selectionkey: random mutation + natural selection survival of the most adaptive survival of the most adaptive

– fitness <> rugged individualismfitness <> rugged individualism Method of investigation: naturalistic Method of investigation: naturalistic

observationobservation Sex and aggression (so Freud’s id)Sex and aggression (so Freud’s id)

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Modern Evolutionary theoryModern Evolutionary theoryAdaptiveness and designAdaptiveness and design

Why are bee hives composed of hexagonal Why are bee hives composed of hexagonal substructures?substructures?

Animals frequently benefit othersAnimals frequently benefit others– parental (kinship) altruism – William Hamilton parental (kinship) altruism – William Hamilton

(a rejected 1963 publication); e.g., bird who (a rejected 1963 publication); e.g., bird who risk’s its life to save the chick; warning call-risk’s its life to save the chick; warning call-outsouts

– Reciprocal altruism (Trivers, 1971; fish that Reciprocal altruism (Trivers, 1971; fish that clean the gills of a different species of fish; clean the gills of a different species of fish; issuing a warning call) issuing a warning call)

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Selfish or altruistic?Selfish or altruistic? Darwin’s selfish chimp meets Hamilton’s altruistic Darwin’s selfish chimp meets Hamilton’s altruistic

chimp - personal survival vs. genetic survivalchimp - personal survival vs. genetic survival– e.g., a foraging chimp finds an abandoned bee hive with 6 e.g., a foraging chimp finds an abandoned bee hive with 6

good honeycombs, but she can only eat threegood honeycombs, but she can only eat three option 1: selfishly keep it for oneself, but can only option 1: selfishly keep it for oneself, but can only

eat three (individual profit = 3)eat three (individual profit = 3) option 2: give the “food call” and share with other option 2: give the “food call” and share with other

twotwo– individual profit (6 / 3 = 2 combs a piece)individual profit (6 / 3 = 2 combs a piece)– brother (shares ½ genes) - family profit = add ½x2 = 3brother (shares ½ genes) - family profit = add ½x2 = 3– cousin (shares 1/8 genes) - family profit = add 1/8x2cousin (shares 1/8 genes) - family profit = add 1/8x2– total family profit = 2 + 3 + .25 = 5.25total family profit = 2 + 3 + .25 = 5.25

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ETHOLOGY AND HUMAN ETHOLOGY AND HUMAN DEVLOPMENTDEVLOPMENT

Lorenz’s imprinted geeseLorenz’s imprinted geese Bowlby and human attachmentBowlby and human attachment Care-seeking - care-giving systemCare-seeking - care-giving system

– cry of infant as an innate distress signal cry of infant as an innate distress signal ensuring: (1) infants needs are met; (2) ensuring: (1) infants needs are met; (2) proximity of protectionproximity of protection

– evokes care-giving response from adultsevokes care-giving response from adults Role of learning: Role of learning:

– attachment has an aim, but lacks a specific attachment has an aim, but lacks a specific objectobject

– later will learn to discriminate primary later will learn to discriminate primary caregiver from strangerscaregiver from strangers

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Heredity Heredity andand environment environment

Passive genotype/environment correlationsPassive genotype/environment correlations Evocative genotype/environment Evocative genotype/environment

correlationscorrelations Active genotype/environment correlationsActive genotype/environment correlations

evocative

passive

activeinfluence

age

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Neo-analytic Theory: Neo-analytic Theory: EriksonErikson

Instinctual drives are important, but soInstinctual drives are important, but soare social drivesare social drives

Parents are important, but so is societyParents are important, but so is society Early childhood is important, but development occurs over the Early childhood is important, but development occurs over the

whole life spanwhole life span Key Concept: Psychosocial stages Key Concept: Psychosocial stages

– Similar to Freud’s psychosexual stagesSimilar to Freud’s psychosexual stages– Each stage has a crisis (e.g., trust vs. mistrust; identity vs. role Each stage has a crisis (e.g., trust vs. mistrust; identity vs. role

confusion; intimacy vs. isolation)confusion; intimacy vs. isolation)– Move to next stage after resolving crisisMove to next stage after resolving crisis– Moving through 8 stages is how identity developsMoving through 8 stages is how identity develops

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BROADER CONTEXT OF BROADER CONTEXT OF DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENTVYGOTSKYVYGOTSKY Social construction of the mind - many of our Social construction of the mind - many of our

personal characteristics and cognitive skills personal characteristics and cognitive skills evolve from evolve from social interactionssocial interactions

Our elementary mental functions are Our elementary mental functions are transformed into higher mental functions by transformed into higher mental functions by culture, e.g., socially transmitted memory culture, e.g., socially transmitted memory strategiesstrategies

Less emphasis on self-initiated discovery (Piaget) Less emphasis on self-initiated discovery (Piaget) and more on the role of the “other”and more on the role of the “other”

Discovery takes place during cooperation and Discovery takes place during cooperation and dialogue (zone of proximal development)dialogue (zone of proximal development)

the mind as an internalized discourse (“private” the mind as an internalized discourse (“private” speech)speech)

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Our interpersonal nature (C. 2)Our interpersonal nature (C. 2)

child hits playmate child hits playmate to gain control of to gain control of toytoy

child tries hitting child tries hitting again as a means of again as a means of achieving objectives achieving objectives (generalizes)(generalizes)

adopts bullying as a adopts bullying as a habithabit

Playmate withdrawsPlaymate withdraws

Playmates “give in” once Playmates “give in” once more, further strengthens more, further strengthens child’s aggressive child’s aggressive inclinationsinclinations

others avoid the bully, others avoid the bully, unpopular, social isolation, unpopular, social isolation, restricted opportunities to restricted opportunities to cooperatecooperate

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ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS THEORYECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS THEORY

Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, MacrosystemMacrosystem

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Iintegration - hard/wet wareIintegration - hard/wet wareSpock as the ideal rational “man”?Spock as the ideal rational “man”?

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Star Trek: The Next GenerationStar Trek: The Next Generation

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Data: Android – Data: Android – subhuman machinesubhuman machine

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Counselor Deanna Troi; half-human/half-alien (Betazoid)

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Artificial intelligence (AI): Artificial intelligence (AI): Problem solving by computerProblem solving by computer

Can mind be contained within silicon Can mind be contained within silicon (e.g., Star Trek Borg’s(e.g., Star Trek Borg’s

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Social & Personality Development (4Social & Personality Development (4thth ed.) ed.) ShafferShaffer

Chapter 3Chapter 3

Recent Persepctives on Social and Recent Persepctives on Social and Personality DevelopmentPersonality Development

University of GuelphPsychology 3450 — Dr. K. Hennig

Winter 2003 Term