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SEF H2 Presentation MaterialsEarl R. Beaver – February 10, 2005

• UK:

• China: Chris Raczkowski

• Benelux: Eindhoven Univ.

• Australia: Piney Lakes Environment Centre

- C. Daey Ouwens

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Production Storage Distribution Conversion Other*

R&D

• South-West Electrolysers• University of Glamorgan• Hydrogen Solar• Imperial

• DSTL• Accentus• Birmingham University

• BOC• Air Products• Warwick University• Strathclyde• Imperial• Univ. of Glamorgan

• Qinetiq• Intelligent Energy• Eneco

• Carbon Trust• DTI• EPSRC

Component manufacture

• Ineos Chlor• Intelligent Energy• Microponents

• BOC• Air Products• Accentus

• BOC• Air Products• NGT

•Johnson Matthey• Qinetiq• Intelligent Energy• Eneco

• Carbon Trust• DTI• Conduit Ventures• AWM• WDA

Systemmanufacture

• BOC• Air Products• Foster-Wheeler • Johnson Matthey

• BOC• Air Products• Qinetiq

• BOC• Air Products• Gastec

• Intelligent Energy• Voller Energy

• Carbon Trust• DTI• Conduit Ventures• WDA

End-user• BP• Shell• Corus

• BP• Shell

• BOC• Air Products• BP• Shell

• London Buses• AMEC• FC Applications Facility (Teesside)

• EST• One NE, YF, WDA• E4tech• London H2 Partnership

Services

• Air Products• BOC• BP• Shell

• BOC• Air Products• FC Applications Facility Teesside

• BOC• Air Products

• Intelligent Energy• Element Energy• SiGen

• DTI• DfT• Carbon Trust• E4tech• TTCorp

Enablers (e.g. info., standards, education, training)

• Air Products• HSE• H2Net

• HSE• BSI• BCGA• TTCorp

• HSE• FC Applications Facility (Teesside)

• Fuel Cells UK• FC Applications Facility (Teesside)• Eneco• SHFCA

• IMechE, RAEng, IChemE• LIFE-IC• IPPR

Selected United Kingdom actors in hydrogen energy

*‘other’ includes finance, regional and national government projects, consulting, etc. This is not comprehensive

Large/ influential organisations shown in bold

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Internationally, several countries have well-developed support mechanisms for hydrogen energy

Examples of support mechanisms

Network or association

R&D programme

Infrastructure funding

Fiscal incentives

Mandated purchase

USA • NHA (H2) • DoE• NSF• DoD

• DoE• State

• Federal• State

• California ZEV

Japan • HESS (H2) • NEDO • METI/NEDO • National government

• no

Canada • CHA (H2) • NRC• NRCan

• NRCan • Federal• Provincial

• no

Italy • H2IT (FC & H2) • ENEA • National• Regional

• National• Regional

• no

France • AFH2 (H2) • CEA • no • no • no

Norway • Norsk H2 Forum (H2)

• in development*

• in development* • in development* • no

Germany • DWV (H2) • Regional • Regional • Regional • no

*”National Hydrogen Commission” currently working on these areas

Not all programmes are shown

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Need for a clear, credible strategic framework for hydrogen energy in the UK

• Government Departments think hydrogen is important but different departments have different priorities

– Climate change – to meet 60% CO2 reductions, hydrogen makes the target potentially more attainable

– Particularly true for transport CO2 emissions which currently appears to be the most intractable to solve

– Security of supply and “UK plc benefits” are also important considerations for some

– Links to CO2 sequestration were mentioned by a couple of interviewees

– An overall position which balances the differing views would enable resources to be focused appropriately

• A proactive Government role is needed– ‘Do nothing’ has ceased to be an option

– Officials aware of significant activity levels in other countries

– All aware that UK funding is small

Hydrogen is potentially extremely significant – increases diversity of supply (particularly transport) and can be a non-

C energy vector

USA spending of large amounts of money will generate confidence with industry and probably prove to be successful

Modelling of 60% CO2 reduction shows post-2020 need for hydrogen in transport

sector

Momentum behind hydrogen in USA means that UK needs more than watching

option

It is tempting to think that Government should have a strategy on everything, but

hydrogen is big enough and important enough

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21 non-Government stakeholders in UK

Stakeholder type Organisation Perspective

Industry

BP Energy supply

Shell Energy supply

BOC Industrial gases

Air Products Industrial gases

Intelligent Energy Low temp FC

Rolls Royce High temp FC

SiGen Low temp FC integration

AMEC Systems deployment

Element Energy Renewable H2 systems

Enconsult Hydrogen systems

(Anonymous) Stationary power

Research

Birmingham University Storage

Glamorgan University Bio hydrogen

Strathclyde University Scottish FC and H2 apps

Users

‘Teesside’ H2 deployment

Yorkshire Forward H2 deployment

London H2 Partnership H2 deployment

Support institutions

Fuel Cells UK FC industry association

H2Net H2 academic/industry network

Conduit Ventures Venture Capital

CoreTec Ventures Venture Capital

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What would a UK hydrogen association do?

To bring forward the commercialisation of hydrogen energy in the UK

• Be a forum and contact point for its members on hydrogen energy

• Be a network for members to keep up to date with industrial and research developments

• Build consensus around priorities and influence Government policies and programmes accordingly

• Act as a clear and convincing advocate with Government, the media and international bodies

• Act as a bridge to international hydrogen energy activities

• Contribute to the development of hydrogen safety codes and standards in the UK and which are consistent with international standards

• Contribute to education and outreach activities to prepare the UK market and public opinion

• Offer advice and information to its members on existing activity and research opportunities in the hydrogen sector

• Represent the members of the association and maintain strong relationships with other associations having similar interests

At this stage, the role would not extend to other “traditional trade body” activities such as advice on legal, taxation, contractual and employment matters, or endorsement of products and services

Recommended Role of the Association

Recommended Vision for the Association

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China’s Energy Situation

• China second largest consumer of energy globally

–China now second largest importer of oil (41% projected for 2004)

• Demand growth is well above expectations

–Shortage in generation capacity and transportation bottlenecks

–Massive capacity expansion program announced

–Energy consumption to double by 2020

• Transportation market exploding

• Energy intensity per unit of GDP (PPP basis) very high

–Efficiency improving but not fast enough

IEA, 2004

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China’s Energy Situation (cont’d)• Environmental degradation is becoming a

national priority

–China has 9 out of the 10 top most polluted cities in the world

– International commitments – China 2nd largest GHG emitter

–UNEP Director: “China’s economic goals ‘environmentally unachievable’” due to resource constraints

–Fuel efficiency standards, emissions standards, LNG buses and taxis

• China still highly dependent on coal >70%, mining costs increasing

• Oil and gas resources are limited; Government is looking to diversify energy supply for economic, environmental and security reasons

–LNG, purchasing of overseas assets

–Renewables, other alternatives

(Total installed capacity : 385 GW)

74.0%

24.0%

0.2%0.2%

1.6%

煤炭

核能

水电

天然气

可再生能源

74%

1.6%

24%

0.2%

0.2%0.2%

74.0%

24.0%

0.2%0.2%

1.6%

煤炭

核能

水电

天然气

可再生能源

74%

1.6%

24%

0.2%

0.2%0.2%

74.0%

24.0%

0.2%0.2%

1.6%

煤炭

核能

水电

天然气

可再生能源

74%

1.6%

24%

0.2%

0.2%0.2%

Coal

Nuclear 1.6%

Hydro 24%

Gas 0.2%

RE 0.2%

China’s Energy Mix

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Drivers for Sustainable Energy in China

• Huge need for new energy resources to feed economic growth

• Diversification from traditional fossil fuel due to local and global resource constraints (energy security)

• Increasing environmental awareness

• China central government preparing roll out of critical policy support

• Increasing localization of world class sustainable energy technology capabilities in China (especially Wind and PV)

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Shell International, People & Connections - Global Scenarios to 2020, 2002.

Global Forecast for Renewable Energy – Medium Term

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4 H2 7 Geothermal

2 Natural gas

1 Nuclear

3 IGCC 9 Small hydro

5 PV 8 Solar thermal

6 Wind

China

International

IntroductoryStage

GrowthStage

MaturityStage

Decline Stage

TotalMarketSales

TimeR&D

Introduction Growth Decline Maturity

Total sales

34 72

1

95 86

3 7

1

95 86 24

Sustainable Energy Stages of development of in China

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International:

• Hydrogen energy has attracted significant attention internationally.

• Billions of dollars are being spent annually on hydrogen and fuel cell development.

• Hydrogen is expected to be used in fuel cells as well as in combustion engines and turbines.

• Hydrogen can be generated from fossil fuels or from renewable energy processes.

China:

• Considerable interest in hydrogen technology; most activity is in research papers and laboratory tests.

• China requires involvement from leading international experts and companies to quickly develop local capabilities.

• China’s demands for new energy supply make it the most efficient location for new infrastructure required to support hydrogen and fuel cells.

Hydrogen is not an energy source . . . it is an energy carrier. Some support development of hydrogen technologies, as a potential replacement for oil & natural gas over the next 50+ years.

Hydrogen - China

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The Netherlands Considerations• Which option is sustainable ?

– Solar cells ?– Hydrogen in Fuel cells in cars?– Carbon dioxide sequestration? – Bio diesel from rape seed?– Co-combustion of wood in coal power plants?– Nuclear energy???

• Is sustainability possible? Yeswe can choose; CO2 free

• Can we “predict” future energy supply? No

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Hydrogen: an option?

Two main lines of production• Biomass: hydrogen (or “green” liquids or SNG) • Fossil fuels: hydrogen and CO2 storage

CO2 sequestration ; do we accept it?? NIMBY

• (Electrolysis: too expensive)

First convert by gasification to get syngas; CO and H2

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Hydrogen as a choice

Hydrogen problems

• Production

• Storage

• Transport

• End-use; change in infrastructure

• As a consequence: expensive

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Applications: Hydrogen

• Hydrogen in cars- compressed, methanol, petrol, liquid?- fuel cell (weight, reliability, cooling, use at low temperature, cost)?- overall efficiency (well to wheel)

• Hydrogen in Natural Gas system- mix it with Natural Gas (10 %?)

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Other Choices - Netherlands

Based on gasification• Green diesel; Fischer-Tropsch (based on

biomass and Narural Gas (not CO2 free)• Synthetic Natural Gas (based on biomass)

By fermentation• Ethanol (petrol)

- from food crops (sugar beet) now; woody materials in future

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Other Choices - Netherlands

• Bio diesel - from rape seed- from jatropha and pongamia (Developing Countries)

• Gas from anaerobic digestion

• In the future: Solar (solar cells (PV)), Wind and…. ????

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The Netherlands Conclusions

• Is the introduction of Hydrogen sustainable yet (cheap, clean and socially acceptable)? Not so sure; change in infrastructure is expensive.

• Hydrogen from coal and oil and NG; do we accept CO2 sequestration?

• Hydrogen from biomass; more attractive to make green liquids (diesel and ethanol) and SNG?

• Do we need Hydrogen for a sustainable energy supply? No

• Will we introduce (use) it? Maybe

Objectives:

• To offer a credible source of information and focal point pertaining to hydrogen technology

• To promote inter-disciplinary discussion of hydrogen technology and research

• To assist in the promotion of Australian hydrogen projects and studies

• To demonstrate hydrogen technology to the Australian community

• To encourage hydrogen energy studies in educational curricula

Mission statement:“To promote the responsible development of

hydrogen energy”

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Hydrogen Drivers

• climate change

• local air pollution

• security of energy supply

• fuel cells/hybrids development

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“The future is unclear...

Hydrogen and fuel cell technologies are very promising…. I’m very optimistic...to play a significant role in the energy industry in the coming decades.

Shell believes in hydrogen and is putting its money on the table...a significant investor... willing to invest further as opportunities arise.

We must be open and transparent. There is no other choice if we want to be credible.”

Jeroen van der VeerPresident, Royal Dutch Petroleum Company

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Hydrogen Energy System

End-use

Renewables

Biological

PipelinesDelivery and

handling

Production

Transport: land, sea

and air

Fossil fuels

Land and tanker

transport

Terminals

Power: Industrial,

commercial and residential

Storage

Hydrogen Versatility

• working fluid of both forward and reverse heat engines

• a source of hydrogen ions for fuel cells

• a promising energy transmission and storage medium

Usage• cook our food• heat and cool our houses• run all electrical appliances• run all of our transport vehicles • fuel our boilers• equally applicable in rural, remote and urban centres

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Automobiles

Power Generation

Fleet Vehicles

Home Combined

Heat & Power

29Hydrogen distribution

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Hydrogen Storage

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Nanotechnology

Opportunities

Hydrogen Energy Barriers

• Containment/handling

• Low volumetric energy density

• High costs for hydrogen production

• Expertise in system integration

• “Life-cycle” analysis or “Well-to-wheel” analysis

• Externalities: health, waste management

Hydrogen Barriers (non-technical)

• Perceptions of new technology

“Hydrogen technology” versus “Hydrogen economy”

• Niche markets, innovation, advanced engineering

• Australian R&D

Research and Development

“Australia should seek to participate in and contribute to overseas R&D efforts through bilateral and multilateral collaboration” – ACIL Tasman Interim Report, Broome, 2003

Expand fundamental understanding of hydrogen energy system components

• advanced materials• electrochemistry• fuel cell stack interfaces• fundamental properties of hydrogen combustion• compression and reticulation• system integration and optimisation

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These slides were accumulated from

public sources; no permission was

was sought from the original authors.

Some editing was done by Earl Beaver

to make them suitable for SEF.

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